Analytical Solutions for Transient Temperature in SemiInfinite Body Subjected to 3-D Moving Egg Shape Heat

Source
Aniruddha Ghosh1, a, V.V.N.Sriram 2,b and Somnath Chattopadhyaya 3,c
1

Assistant Professor in WBGS, ME Dept.,Govt College of Engg. & Textile Technology, Berhampore,
WB, India
2

B.Tech Student,ISM,Dhanbad,India

Associate Professor, ME&MME Dept, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India

c
a
agmech74@gmail.com , somuismu@gmail.com,

Keywords: Submerged Arc Welding Process, Gaussian Heat Distribution of Egg shape, Weld pool
geometry, Temperature Distribution.

Abstract. Determination of temperature distribution of submerged arc welded plates is essential while
designing submerged arc welding joint. The key role for the change of weld bead geometry dimension,
thermal stress, residual stress, tensile stress, hardness etc. is heat input. Heat input is the function of
temperature distribution of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) process. An attempt is made in this paper
to find out the analytical solution for an egg shape heat density moving heat source in a semi-infinite
body with conduction and convection consideration. The solution has been obtained by integrating the
instant point heat source throughout the volume of the egg shape. Very good agreement between the
predicted transient temperatures and the measured ones at various points on submerged arc welded
plates has been obtained. The predicted geometry of the weld pool, HAZ width is also in good
agreement with the measured one. This may pave the way for the future applications of these solutions
in the problems such as microstructure modeling and residual stress/distortions and welding process
simulation.

Introduction
Lot of critical set of input variables i.e. current, voltage, electrode diameter, travel speed, wire feed
rate, stick out etc. are involved in submerged arc welding process[1].Temperature distribution patterns
depend on these welding process parameters because these are the functions of heat input[2].So, shape
of heat distribution is changed with the change of input parameters of SAW process[3].Study of
temperature distribution of welded plates is very essential for designing submerged arc welding
joint[4].An attempt to develop mathematical model of travelling heat source was made more than fifty
years ago[5].After that, lot of research works have been continuing on this area. Initially two
dimensional surface Gaussian heat source with effective arc radius has been adopted to find out the
temperature distribution on welded plates and weld pool geometry [6].This solution is an improved
version of estimation temperature distribution in the near heat source area in (x,y) plane but this
solution is failed to find out temperature distribution along Z direction. However this attempt has
indicated new direction for finding out temperature distribution on welded plates. Then an analytical

solution for transient temperature distribution for welded joint based on similar Gaussian heat
distribution is proposed. Different distribution parameters have also been introduced [7].These[6,7]
parameters are still limited to 2D heat source. But these solutions failed to describe the effect of
penetration. Recently this short coming has been overcome by considering 3D heat source.Goldak
et.al.[8] first described 3D double ellipsoidal mobile heat source and three dimensionally temperature
distribution has been calculated through Finite Element modeling. This could overcome the
shortcoming of the of the two dimensional Gaussian model to estimate the temperature distribution of
the welded plates with deeper weld bead penetration.Nguyen et. al. [10] described an analytical
solution of transient temperature distribution of a body (semi-infinite) subjected to three dimensional
heat density of semi ellipsoidal and double ellipsoidal mobile heat source. Very good agreement
between predicted and measured temperature distribution data achieved when double ellipsoidal heat
source has been assumed. But this analytical solution has some limitations. It is correct when both semi
ellipsoids are equal in size and this solution is valid only when cr = cf and fr =ff =1 where cr,cf are radii
of rear and front ellipsoid respectively and fr (resp. ff) is the portion of the heat deposited in the rare (
resp. front) ellipsoid. Victor et. al.[10] described a semi-analytical solution which has ability to
overcome the aforesaid limitations.Nguyen et. al.[11] again described an analytical approximate
solution for double ellipsoidal heat source in finite thick plates. In this work, they established that
approximate solution can be directly used for simulation of welding of finite thick plate without
applying the mirror method which is required in a semi-infinite body. This analytical approximate
solution is an effective tool for finding thermal stress, microstructure modeling etc.Many problems of
welding are involved with complicated geometries with complex boundary conditions or variable
properties, and cannot be solved analytically. In such cases, sufficiently accurate approximate solutions
can be obtained by computers using a numerical methods.Ravichandran et. al.[12] developed a model
of temperature distribution during circumferential arc welding of spherical and cylindrical components
using the finite element method and got very good results. Chandra [13] described the extension of
Rosenthals method for the estimation of thermal field in a pipe with a mobile heat source by taking
many simplifying assumptions. Ahmet Akkus [14] described the effect of sheet thickness and current
density on cooling rate and distribution of temperature in resistance spot welding through his
experimental results. He found thicker sheets have higher temperatures in weld zone. Heat generation
in welding zone is affected by current density and sheet thickness.Veensra et. al.[15] measured
temperature between electrodes for RSW by applying thermal method and Bentley et.al.[16]
investigated temperature distribution in RSW by applying metallographic method.Kermanpur et.
al.[17] investigated experimentally distribution of temperature of GTAW process for butt weld
joint.Maheshwari et.al.[18] used thermocouples to measure temperature at different locations of GMA
welded plates. Temperature readings have been taken in every 10 seconds interval and temperature
profile has been generated for GMAW process which may be helpful to optimize the GMAW.Inspite of
more laborious and time consuming method, experimentally measured temperature distribution has
some advantages. One may guess the change of output parameters with the change of temperature
distribution accurately. Many researchers investigated analytical solution of thermal field [9, 10, 11]
only considering heat conduction, without considering heat lost through convection and radiation. But
practically three modes of heat transfer occur in welding process.Araya [19] has carried out the
numerical simulation of the temperature distribution generated by mobile heat source through control

volume approach. Here convection and radiation effect have been considered.Bianaco
et.al.[20,21]carried out two numerical methods for two and three dimensional models for evaluating
transient conductive fields due to moving heat source.Bianaco et.al.[22] also investigated transient
three dimensional temperature distribution numerically by COMSOL Multiphysics 3.2.Radiation and
convection modes of heat transfer from work piece surfaces as well as variable thermo physical
properties has been considered here. They found that surface heat transfer strongly affected the
temperature distributions in the worpiece.Ohring et.al.[23] considered radiative heat transfer,
evaporation, and viscous stress to find out temperature distribution but he assumed material properties
are constant.Mundra et.al.[24] considered specific heat and thermal conductivity values for solid and
liquid metal only for analysis of temperature distribution. Heat transfer mechanism in a molten pool is
extremely complex and its physics is not well understood till now[25].Biswas et.al.[25] considered a
numerical model based the finite element package ANSYS for single pass single sides submerged arc
welding of square butt joints. Using it, they determined the distortion of welded joint. In their study,
heat lost through natural heat convection has been considred.Many researchers tried to find out stress
distribution during welding process using different tools. One of them [26] carried out numerical
simulation of arc welding heat transfer and stress distribution for thin plates. For predicting temperature
and stress distribution of thin plates during arc welding, computational fluid dynamics and
computational solid mechanics have been utilized [26]. Postacioghu et.al.[27]investigated thermal
stress, strain during welding using linear theory of elasticity. They considered in their study that the
weld pool is approximated by an elliptic region which is constant in cross sectional shape and depth.
Few researchers [28] investigated thermal analysis of welding on Aluminum plates. For this study, they
considered three modes of heat transfer (i.e.conduction, convection, radiation).They solved the
equation of steady state temperature profiles of welded plates by finite difference method. They
compared calculated and measured temperature near the heat source and obtained good asgreement.In
the year 2005,Ali et.al.[29,30] described theory of relativistic heat conduction and relativistic moving
heat source which have given new direction to researchers for finding out temperature distribution ,
thermal stress etc. due to moving heat source. In this paper an improved version of shape of moving
heat source i.e. egg shape is considered and temperature distribution during submerged arc welding
HAZ width and weld pool dimensions are calculated and compared with experimental values. Finally
thermal stress developed during welding, has been estimated.
Experimental Procedure Results:
The experiments were conducted as per the design matrix randomly to avoid errors due to noise factors.
The C-Mn steel work piece (300x150x20 mm - 2 pieces) is cut and V groove of angle 60o as per the
standards are prepared. The job was firmly fixed to a base plate by means of tack welding and then the
submerged arc welding was finally carried out. The welding parameters were recorded during actual
welding to determine their fluctuations, if any. The slag was removed and the job was allowed to cool
down. Welding is carried out for the square butt joint configuration. The job is cut at three sections by a
hacksaw cutter and the average values of the penetration, reinforcement height and width are recorded
using digital venire caliper of least count 0.02mm.
Temperatures are recorded at different points of the welded plates by FLUKE 574 infrared
thermometers and with the help of optical research microscope HAZ width(s) are measured.

Figure 1
Bead geometry, P-Penetration, H-Reinforcement height, W-Bead Width
Table 1
Observed Values for Bead Parameters for HAZ analysis
Sl.No. Job Voltage(V) Current(A)
Travel
Penetration Reinforcement
No.
Speed(cm/
(mm)
Height(mm)
min)
1
A1
25
350
17
6.70
2.38
2
A2
35
350
17
3.72
2.34
3
A3
25
450
17
6.69
3.16
4
A4
35
450
17
8.26
2.76
5
B1
25
350
30
5.28
1.00
6
B2
35
350
30
4.58
1.78
7
B3
25
450
30
6.60
2.25
8
B4
35
450
30
7.78
1.94

Bead
Width
(mm)
17.96
21.90
21.00
30.92
13.94
20.12
15.90
22.66

Table-2
Chemical composition of C-Mn steel work piece (in %)
C
0.18

Sn
0.36

Mn
1.58

P
0.023

S
0.027

Cr
0.06

Ni
0.03

Mo
0.01

Cu
0.04

Al
0.05

HAZ
width(mm)
1.20
1.32
1.40
2.18
1.05
1.33
1.20
1.33

x
(cm)

12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0

Table-3
Temperature variation of different points on welded plates with respect to time
y
z
Temperature(0C)
Temperature(0C)
Temperature(0C)
(cm) (cm) after 2minutes from the after 4minutes from after 6 minutes from the
starting of welding
the starting of
starting of welding
process
welding process
process
0
0
85
126
156
0
0
164
166
219
0
0
349
261
233
0
0
210
224
200
0
0
127
153
164
3.8
0
86
127
164
3.8
0
169
179
225
3.8
0
404
296
241
3.8
0
227
243
206
3.8
0
104
143
174
7.6
0
74
113
168
7.6
0
155
215
234
7.6
0
435
311
238
7.6
0
254
265
212
7.6
0
96
134
171
11.4
0
63
110
165
11.4
0
193
244
228
11.4
0
390
287
249
11.4
0
252
274
221
11.4
0
77
133
168
15.2
0
64
120
161
15.2
0
117
225
219
15.2
0
305
243
246
15.2
0
230
267
204
15.2
0
97
156
169

Figure 2
Surface and Contour plot: Temperature variation (0C) after 2minutes from the starting of welding
process of different points on welded plates with respect to time

Figure 3
Surface and Contour plot: Temperature variation (0C) after 2minutes from the starting of welding
process of different points on welded plates with respect to time(contour and surface plot)

Figure 4
Surface and Contour plot: Temperature variation (0C) after 2minutes from the starting of welding
process of different points on welded plates with respect to time

Mathematical Model of Transient Temperature Distribution - Part-A:

Development of Equation of 3D Egg shape:

Figure-5
Curves of 2-D egg shape and elliptical shape are indicated by blue and black colours respectively. 2-D
view of egg shape lies under the ellipse on the right side of the y-axis or negative x axis side.Eqation
of this oval shape curve (curve of blue colour) is assumed to be ax2+by2 (f(x)) =1.

Figure-6
Gaussian heat density distribution of inside volume of an egg shape at z=0 plane.

Figure 7
Double Ellipsoidal Heat Source Configuration [31] i.e. it is a combination of two semi ellipsoids
(where, af = half of major axis of front portion of elliptical heat source and ar = half of major axis of
back portion of elliptical heat source).

For this study, assumptions areWork piece is a semi-infinite body.

Combinations of semi ellipsoids (as shown in fig-7) is assumed to be an oval shape whose 2D view
(curve of blue colour) is shown in fig-5.
af + ar (of fig-7) =a and y axis passes through mid of the 2-D egg shape curve.
Equation of this 3D egg shape will beax2+ (by2 + cz2) (f(x)) =1.Where f(x) =
Where a, b, c, m are the oval shape heat source parameters.

Gaussian Heat Distribution:

Figure 8
Sketch of the work piece (semi-infinite body) for submerged Arc Welding process.

Figure 9
Heat density distribution pattern on welded plates, when electrode of submerged arc welding is just
starting to move along welding line

Figure 10
Heat density distribution (in side volume of an egg shape) pattern on welded plates, when electrode of
submerged arc welding is in the middle position of welding line during welding.
Let us consider a fixed Cartesian reference frame x, y, z as shown in fig-8. Initially proposed an egg
shape heat source in which heat is distributed in a Gaussian manner throughout the heat sources
volume. The heat density q(x, y, z) at a point(x, y, z) with in oval shape is given by the following
equation:
(

q(x, y, z) = q (0)

)(

)))

(1)

[Where q(0) is Gaussian heat distribution parameter and a, b, c,m are egg shape heat source
parameters]
If Q0 is the total heat input, then

2Q0 =

Or q (0) =

)dxdydz
Q0

Oval shape heat distribution equation is

q(x, y, z) =

Here,Q0=IV ;

Q0

)(

)))

(2)

V, I,

=welding voltage, current and arc efficiency respectively.

Arc efficiency is taken 1 for submerged arc welding process.

Analytical solution: Transient temperature field of egg shape heat source in a semi-infinite body is
based on solution for the instant point source that satisfied the following differential equation of heat
conduction of fixed coordinates [9].

dTt =

exp (-

)
)

(3)

Where =thermal diffusivity, cp=specific heat, =mass density; t, t =time; dTt=transient temperature
change due to the point heat source dQ at time t ;( x, y, z) = location of instant point heat source dQ
at time t.
Let us consider the solution of an instant egg shape heat source as a result of superposition of a series
of instant point heat source over the volume of the distributed Gaussian heat source. Substitute eqn.No.
(2) into eqn.No. (3) and integration over the volume of theuheatusourceuofuoval shapes gives
)

dTt=

)
(

))

)
)

dxdydz

Let, for the sake of simplicity of above integration procedure

)

dTt=

)
(

))

(4)

Where,
)
)

I =

Iz =

dxdydz
)

)
)

dx

))

dz

[f (x) =

)
)

I y =

))

dy

)
)

) (

) (

So,

I=

)
)

(x)

[
]

(x)

When heat source is moving with constant speed v from time t=0 to t=t, the increase of temperature
during this time is equivalent to the sum of all the contributions of the moving heat source during the
travelling time as
T - T0=

dt (where

=f (x-vt),

=f(x))

(5)

Where, T=temperature at any point (x, y, z) on welded plates at any time t during welding and T0
=temperature of plates just before the starting of welding i.e. atmospheric temperature.

Boundary condition:
In this thermal model natural heat convection (i.e. Newtons law of cooling) is applied by considering
hear loss due to convection over the surface.

Figure 11
A very small brick of welded plates whose surface area A, Volume V,coordinate of coordinate of the
centroid of the upper surface (x,y,z)(welded plated are assumed to be simple brick type solids)
Let, during welding process, due to convective heat lost from a small brick of welded plates (fig-8)
temperature is decreased by an differential amount dT in the differential time interval dt .An energy
balance of solid for the time interval dt can be expressed as
(Convective heat transfer from the body during dt)= (change in the energy of the body during dt)
Or, hA (T-T0)dt = VcpdT (h= convective heat transfer coefficient)
Integrating we get
T(x, y, z, t) T0 = (T-T0)e

-nt

(6)

Where, T(x, y, z, t) is the temperature at time t at the point(x, y, z) on welded plates, (T-T0) is as
described in equation No-5 and n=

as V=Al(l=thickness of welded plates).

It has been found from literature [25] that thermal conductivity (K), specific heat (Cp), young modulus
(E), Thermal Expansion Coefficient ( ) are changed with the change of temperature.
Relation of these material properties with temperature [25]are given below K=2.210-5 T2 0.014T +52

(7)

Cp = 0.00081T2 + 1.3T+0.036

(8)

= - 3.110-6 T2 + 0.0079T +10

E= 39.610-5 T2 -0.3T +230

(9)
(10)

From the equation No. 6,7,8,9 & measured temperature data of table No. 3 and with the help of
MATLAB 7.0, values of m, a, b, c have been calculated. These are a=36984.35, b=24758.12,
c=29957.32, m=0.2.
Table 3
Comparison of Predicted and Experimental data of temperature distribution
Time(minute) Measured temperature data(0C)
Predicted temperature data(0C)
0
0
0
182
2
190
215
4
226.5
248
6
261.5
Comparison of Predicted(from eqation No.-6,7,8,9 )and measured Temperature distribution at the point
x=0,y=0,z=0 on the plate for square butt welding of 20 mm thick plate (for B4 job; heat input2.84kJ/mm, , =7833kg/m3, h=15W/m2-0C, a=36984.35, b=24758.12, c=29957.32, m=0.2) has been
made.

300

Temperature(0C)

250
200
150

Measured data

100

Predicted data

50
0
0

Time (in minute)

Figure 12
Comparison of Predicted and measured temperature distribution ( with the help of data(s) of table No3)
Prediction of Weld Bead Penetration: Weld Bead Penetration of a structural steel is the region heated
from atmospheric temperature (i.e., 300C) to the temperature the melting point temperature of welded
materials (i.e.14510C). Putting these values in the equation No (6) Penetration(s) have been calculated
at y=0, x=vt, t=t, which are tabulated below.

Table 4
Comparison of predicted and experimental values of penetration

Weld Bead Penetration(mm)

Penetration
(mm)
(Experimental Values)
6.70
3.72
6.69
8.26
5.28
4.58
6.60
7.78

Penetration
(mm)
(Predicted Values)
7.36
4.1
7.34
9.08
5.78
5.03
7.26
8.55

% error

10
9
9.5
10
9.8
9.9
9.8
9.9

Comparison of Predicted and

Experimental results
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Series1

6.7

3.72

6.69

8.26

5.28

4.58

6.6

7.78

Series2

7.36

4.1

7.34

9.08

5.78

5.03

7.26

8.55

Figure 13
Comparison of predicted and experimental results for weld bead penetration ( with the help of data(s)
of table No-4)
Prediction of Weal bead Width: Weld Bead width of a structural steel is the region heated from
atmospheric temperature (i.e., 303K) to the temperature the melting point temperature of welded
materials (i.e.1684K). Putting these values in the equation No (5) half of weld bead(s) have been
calculated at z=0, x=vt, t=t, after that multiplying by two bead width(s) have been calculated, which
are tabulated below.

Table 5
Comparison of predicted and experimental values of Weld Bead Width
Weld Bead Width
(mm)
(Experimental Values)
17.96
21.90
21.00
30.92
13.94
20.12
15.90
22.66

Weld Bead Width

(mm)
(Predicted Values)
19.73
23.91
23.00
34.01
15.29
22.09
17.47
24.90

% error

9.9
9.2
9.6
10
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.9

Weld Bead Width(mm)

Comparison of predicted and experimental values of

Weld Bead Width
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Series1 17.96

21.9

21

30.92

13.94

20.12

15.9

22.66

Series2 19.73

23.91

23

34.01

15.29

22.09

17.47

24.9

Figure 14
Comparison of predicted and experimental values of Weld Bead Width ( with the help of data(s) of
table No-5)

Prediction of HAZ width with the help of equation No-6:

The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is the area of base material, either a metal or a thermoplastic, which has
had its microstructure and properties altered by welding or heat intensive cutting operations. The heat
input in the welding process and subsequent re-cooling causes these changes of microstructure in the
neighboring area of the weld. The extent and magnitude of property change depends primarily on the
characteristics of the base material, the weld, filler metal, and the volume and concentration of heat
input by the welding process. The thermal diffusivity of the base material plays a significant roleif
the diffusivity is high, the material cooling rate is high and the HAZ is relatively small. Alternatively, a
low diffusivity leads to slower cooling and a larger HAZ. The amount of heat inputted by the welding
process plays an important role as well, as processes like oxyfuel welding use high heat input and
increase in the size of the HAZ. Processes like laser beam welding and electron beam welding give a
highly concentrated, limited amount of heat, resulting in a small HAZ. Arc welding falls between these

two extremities, with the individual processes varying somewhat in heat input]. HAZ width of a
structural steel is the region heated from recrystalization temperature (i.e., 7000C) to the temperature
just below the melting point temperature of welded materials (i.e.14510C). Putting these values in the
equation No (6) HAZ width(s) have been calculated at z=0, x=vt, t=t, which are tabulated below.
Table-6
Predicted HAZ width(s)
Sl.No. Job Predicted
No.
HAZ
width(mm)
1.50
1
A1
1.90
2
A2
1.89
3
A3
2.20
4
A4
1.12
5
B1
1.60
6
B2
1.30
7
B3
1.90
8
B4

Sl No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Table 7
Comparison predicted and measured HAZ width
measured HAZ width predicted HAZ width
1.20
1.50
1.32
1.90
1.40
1.89
2.18
2.20
1.05
1.12
1.33
1.60
1.20
1.30
1.33
1.90

% of error
0.97
43.94
35.00
0.92
6.67
20.30
8.33
42.86

Prediction of HAZ width from the concept of variation of heat density on welded plates:

Figure 15

Cross sectional view of oval shape bead geometry (curve-1) and oval shape HAZ boundary (curve-2)
for submerged arc welding process
Let equation of egg Shape Bead Geometry (curve-1) Ax2+ (By2+Cz2) f(x) =1, where A, B, C are the
egg Shape Bead Geometry parameters.
It has been found from literature [4] that, q (A, 0, 0) =q (0)
a=

. Similarly, b=

, c=

=0.05 q (0).

Let equation of egg Shape heat affected zone boundary (curve-2) Ax2+ (By2+Cz2) f(x) =1, where A,
B, C are the egg Shape heat affected zone boundary parameters.
Heat density at the boundary of egg Shape Bead Geometry= cp(Tm T0), where density of welded
material, cp is the specific heat of this material, Tm melting point temperature of welded material, T0 is
the atmospheric temperature.
Heat density at the boundary of heat affected zone = C (Thaz T0), where Thaz is the recrystilization
temperature of welded material.

So,

Or,
Or,

)
)
)

)
)

)
)

)(

)))

)(

)))

)
)

It has been found from literature that Tm =14640C,Thaz = 6900C,

atmospheric temperature is equal to 300C.
=1.1224

=0.05q (0) and assuming

(11)

Table -8: Observed Values for Bead Parameters and calculated HAZ width from equation no-6.
Sl.No. Job
Bead
Value of
Value of
HAZ
No.
Width
B
B
width(B-B)
(mm)
1
A1
17.96
8.98
10.08
1.10
2
A2
21.90
10.95
12.29
1.34
3
A3
21.00
10.50
11.79
1.29
4
A4
30.92
15.46
17.35
1.89
5
B1
13.94
6.97
7.82
0.85
6
B2
20.12
10.06
11.29
1.23
7
B3
15.90
7.95
8.92
0.97

Sl No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

B4

22.66

11.33

12.72

Table-9
Comparison predicted and measured HAZ width
Measured HAZ width
Predicted HAZ width
1.10
1.20
1.34
1.32
1.29
1.40
1.89
2.18
0.85
1.05
1.23
1.33
0.97
1.20
1.39
1.33

1.39

% of error
8.33
1.52
7.86
13.30
19.05
7.52
19.17
4.51

Calculation of Thermal Stress along y axis:

Figure 16
Let welded plates are divided many very small parts. Dimension of one part is dx, dy, dz. Due to
change of temperature, force (dF) will be generated on this part as welded plates are clamed during
welding.
So,

dF=
F=

dxdz [where E = modulus of elasticity]

)

Thermal Stress along y axis=

So, thermal stress will be developed along y axis at any time t

(12)

(Where L1,L2,th are the length of the welded plates along x direction, length of the welded plates along
y direction, thickness of the welded plates along z direction respectively)
Similarly, Thermal stress along x, z direction can be calculated.

Figure 17
Comparison between Predicted(with the help of eqation No-9,10,12 )and measured Thermal Stress
along y axis.Here temperature value represents the average temperature of four corner points.
Coordinates of these points are (0,0,0),(0.15,0,0),(0.15,0.15,0),(0,0.15,0) at different times.
Mathematical Model of Transient Temperature Distribution Part-B:
Let T(x,y,t)= d0 + d1 x+ d2 x2+ d3 y+ d4 y2+ d5 t+ d6 t2

(13)

With the help of measured temperature data of table No-3 ,SYSTAT software and matlab 7.0 , values
of d0, d1 ,d2 ----------- of equation No-13, have been calculated which are tabulated below.
Table 10
Values of coefficients of equation No-13
d0
d1
d2
d3
d4

168.5
59.09
22.99
-5.238
-1.295

d5
d6

-72
0.01

Table 11
Comparison of predicted and mesured temperature values
x
(cm)

y
(cm)

z
(cm)

Measured
temperature(0C)
after 2minutes from the
starting of welding
process

12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0
12
9
6
3
0

0
0
0
0
0
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

85
164
349
210
127
86
169
404
227
104
74
155
435
254
96
63
193
390
252
77
64
117
305
230
97

Predicted
temperature(0C)
after 2minutes from
the starting of
welding process
from equation No87.55
170.56
355.98
216.30
135.89
93.74
174.07
428.24
233.81
108.16
76.22
156.55
474.15
259.08
100.80
66.15
206.51
393.90
259.56
80.85
65.28
118.17
326.35
232.30
99.91

Goodness of fit for equation No. 13

The sum of squares due to error (SSE) =5.481104

Error (in %)

3
4
2
3
7
9
3
6
3
4
3
1
9
2
5
5
7
1
3
5
2
1
7
1
3

R-square = 0.7849
Adjusted R-square = 0.7283
Root mean squared error (RMSE) = 53.71
So mathematical model of Transient Temperature Distribution Part-B is adequate.
Conclusion
1. Shape of heat distribution on welded plate is egg shape for Submerged Arc Welding process and heat
source parameters of this heat source can be measured from the dimension of bead geometry.
2. Transient temperature distribution on welded plate can be calculated with the help of Gaussian Oval
shape Heat distribution technique.
3. In this study, analytical solutions for the transient temperature field of a semi infinite body

4.

5.
6.
7.

subjected to 3-D power density moving heat source (such as oval shape heat source, which is
first time attempted in this work) were found and experimentally validated. The analytical
solution for oval shape heat source was used to calculate transient temperatures at selected
points on welded plates which are welded by taking x- axis along welding line, origin is starting
point of welding, y-axis is perpendicular to welding line and z-axis towards plate thickness.
Both numerical and experimental results from this study have showed that the present analytical
solution could offer a very good prediction for transient temperatures near the weld pool, as
well as simulate the complicated welding path. Furthermore, very good agreement between the
calculated and measured temperature data indeed shows the creditability of the newly found
solution and potential application for various simulation purposes, such as thermal stress,
residual stress calculations and microstructure modeling.
Bead geometry dimensions have been calculated with the help of analytical solution (described
in this paper). Very good agreement between the calculated and experimental values has been
achieved.
Prediction of HAZ width has been made with the help of three dimension transient temperature
distribution equation .It is also new technique which is not previously applied.
Good agreements between calculated measured HAZ width(s) have also been found for this
case.
Good agreements between calculated (from equation No-13) and measured temperatures have
also been found.

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