Zoo

Zoo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Zoo (disambiguation).
The entrance of the San Diego Zoo, California, May 2007.
Giants of the Savanna Exhibit at the Dallas Zoo, Texas, October 2011
A zoo (short for zoological park, 'zoological garden, or animal park, and also c
alled a menagerie) is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures
, displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.
The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriv
ing from the Greek zon (, "a imal") a d lgs (, "study"). The abbreviatin "z" w
used f the Lndn Zica Gardens, which pened fr scientific study in 1828
and t the pubic in 1857.[1] The number f majr anima cectins pen t th
e pubic arund the wrd nw exceeds 1,000, arund 80 percent f them in cities
.[2]
Cntents [hide]
1 Etymy
2 Histry
2.1 Rya Menaerie
2.2 Enihtenment era
2.3 The mdern z
2.4 Human exhibits
3 Type
3.1 Safari park
3.2 Aquaria
3.3 Radside zs
3.4 Pettin zs
3.5 Anima theme parks
4 Surces f animas
5 Justificatin
5.1 Cnservatin and research
6 Surpus animas
7 Anima wefare cncerns
7.1 Mra cncerns
7.2 Behaviura restrictin
7.3 Abnrma behaviur
7.4 Shrtened nevity
7.5 Cimate cncerns
8 Live feedin and "baitin"
9 Reuatin
9.1 United States
9.2 Eurpe
10 See as
11 Ntes
12 References
13 Externa inks
Etymy[edit]
Lndn Z, which pened in 1826, first caed itsef a menaerie r "zica
frest," which is shrt fr "Gardens and Menaerie f the Zica Sciety f
Lndn."[3] The abbreviatin "z" first appeared in print in the UK arund 184
7, when it was used fr the Ciftn Z, but it was nt unti sme 20 years ate
r that the shrtened frm became ppuar in the sn "Wakin in the Z n Sund
ay" by music-ha artist Afred Vance.[3] The term "zica park" was used f
r mre expansive faciities in Washintn, D.C., and the Brnx in New Yrk, whic
h pened in 1891 and 1899 respectivey.[4]
Reativey new terms fr zs cined in the ate 20th century are "cnservatin
park" r "bipark". Adptin a new name is a stratey used by sme z prfessi
nas t distance their institutins frm the steretypica and nwadays criticiz
ed z cncept f the 19th century.[5] The term "bipark" was first cined and d
eveped by the Natina Z in Washintn D.C. in the ate 1980s.[6] In 1993, t
he New Yrk Zica Sciety chaned its name t the Widife Cnservatin Sc
iety and rebranded the zs under its jurisdictin as "widife cnservatin par
ks."[7]
Histry[edit]
Rya Menaerie[edit]
Further infrmatin: Menaerie
The Twer f Lndn hused Enand's rya menaerie fr severa centuries (Pict
ure frm the 15th century, British Library).
The predecessr f the zica arden is the menaerie, which has a n hist
ry frm the ancient wrd t mdern times. The dest knwn zica cecti
n was reveaed durin excavatins at Hieraknpis, Eypt in 2009, f a ca. 350
0 B.C. menaerie. The extic animas incuded hipps, hartebeest, eephants, bab
ns and widcats.[8] Kin Ashur-be-kaa f the Midde Assyrian Empire created
Zica and Btanica Gardens in the 11th century BC. In the 2nd century BCE,
the Chinese Empress Tanki had a "huse f deer" buit, and Kin Wen f Zhu kep
t a 1,500-acre (6.1 km2) z caed Lin-Yu, r the Garden f Inteience. Othe
r we-knwn cectrs f animas incuded Kin Smn f the Kindm f Israe
and Judah, queen Semiramis and kin Ashurbanipa f Assyria, and Kin Nebuchad
nezzar f Babynia.[2] By the 4th century BCE, zs existed in mst f the Gree
k city states; Aexander the Great is knwn t have sent animas that he fund
n his miitary expeditins back t Greece. The Rman emperrs kept private ce
ctins f animas fr study r fr use in the arena,[2] the atter farin ntri
usy pry. The 19th-century histrian W.E.H. Lecky wrte f the Rman ames,
first hed in 366 BCE:
At ne time, a bear and a bu, chained tether, red in fierce cmbat acrss
the sand ... Fur hundred bears were kied in a sine day under Caiua ...
Under Ner, fur hundred tiers fuht with bus and eephants. In a sine day
, at the dedicatin f the Csseum by Titus, five thusand animas perished. U
nder Trajan ... ins, tiers, eephants, rhincerses, hippptami [sic], iraf
fes, bus, stas, even crcdies and serpents were empyed t ive nvety t
the spectace ...[9]
Henry I f Enand kept a cectin f animas at his paace in Wdstck, whic
h reprtedy incuded ins, epards, and cames.[10] The mst prminent cec
tin in medieva Enand was in the Twer f Lndn, created as eary as 1204 by
Kin Jhn I.
Henry III received a weddin ift in 1235 f three epards frm Frederick II, H
y Rman Emperr, and in 1264, the animas were mved t the Buwark, renamed t
he Lin Twer, near the main western entrance f the Twer. It was pened t the
pubic durin the rein f Eizabeth I in the 16th century.[11] Durin the 18th
century, the price f admissin was three haf-pence, r the suppy f a cat r
d fr feedin t the ins.[10] The animas were mved t the Lndn Z when
it pened.
Enihtenment era[edit]
The Versaies menaerie durin the rein f Luis XIV in the 17th century
Further infrmatin: List f zs
The dest z in the wrd sti in existence is the Tierarten Schnbrunn in Vie
nna, Austria. It was cnstructed by Adrian van Stekhven in 1752 at the rder f
the Hy Rman Emperr Francis I, husband f Maria Theresa f Austria, t serve
as an imperia menaerie as part f Schnbrunn Paace. The menaerie was initia

y reserved fr the viewin peasure f the imperia famiy and the curt, but wa
s made accessibe t the pubic in 1765.
In 1775, a z was funded in Madrid, and in 1795, the z inside the Jardin des
Pantes in Paris was funded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animas frm the
rya menaerie at Versaies, primariy fr scientific research and educatin.
The Kazan Z, the first z in Russia was funded in 1806 by the Prfessr f K
azan State University Kar Fuchs.
The mdern z[edit]
Unti the eary 19th century, the functin f the z was ften t symbize ry
a pwer, ike Kin Luis XIV's menaerie at Versaies. The mdern z that eme
red in the eary 19th century at Lndn, Paris and Dubin, was fcused n prvi
din educatina exhibits t the pubic fr entertainment and inspiratin.[12]
A rwin fascinatin fr natura histry and zy, cuped with the tremend
us expansin in the urbanizatin f Lndn, ed t a heihtened demand fr a re
ater variety f pubic frms f entertainment t be made avaiabe. The need fr
pubic entertainment, as we as the requirements f schary research, came t
ether in the fundin f the first mdern zs.
Lndn Z, 1835
The Zica Sciety f Lndn was funded in 1826 by Stamfrd Raffes and est
abished the Lndn Z in Reent's Park tw years ater in 1828.[13] At its fu
ndin, it was the wrd's first scientific z.[2][14] Oriinay intended t be
used as a cectin fr scientific study, it was eventuay pened t the pub
ic in 1847.[14] The Z was cated in Reent's Park - then underin devepme
nt at the hands f the architect Jhn Nash. What set the Lndn z apart frm i
ts predecessrs was its fcus n sciety at are. The z was estabished in th
e midde f a city fr the pubic, and its ayut was desined t cater fr the
are Lndn ppuatin. The Lndn z was widey cpied as the archetype f th
e pubic city z.[15] In 1853, the Z pened the wrd's first pubic aquarium
.
Dubin Z was pened in 1831 by members f the medica prfessin interested in
studyin animas whie they were aive and mre particuary ettin hd f th
em when they were dead.[16] The first zica arden in Austraia was Mebur
ne Z in 1860. In the same year, Centra Park Z, the first pubic z in the
United States, pened in New Yrk, athuh in 1859, the Phiadephia Zica
Sciety had made an effrt t estabish a z, but deayed penin it unti 187
4 because f the American Civi War.
In 1907, the German entrepreneur Car Haenbeck funded the Tierpark Haenbeck i
n Steinen, nw a quarter f Hambur. His z was a radica departure frm the
ayut f the z that had been estabished in 1828. It was the first z t us
e pen encsures surrunded by mats, rather than barred caes, t better appr
ximate animas' natura envirnments.[17] He as set up mixed-species exhibits
and based the ayut n the different ranizin principe f eraphy, as pp
sed t taxnmy.
When ecy emered as a matter f pubic interest in the 1970s, a few zs be
an t cnsider makin cnservatin their centra re, with Gerad Durre f th
e Jersey Z, Gere Rabb f Brkfied Z, and Wiiam Cnway f the Brnx Z
(Widife Cnservatin Sciety) eadin the discussin. Frm then n, z prfe
ssinas became increasiny aware f the need t enae themseves in cnservat
in prrams, and the American Z Assciatin sn said that cnservatin was i
ts hihest pririty.[18] Because they wanted t stress cnservatin issues, many
are zs stpped the practice f havin animas perfrm tricks fr visitrs.
The Detrit Z, fr exampe, stpped its eephant shw in 1969, and its chimpan
zee shw in 1983, acknwedin that the trainers had prbaby abused the anima
s t et them t perfrm.[19]
Whipsnade Park in Bedfrdshire, Enand, was pened in 1931 as the first safari
park. It awed visitrs t drive thruh the encsures and cme int cse pr
ximity t the animas.
Unfrtunatey, mass destructin f widife habitat has yet t cease a ver th
e wrd and many species such as eephants, bi cats, penuins, trpica birds,
primates, rhins, extic repties, and many thers are in daner f dyin ut. M
any f tday's zs hpe t stp r sw the decine f many endanered species.
Many zs see their primary purpse as breedin endanered species in captivity
and reintrducin them int the wid. Mdern zs as aim t hep teach visit
rs the imprtance n anima cnservatin, ften thruh ettin visitrs witness
the animas firsthand.[20] Sme critics and the majrity f anima rihts activ
ists & extremists say that zs, n matter what their intentins are, r hw nb
e they are, are immra and serve as nthin but t fufi human eisure at th
e expense f the animas(which is an pinin that has shwn rwth ver the year
s). Hwever, z advcates arue that their effrts make a difference in widif
e cnservatin and educatin.[21]
Human exhibits[edit]
Ota Bena, a human exhibit in New Yrk, 1906
Further infrmatin: Human zs, Scientific racism and Scia Darwinism
Human beins were smetimes dispayed in caes an with nn-human animas, t
iustrate the suppsed differences between pepe f Eurpean and nn-Eurpean
riin. In September 1906, Wiiam Hrnaday, directr f the Brnx Z in New Y
rkwith the areement f Madisn Grant, head f the New Yrk Zica Scietyhad
Ota Bena, a Cnese pymy, dispayed in a cae with the chimpanzees, then wit
h an ranutan named Dhn, and a parrt. The exhibit was intended as an examp
e f the "missin ink" between the ranutan and white man. It triered prtes
ts frm the city's cerymen, but the pubic reprtedy fcked t see it.[22][2
3]
Human beins were as dispayed in caes durin the 1931 Paris Cnia Expsit
in, and as ate as 1958 in a "Cnese viae" dispay at Exp '58 in Brusse
s.[24]
Type[edit]
Further infrmatin: List f zs and Immersin exhibit
Mnkey isands, S Pau z
Z animas ive in encsures that ften attempt t repicate their natura hab
itats r behavira patterns, fr the benefit f bth the animas and visitrs.
Ncturna animas are ften hused in buidins with a reversed iht-dark cyce
, i.e. ny dim white r red ihts are n durin the day s the animas are act
ive durin visitr hurs, and brihter ihts n at niht when the animas seep
. Specia cimate cnditins may be created fr animas ivin in extreme envir
nments, such as penuins. Specia encsures fr birds, mammas, insects, repti
es, fish, and ther aquatic ife frms have as been deveped. Sme zs have
wak-thruh exhibits where visitrs enter encsures f nn-aressive species,
such as emurs, marmsets, birds, izards, and turtes. Visitrs are asked t k
eep t paths and avid shwin r eatin fds that the animas miht snatch.
Safari park[edit]
Main artice: Safari park
Giraffes in the West Midand Safari Park
Sme zs keep animas in arer, utdr encsures, cnfinin them with mats
and fences, rather than in caes. Safari parks, as knwn as z parks and in
farms, aw visitrs t drive thruh them and cme in cse prximity t the
animas.[2] Smetimes, visitrs are abe t feed animas thruh the car windws
. The first safari park was Whipsnade Park in Bedfrdshire, Enand, pened by t
he Zica Sciety f Lndn in 1931 which tday (2014) cvers 600 acres (2.4
km). Since the eary 1970s, a 1,800 acre (7 km) park in the San Pasqua Vaey ne
ar San Die has featured the San Die Z Safari Park, run by the Zica S
ciety f San Die. One f tw state-supprted z parks in Nrth Carina is t
he 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) Nrth Carina Z in Ashebr.[25] The 500-acre (2.0 km
2) Werribee Open Rane Z in Meburne, Austraia, dispays animas ivin in a
n artificia savannah.
Aquaria[edit]
Sea ins at the Meburne Z
The first pubic aquarium was pened in Lndn Z in 1853. This was fwed by
the penin f pubic aquaria in cntinenta Eurpe (e.. Paris 1859, Hambur 1
864, Berin 1869, Brihtn 1872) and the United States (e.. Bstn 1859, Washin
tn 1873, San Francisc Wdward's Garden 1873, New Yrk Battery Park 1896).
Radside zs[edit]
Radside zs are fund thruhut Nrth America, particuary in remte cati
ns. They are sma, unreuated, fr-prfit zs, ften intended t attract visi
trs t sme ther faciity, such as a as statin. The animas may be trained t
perfrm tricks, and visitrs are abe t et cser t them than in arer z
s.[26] Since they are smetimes ess reuated, radside zs are ften subject
t accusatins f neect[27] and cruety.[28]
In June 2014 the Anima Lea Defense Fund fied a awsuit aainst the Iwa-base
d radside Cricket Hw Z fr viatin the Endanered Species Act by faiin
t prvide prper care fr its animas.[29] Since fiin the awsuit, ALDF has
btained recrds frm investiatins cnducted by the USDAs A imal a d Pla t Hea
lth I specti Services; these recrds shw that the is als vilati g the A
imal Welfare Act.[30]
Petti g s[edit]
Mai article: Petti g
A petti g , als called petti g farms r childre s s, features a cmbi at
i f dmestic a imals a d wild species that are dcile e ugh t tuch a d fee
d. T e sure the a imals health, the fd is supplied by the , either frm v
e di g machi es r a kisk earby.
A imal theme parks[edit]
Mai article: A imal theme park
A a imal theme park is a cmbi ati f a amuseme t park a d a , mai ly fr
e tertai i g a d cmmercial purpses. Mari e mammal parks such as Sea Wrld a d
Mari ela d are mre elabrate dlphi ariums keepi g whales, a d c tai i g addi
ti al e tertai me t attracti s. A ther ki d f a imal theme park c tai s mr
e e tertai me t a d amuseme t eleme ts tha the classical , such as a stage s
hws, rller casters, a d mythical creatures. Sme examples are Busch Garde s T
ampa Bay i Tampa, Flrida, Dis eys A imal Ki gdm i Orla d, Flrida, Flami g
La d i Nrth Yrkshire, E gla d a d Six Flags Discvery Ki gdm i Vallej, C
alifr ia .
Surces f a imals[edit]
By the year 2000 mst a imals bei g displayed i s were the ffspri g f the
r a imals. This tre d, hwever was a d still is smewhat species-specific. W
he a imals are tra sferred betwee s, they usually spe d time i quara ti e,
a d are give time t acclimatie t their ew e clsures which are fte desig
ed t mimic their atural e vir me t. Fr example, sme species f pe gui s ma

y require refrigerated e clsures. Guideli es
ecessary care fr such a imals
is published i the I ter ati al Z Yearbk.[31]
Justificati [edit]
C servati a d research[edit]
The Africa plai s exhibit at Nrth Carli a Z illustrates the dime si f a
pe -ra ge .
The psiti f mst mder s i Australasia, Eurpe, a d Nrth America, part
icularly thse with scie tific scieties, is that they display wild a imals prim
arily fr the c servati f e da gered species, as well as fr research purps
es a d educati , a d sec darily fr the e tertai me t f visitrs,[32][33] a
argume t disputed by critics. The Zlgical Sciety f L d states i its cha
rter that its aim is "the adva ceme t f Zlgy a d A imal Physilgy a d the i
trducti f ew a d curius subjects f the A imal Ki gdm." It mai tai s tw
research i stitutes, the Nuffield I stitute f Cmparative Medici e a d the Wel
lcme I stitute f Cmparative Physilgy. I the U.S., the Pe rse Research Lab
ratry f the Philadelphia Z fcuses the study f cmparative pathlgy.[2
] The Wrld Assciati f Zs a d Aquariums prduced its first c servati st
rategy i 1993, a d i Nvember 2004, it adpted a ew strategy that sets ut th
e aims a d missi f lgical garde s f the 21st ce tury.[34]
The breedi g f e da gered species is crdi ated by cperative breedi g prgra
mmes c tai i g i ter ati al studbks a d crdi atrs, wh evaluate the rles
f i dividual a imals a d i stituti s frm a glbal r regi al perspective, a
d there are regi al prgrammes all ver the wrld fr the c servati f e da
gered species.[35]
Surplus a imals[edit]
This chimpa ee was passed aru d five s befre arrivi g i a Texas radside
at the age f 37.[36]
I mder , well-regulated s, breedi g is c trlled t mai tai a self-sustai
i g, glbal captive ppulati . This is t the case i sme less well-regulate
d s, fte based i prer regi s. Overall "stck tur ver" f a imals duri
g a year i a select grup f pr s was reprted as 20%-25% with 75% f wild
caught apes dyi g i captivity withi the first 20 m ths.[37] The authrs f t
he reprt stated that befre successful breedi g prgrams, the high mrtality ra
te was the reas fr the "massive scale f imprtati s."
O e 2-year study i dicated that f 19,361 species f mammals that left accredite
d s i the U.S. betwee 1992 a d 1998, 7,420 (38%) we t t dealers, aucti s,
hu ti g ra ches, u accredited s a d i dividuals, a d game farms.[38]
I February 2014, Cpe hage Z eutha ased a healthy, yu g, male giraffe amed
Marius because he was surplus t their requireme ts. The giraffes ge es were c
sidered t be t similar t ther giraffes i a breedi g prgramme ru by the
Eurpea Assciati f Zs a d Aquaria (EAZA). The scie tific directr at the
, Be gt Hlst, said the was wrki g t mai tai "a healthy giraffe ppul
ati i Eurpea s". After the giraffe was eutha ased with a blt gu t the
head, he was dissected publicly i fr t f a crwd f childre the fed t the
li s. Yrkshire Wildlife Park said it was "sadde ed" t hear f his death, exp
ressi g disappi tme t that its last mi ute ffer t huse the giraffe i its "s
tate-f-the-art giraffe huse" al gside fur ther males, i cludi g e frm C
pe hage Z, had bee ig red. A Dutch wildlife park had als ffered t re-hm
e him.[39]
A imal welfare c cer s[edit]
Further i frmati : Captivity (a imal) a d Behaviral e richme t
The welfare f a imals varies widely. Ma y s wrk t imprve their a imal
e clsures a d make it fit the a imals eeds, althugh c strai ts such as si
e a d expe se make it difficult t create ideal captive e vir me ts fr ma y sp
ecies.[40][41]
Bear cages, e square meter i sie, i Dalia , Prt Arthur, Lia i g Prvi
ce, Chi a, i 1997.
A study exami i g data cllected ver fur decades fu d that plar bears, li s
, tigers a d cheetahs shw evide ce f stress i captivity.[42] Zs ca be i te
r me t camps fr a imals, but als a place f refuge. A ca be c sidered a
i ter me t camp due the i sufficie t e clsures that the a imals have t live i
. Whe a elepha t is placed i a pe that is flat, has tree, ther eleph
a ts a d ly a few plastic tys t play with; it ca lead t bredm a d ft p
rblems (Lem ic, McDwel, a d Bjerklie 50). Als, a imals ca have a shrter li
fe spa whe they are i these types f e clsures. Causes ca be huma diseases
, materials i the cages, a d pssible escape attempts (Be dw 382). Whe s t
ake time t thi k abut the a imals welfare, s ca becme a place f refuge. T
here are a imals that are i jured i the wild a d are u able t survive their
w , but i the s they ca live ut the rest f their lives healthy a d happ
y (McGaffi ). I rece t years, sme s have chse t stp shwi g their large
r a imals because they are simply u able t prvide a adequate e clsure fr th
em (Lem ic, McDwell, a d Bjerklie 50).
Mral c cer s[edit]
Sme critics a d ma y a imal rights activists argue that
as vyeuristic bjects, rather tha livi g creatures, a
he tra siti frm bei g free a d wild t captivity.[43]
pea a d Nrth-America s, str gly depe d breedi
creasi g the umber f wild caught a imals.
a imals are treated

d fte suffer due t t
The last 2 decades, Eur
g withi s, while de
Behaviural restricti [edit]

Ma y mder s attempt t imprve a imal welfare by pvidi g mre space a d be
haviural e richme ts. This fte i vlves husi g the a imals i aturalistic e
clsures that allw the a imals t express sme f their atural behaviurs, su
ch as rami g a d fragi g. Hwever, ma y a imals remai i barre c crete e cl
sures r ther mi imally e riched cages.[44]
A imals which aturally ra ge ver ma y km each day, r make seas al migrati s
, are u able t perfrm these behaviurs i e clsures. Fr example, elepha
ts usually travel apprximately 45km each day.[45]
Ab rmal behaviur[edit]
Further i frmati : List f ab rmal behaviurs i a imals
A imals i s fte exhibit behaviurs that are ab rmal i their freque cy, i
te sity, r wuld t rmally be part f their behaviural repertire. These a
re usually i dicative f stress. Fr example, elepha ts smetimes perfrm head-b
bbi g, bears smetimes pace repeatedly aru d the limits f their e clsure, wi
ld cats smetimes grm themselves bsessively, a d birds pluck ur their w fe
athers.[45] Sme critics f s claim that the a imals are always u der physica
l a d me tal stress, regardless f the quality f care twards the a imals.[46]
Elepha ts have bee recrded displayi g steretypical behaviurs i the frm f
swayi g back a d frth, tru k swayi g r rute traci g. This has bee bserved i
54% f i dividuals i UK s.[47]
Shrte ed l gevity[edit]
Elepha ts i Eurpea s have shrter lifespa s tha their wild cu terparts a
t ly 17 years, althugh ther studies suggest that elepha ts live as l g
as thse i the wild.[48]
Climate c cer s[edit]

Climactic c diti s ca make it difficult t keep sme a imals i s i sme
lcati s. Fr example, a i Alaska had a elepha t amed Maggie. She was h
used i a small, i dr e clsure because the utdr temperature was t lw.[c
itati
eeded]
Live feedi g a d "baiti g"[edit]
I ma y cu tries, feedi g live vertebrates t a imals is illegal, except i
excepti al circumsta ces. Fr example, sme s akes refuse t eat dead prey. H
wever, i the Badalteari g Safari Park i Chi a, visitrs ca thrw live gats i
t the li e clsure a d watch them bei g eate , r ca purchase live chicke s
tied t bamb rds fr the equivale t f 2 dllars\eurs t da gle i t li p
e s. Visitrs ca drive thrugh the li cmpu d i buses with specially desig
ed chutes which they ca use t push live chicke s i t the e clsure. I the Xi
gse Bear a d Tiger Mu tai Village ear Guili i suth-east Chi a, live cw
s a d pigs are thrw t tigers t amuse visitrs.[49][50]
I Qi gda (Easter Chi a), visitrs ca e gage i "trtise baiti g", where
trtises are kept i side small rms with elastic ba ds aru d their ecks s
that they are u able t retract their heads. Visitrs are allwed t thrw ci s
at them. The marketi g claim is that if yu hit e f the trtises the hea
d a d make a wish, it will be fulfilled.[49]
Regulati [edit]
WPA 1937 pster prmti g visits t America s
U ited States[edit]
I the U ited States, a y public a imal exhibit must be lice sed a d i spected b
y the U ited States Departme t f Agriculture, U ited States E vir me tal Prte
cti Age cy, Drug E frceme t Admi istrati , Occupati al Safety a d Health Ad
mi istrati , a d thers. Depe di g the a imals they exhibit, the activities
f s are regulated by laws i cludi g the E da gered Species Act, the A imal W
elfare Act, the Migratry Bird Treaty Act f 1918 a d thers.[51] Additi ally,
s i Nrth America may chse t pursue accreditati by the Assciati f Z
s a d Aquariums (AZA). T achieve accreditati , a must pass a applicati
a d i specti prcess a d meet r exceed the AZAs sta dards fr a imal healt
h a d welfare, fu draisi g, staffi g, a d i vlveme t i glbal c servati
effrts. I specti is perfrmed by three experts (typically e veteri aria ,
e expert i a imal care, a d e expert i ma ageme t a d perati s) a d
the reviewed by a pa el f twelve experts befre accreditati is awarded. This
accreditati prcess is repeated ce every five years. The AZA estimates that
there are apprximately 2,400 a imal exhibits perati g u der USDA lice se as
f February 2007; fewer tha 10% are accredited.[52]
Eurpe[edit]
I April 1999, the Eurpea U i i trduced a directive t stre gthe the c se
rvati rle f s, maki g it a statutry requireme t that they participate i
c servati a d educati , a d requiri g all member states t set up systems f
r their lice si g a d i specti .[53] Zs are regulated i the UK by the Z L
ice si g Act f 1981, which came i t frce i 1984. A is defi ed as a y "es
tablishme t where wild a imals are kept fr exhibiti ... t which members f t
he public have access, with r withut charge fr admissi , seve r mre days
i a y perid f twelve c secutive m ths," excludi g circuses a d pet shps. T
he Act requires that all s be i spected a d lice sed, a d that a imals kept i
e clsures are prvided with a suitable e vir me t i which they ca express
mst rmal behavir.[53]
See als[edit]
List f s
Wildlife refuge
I ter ati al Park

Fssil Parks
Nati al Park
Nati al Frest (disambiguati )
I ter ati al Netwrk f Geparks
List f assciati s
A imals i captivity
E vir me tal e richme t
C servati
Wildlife c servati
Ex-situ c servati
I -situ c servati
C servati mveme t
List f C servati tpics
Virtual Z
Exti cti
E da gered species
Z Emerge cy Resp se Team
Zlgy (i cludes a list f prmi e t lgists)
Immersi exhibit
Fre Z
Ntes[edit]
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^ Jump up t: a b Blu t 1976; Reiche bach 2002, pp. 151163.
Jump up ^ Hys 2000, p. 29; Hys 2003, pp. 1356-1357.
Jump up ^ Maple 1995, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Rbi s 1987a, pp. 10-17; Rbi s 1987b, pp. 678-682.
Jump up ^ C way 1995, pp. 259-276.
Jump up ^ Wrlds First Z - Hierak plis, Egypt, Archaelgy Magai e, http:/
/www.archaelgy.rg/1001/tpte /egypt.html
Jump up ^ Lecky, W.E.H. Histry f Eurpea Mrals frm Augustus t Charlemag e.
Vl. 1, L gma s, 1869, pp. 280-282.
^ Jump up t: a b Blu t, Wilfred. The Ark i the Park: The Z i the Ni etee th
Ce tury. Hamish Hamilt , 1976, pp. 15-17.
Jump up ^ "Big cats prwled L d s twer", BBC News, Octber 24, 2005.
Jump up ^ "I trduci g the Mder Z". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ "April 27". Tday i Scie ce Histry. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
^ Jump up t: a b "ZSLs Histry". ZSL. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Rle f Architectural Desig i Prmti g the Scial Objectives
f Zs". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
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t.
Jump up ^ Re e S. Ebersle (Nvember 2001). "The New Z". Audub Magai e (Nat
i al Audub Sciety). Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ See Kisli g, Ver N. (ed.): Z a d Aquarium Histry, Bca Rat 200
1. ISBN 0-8493-2100-X; Hage, R. J. Deiss a d William A. (ed.): New Wrlds, New
A imals, Washi gt 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5110-6; Ha s , Eliabeth. A imal Attracti
s, Pri cet 2002. ISBN 0-691-05992-6; a d Ha ccks, David. A Differe t Nature
, Berkeley 2001. ISBN 0-520-21879-5
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ca Zs a d Aquariums. Lexi gt Bks, 2007, p. 79.
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353-76. Web. 26 Ja . 2014.
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353-76. Web. 26 Ja . 2014.
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he Z. St. Marti s Press, 1992.
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mber 10, 1906.
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s t cl ial aptheses: the era f exhibiti g the Other", Africultures.
Jump up ^ Ferral, Kately (2010-07-15). "N.C. Z, bucki g a tre d, sets a atte
da ce recrd". Newsbserver.cm. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
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18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Radside a imals starvi g. Free La ce-Star. 11 Ja . 1997.
Jump up ^ Dix , Je ifer. Huse pa el tld f abuses by s. Times Daily. 8 Ju
ly 1992.
Jump up ^ Legal Defe se Fu d Sues Iwa Z ver E da gered Species Act Vilati
s
Jump up ^ - APHIS I specti Reprt f Cricket Hllw Z, May 21 2014
Jump up ^ "Z: Prcureme t a d care f a imals," E cyclpdia Brita ica, 2008.
Jump up ^ Tudge, Cli . Last A imals i the Z: Hw Mass Exti cti Ca Be Stp
ped, L d 1991. ISBN 1-55963-157-0
Jump up ^ "Ma ifest fr Zs", Jh Rega Assciates, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Wrld Z a d Aquarium C servati Strategy", Wrld Assciati f Z
s a d Aquariums.
Jump up ^ I Africa, c servati is ha dled by the Africa Preservati Prgram
APP (Africa Assciati f Zlgical Garde s a d Aquaria; i the U.S. a d Ca
ada by Species Survival Pla s (America Z a d Aquarium Assciati ), a d the C
a adia Assciati f Zs a d Aquariums); i Australasia, by the Australasia
Species Ma ageme t Prgram (Australasia Regi al Assciati f Zlgical Park
s a d Aquaria); i Eurpe, by the Eurpea E da gered Species Prgram (Eurpea
Assciati f Zs a d Aquaria); a d i Japa , Suth Asia, a d Suth East Asia,
by the Japa ese Assciati f Zs a d Aquariums, the Suth Asia Z Assciat
i fr Regi al Cperati , a d the Suth East Asia Z Assciati .
Jump up ^ "Amarill Wildlife Refuge", PETA.
Jump up ^ Je se , Derrick a d Tweedy-Hlmes Kare . Thught t exist i the wild:
awake i g frm the ightmare f s. N Vice U heard, 2007, p. 21; Baratay, E
ric a d Hardui -Fugier, Elisabeth. Z: A Histry f the Zlgical Garde s f
the West. Reakti , L d . 2002.
Jump up ^ Gldst , Li da. February 11, 1999, cited i Scully, Matthew. Dmi i
. St. Marti s Griffi , 2004 (paperback), p. 64.
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giraffe Marius despite li e petiti .". The I depe de t. Retrieved February 1
0, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nrt , Brya G.; Hutchi s, Michael; Steve s, Eliabeth F.; Maple, Ter
ry L. (ed.): Ethics the Ark. Zs, A imal Welfare, a d Wildlife C servati .
Washi gt , D.C., 1995. ISBN 1-56098-515-1
Jump up ^ Malmud, Ra dy. Readi g Zs. Represe tati s f A imals a d Captivity.
New Yrk, 1998. ISBN 0-8147-5602-6
Jump up ^ Derr, Mark. Big Beasts, Tight Space a d a Call fr Cha ge i Jur al Re
prt, The New Yrk Times, Octber 2, 2003.
Jump up ^ Je se , p. 48.
Jump up ^ Masci, D. (2000). "Zs i the 21st ce tury.". CQ Researcher: 35376.
^ Jump up t: a b "Are Zs gd r bad fr a imals?". Retrieved 28 Octber 2013
.
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debate: Z supprters cite c servati , activists cite c fi ed spaces". MSNB
C/Reuters. Retrieved 24 Octber 2012.
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eprt Elepha t Welfare" (PDF). U iversity f Bristl. Retrieved 16 Nvember 2
011.
Jump up ^ Mtt, M. (11 December 2008). "Wild elepha ts live l ger tha their
cu terparts". Nati al Gegraphic News. Retrieved 24 Octber 2012.
^ Jump up t: a b Pe ma , D (Ja uary 1, 2008). "A imals tr t pieces by li s
i fr t f bayi g crwds: The spectatr sprt Chi a DOESNT wa t yu t see.".
The Daily Mail.
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Refere ces[edit]
Blu t, Wilfrid (1976). The Ark i the Park: The Z i the Ni etee th Ce tury, H
amish Hamilt , L d . ISBN 0-241-89331-3
Braverma , Irus (2012). Zla d: The I stituti f Captivity, Sta frd U iversi
ty Press, Sta frd. ISBN 9780804783576.
C way, William (1995). "The c servati park: A ew sy thesis fr a cha ge
d wrld", i The Ark Evlvi g: Zs a d Aquariums i Tra siti , Wemmer, Christe
M. (ed.), Smiths ia I stituti C servati a d Research Ce ter, Fr t Rya
l, Virgi ia.
Hys , Jeffrey (2000). "Ju gle f Ede : The Desig f America Zs" i E vir m
e talism i La dscape Architecture, C a , Michel (ed.), Dumbart Oaks, Washi g
t . ISBN 0-88402-278-1
Hys , Jeffrey (2003). "Zs," i E cyclpedia f Wrld E vir me tal Histry: O
-Z, Krech, Shepard, Mc Neill, Jh Rbert a d Mercha t, Carly (ed.), Rutledge
, L d . ISBN 0-415-93735-3
Maple, Terry (1995). "Tward a Resp sible Z Age da", i Ethics the Ark: Z
s, A imal Welfare, a d Wildlife C servati , Nrt , Brya G., Hutchi s, Micha
el, Steve s, Eliabeth F. a d Maple, Terry L. (ed.), Smiths ia I stituti Pre
ss, Washi gt . ISBN 1-56098-515-1
Reiche bach, Herma (2002). "Lst Me ageries: Why a d Hw Zs Disappear (Part 1
)", I ter ati al Z News Vl.49/3 (N.316), AprilMay 2002.
Rbi s , Michael H. (1987a). "Bey d the : The bipark", Defe ders f Wildli
fe Magai e, Vl. 62, N. 6.
Rbi s , Michael H. (1987b). "Twards the Bipark: The Z That Is Nt", Americ
a Assciati f Zlgical Parks a d Aquariums, A ual Prceedi gs.
Exter al li ks[edit]
Lk up i Wikti ary, the free dicti ary.
Zs Wrldwide Zs, aquariums, a imal sa ctuaries a d wildlife parks
Zlgical Garde s keepi g Asia Elepha ts
The Bartlett Sciety: Devted t stydyi g yesterdays methds f keepi g wild a
imals, dw lad page
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t safari Ocea arium Pe gui arium Pheasa try Petti g Reptile ce tre Safari pa
rk Serpe tarium Virtual Vivarium Z
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

as an imperia menaerie as part f Schnbrunn Paace. The menaerie was initia

ed t mimic their atural e vir me t. Fr example, sme species f pe gui s ma

a imals are treated

Behaviural restricti [edit]

Climate c cer s[edit]

I ter ati al Park

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