DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Acsadi G, Nemeskeri J. 1970. History ofhuman life span and mortality.

Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
Allbrook D. 1961. The estimation of stature in British and East African males;
based on tibial and ulnar bone lengths. J Foremic Med 8: 15-28.
Angel JL. 19 19. The bases of paleodemography. Anthropology 30:425-38.
Angel JL, Suchey JM, Iscan MY, et al. 1986. Age at dearh from the skeleton and
viscera. In: Zimmerman MR.
Angel JL (eds), Dating and age determination in biological materialr. Croom
Helm, London, pp. 179-220.
Asala SA. 2001. Sex determination from the head of the femur of South African
whites and blacks. Forensic Sci Int 117:15-22.
Asala SA. 2002. The efficiency of the demarking point of the femoral head as a
sex determining parameter. Forensic Sci Int 127: 1 14-1 8.
Asherson N. 1965. Identyfication by frontal sinus prints: a forensic medicine pilot
survey. HK Lewis, London.
Baccino E, Ubelaker DH, Hayek LA, et al. 1999. Evaluation of seven methods of
estimating age at death from mature human skeletal remains. J Forensic Sci 4493
1-6.
Barbet JP, Houette A, Barres D, et al. 1988. Histological assessment of gestational
age in human embryos and fetuses. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 9:40-4.
Berg S. 1963. The determination of bone age. In: Lundquist F (ed.), Method in
forensic science. Interscience Publications, New York, pp. 231-52.
Black TK. 1978. A new method for assessing the sex of fragmentary skeletal
remains: femoral shaft circumference. Am j Phys Anthropol48:227-3 1.
Bostrom K. 1973. Identification from roentgenograms of sinus frontalis and sella
turcica. Proceedings of Fifth Meeting Scandinavian Society of Forensic Medicine.
Boucher BJ. 1957. Sex differences in the fetal pelvis. Am J Phys Anthropol l5:58
1-600.

Boyd JD, Trevor J. 1953. Problems in reconstruction. In: Simpson CK (ed.),

Modern trend inforensic medicine. Butterworth, London.
Breitinger E. 1937. Zur Berechnung der Korperhohe aus den langen
Gliedmassenknochen. Anthropol Anz 14:249-74.
Brothwell D. 1972. Digging up bones, 2nd edn. British Museum, London.
Brown TC. 1950. Medical identification in the Noronic disaster. Fingerprint Ident
Mag 6:3-12.
Burnham JT, Preston Burnharn J, Fontan CR. 1976. The state of the art of bone
identification by chemical and microscopic methods. J Forensic Sci 21:340-2.
Caldwell WE, Molloy HC. 1933. Anatomical variations in the female pelvis. Am
J Obstet Gynecol 26:479-505.
Castellano MA, Villanueva EC, von Frenckel R. 1984. Estimating the date of
bone remains: a multivariate study.j Forensic Sci 29:527-34.
Cattaneo C, Smillie DM, Gelsthorpe K, et al. 1995. A simple method for
extracting DNA from old skeletal material. Forensic Sci Int 74: 167-74.
Cattaneo C, Craig OE, James NT, et al. 1997. Comparison of three DNA
extraction methods on bone and blood stains up to 43 years old and amplification
of three different gene sequences. J Forensic Sci 42: 1 126-35.
Cattaneo C, DiMartino S, Scali S, et al. 1999. Determining the human origin of
fragments of burnt bone: a comparative study of histological, immunological and
DNA techniques. Forensic Sci Int 102: 18 1-9 1.
Cattaneo C, Ritz-Timme S, Schutz HW, et al. 2000. Unidentified cadavers and
human remains in the EU: an unknown issue. Int J Legal Med 113: N2-3.
Cheevers LS, Ascensio R. 1977. Identification by skull superimposition. Int J
Forensic Dent 4: 1416.
Christie AL. 1949. Prevalence and distribution of ossification centres in the
newborn infant. Am J Dis Child77: 355-61.
Cobb WM. 1952. Skeleton. In: Lansings AL (ed.), Cowdry problem of ageing.
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Colonna M, Pesce Delfino V, Introna F, Jr. 1980. identification by
superimposirinn of the skull on face photography using television: experimental
application of a new method. J Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 56: 227 1-7.

Colonna M, Introna F, Jr, Potente F, et al. 1984. Computer-aided skull-face

superimposition by analytical procedures. Acta Med Leg Soc Liege 34: 139-49.
Culbert W, Law F. 1927. Identification by comparison of accessory nasal sinuses
and mastoid processes. J Am Dent Assoc 88: 1634.
Davidson WM. 1960. Sex determination: diagnostic methods. By Med 14: 19017.
Derry DE. 1909. Note on the innominate bone in the determination of sex. J
Anthropol43: 266-76.
Derry DE. 1924. On the sexual and racial characters of the ilium. JAnat 471-83.
Dixon AD. 1956. Postmortem persistence of sex chromatin. J Forensic Med 3: 16
1-8.
Dixon AD. 1957. Sex determination of human tissues from cell morphology. J
Forensic Med 4: 1 1-17.
Dodd BE. 1985. DNA fingerprinting in matters of family and crime [news].
Nature 318506-7.
Dupertuis CW, Hadden JA. 1951. On the reconstruction of stature from long
bones. Am J Phys Anthropol9: 15-54.
Dutra F. 1944. Identification of person and determination of cause of death from
skeletal remains. Arch Pathol 38: 339.
Dwight T. 1889. The sternum as an index of sex, height and age. J Anat Physical
24: 527-35.
Dwight T. 1890. The closure of the sutures as a sign of age. Boston Med Surg
122: 389-92.
Dwight T. 1904. The size of the articular surfaces of the long bones as
characteristic of sex. JAnat 4: 19-32.
Earls J, Hester R. 1967. Tattoed sailors: Sociopscychological correlates. Milit
Med 132:48.
Eckert W. 1985. The forensic investigation of Josef Mengele [editorial]. Am J
Forensic Med Pathol 6: 187.
Eckert WG, Teixeira WR. 1985. The identification of Josef Mengele. A triumph of
international cooperation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6: 188-9 1.

Eckert WG, Willey LR, Blakeslee DJ. 1986. Identification by identi-kit composite
from skull appearance. Combined efforts of the anthropologist, forensic
pathologist, and criminal investigators. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 72 13- 1 5.
Eliakis C. 1967. Estimating height from the measurement of long bones. Ann Med
Leg 212: 251; 4.
Eliakis EC, Iordanidis PJ. 1963. Determination of sex from the medullary indices
of long bones. Am Med Leg 43:326-9.
Eriksson L, Westermark P. 1990. Amyloid inclusions inchoroid plexus epithelial
cells. A simple autopsy method to rapidly obtain information on the age of an
unknown dead person. Forensic Sci Int 48: 97-102.
Evans KT, Knight B. 1983. Forensic radiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Ezra M, Cook SF. 1957. Amino-acids in fossil bone. Science 126:8-86.
Facchini F, Pettener D. 1977. Chemical and physical methods in dating human
skeletal remains. Am J Phys Anthropol 47: 65-70.
Fawcett E. 1938. Sexing of the human sternum. J Anat 72:633-7.
Fazekas G, Kosa F. 1978. Forensicfoetal osteology. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
Flecker H. 1942. Time of appearance and fusion of ossification centers as
observed by roentgenographic methods. Am J Roentgeno147:97-105.
Francis GC, Werle PI. 1939. The appearance of centers of ossification from birth
to 5 years. Am J Phys Anthropol 24: 273-86.
Fukushima H, Hasekura H, Nagai K. 1988. Identification of male bloodstains by
dot hybridization of human Y chromosome-specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
probe. J Forensic Sci 33: 62 1-7.
Fully G, Pineau H. 1960. Detemination de la stature an moyen du squelette. Ann
Med Leg 40: 3-ll.
Garn SM. 1958. The sex difference in tooth calcification. J Dent Res 37: 561-72.
Gatliff BP. 1984. Facial sculpture on the skull for identification. Am J Forensic
Med Pathol 5: 327-32.
Gatliff Be Snow CC. 1979. From skull to visage. J Biocommun 6: 27-30.

Genovis S. 1954. The problem of sex of fossil hominids. J R Anthropol Imt 84:
131-6.
Genovks ST, Messmacher M. 1959. Elor de lospatrones tradicionalespara la
detemzinacion del edadpor me las suturas craneos mexicanos. Serie anthropol.
No. 7. Cuadernos de Instit de Hist., Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 7, pp. 7-53.
George RM. 1987. The lateral craniographic method of facial reconstruction. J
Forensic Sci 32: 1305-30.
Gerasimov MM. 1971. Thefacejnder. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Gilbert BM, McKern TW. 1973. A method for aging the female os pubis. Am J
Phys Anthropol 38: 31-8.
Giles E, Elliot 0. 1963. Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of
crania. Am J Phys Anthropol 21: 53-68.
Gill GW. 200 1. Racial variation in the proximal and distal femur: heritability and
forensic utility. J Forensic Sci 46: 791-9.
Glister J, Brash J. 1937. The medicolegal arpects of the Ruxton case. Livingstone,
Edinburgh.
Godycki M. 1957. Sur la certitude de determination se sexe aprks le femur, le
cubitus et l'humerus. Bull Mem Soc Anthrop Paris Serie lO: 405-10.
Graves WW. 1922. Observations of age changes in the scapula: a preliminary
note. Am J Phys Anthropol 5: 21-3.
Greulich WW. 1960. Value of X-ray films of hand in human identification.
Science 1341: 155-62.
Greulich WW, Pye SI. 1959. Radiographic atlas of the skeletal development of the
hand and wrist, 2nd ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Greulich WW, Thomas H. 1938. The dimensions of the pelvic inlet of 789 white
females. Anat Rec 72: 45-51.
Greulich WW, Thomas H. 1939. A X-ray study of the male pelvis. Anat Rec 75:
289-99.
Hanihara K. 1967. Racial characteristics in the dentition. J Dent Res 46: 923-4.
Harrison R. 1968. In: Camps F (ed.), Gradwohlj legal medicine, 2nd edn. John
Wright, Bristol.

Hellman H. 1929. Racial characteristics in the human dentition. Am Phil Soc 67:
157-74.
Herrman L. 1953. Fingerprints and twins. J Forensic Med 1: lOl-5.
Hill A. 1939. Fetal age assessment by centers of ossification. Am J Phys
Anthropol 24: 251.
Hoshi, H. 1962. Sex differentiation in the shape of the mastoid process in norma
occipalis and its importance to sex determination of the human skull. Okajimaj
Folia Anat Jpn 38: 309-17.
Howard JD, Reay DT, Haglund WD, et al. 1 988. Processing of skeletal remains.
A medical examiner's perspective. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 9: 258-64.
Hrdlicka A. 1920. Shovel-shaped teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 3: 429.
Hrdlicka A. 1939. Practical anthropomety Wistar Institute Press, Philadelphia.
Hunt EE, Gleiser I. 1955. The estimation of the age and sex of pre-adolescent
children from bones and teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 13: 479-87.
Iordanidis P. 1961. Determination du sexe par les os du squelette (atalas, axis,
clavicle, omoplate, sternum). Ann Med Leg 41: 28-91.
Iscan MY, Derrick K. 1984. Determination of sex from the sacroiliac; a visual
assessment technique. Fld Sci 47: 948.
Iscan MY, Loth SR. 1986. Determination of age from the sternal rib in white
males: a test of the phase method. J Forensic Sci 31: 122-32.
Iscan MY, Miller-Shaivitz P. 1984. Discriminant function sexing of the tibia. J
Forensic Sci 29: 1087-93.
Iscan MY, Miller-Shaivitz P. 1984. Determination of sex from the tibia. Am J Phys
Anthropol G 4: 53-7.
Iscan MY, Loth SR, King CA, et al. 1998. Sexual dimorphism in the humerus: a
comparative analysis of Chinese, Japanese and Thais. Forensic Sci Int 98: 17-29.
Iscan MY, Steyn M. 1999. Craniometric determination of population affinity in
South Africans. Int J Legal Med 1l2: 91-7.
Iten PX. 1987. Identification of skulls by video superimposition. J Forensic Sci
32: 173-88.

Jantz 5.20 01. Cranial change in americans: 1850-1975. J Forensic Sci 46: 784-7.
Jedrzejowska ZK. 200 1. Craniometry and mathematical calculations as a method
for viscero-cranium profile determination. Forensic Sci Int 117: 145-51.
Jit I, Singh S. 1956. Estimation of stature from the clavicles. Indian j Med Res 44:
137-55.
Jit I, Jhingan V, Kulkarni M. 1980. Sexing the human sternum. Am J Phys
Anthropol 53: 217-24.
Keen J. 1950. A study of the differences between male and female skulls. Am J
Phys Anthropol 8: 65.
Keen JA. 1950. Sex differences in skulls. Am J Phys Anthropol 8: 479-87.
Kerley ER. 1965. The microscopic determination of age in human bone. Am J
Phys Anthropol 23: 149-63.
Kerley ER. 1969. Age determination of bone fragments. J Forensic Sci 14: 59-67.
Kim MA, Bier L. 1972. Identification and location of they body in interphase by
quinacrine and giemsa. Human genetik 16: 261-5.
Kimura K. 1982. Base wing index for sexing the sacrum. J Anthropol Soc Nippon
90(Suppl): 153-62.
Knight B. 1969. Methods of dating skeletal remains. Med Sci Law 9: 247-52.
Knight B. 1985. The examination of skeletal remains. In: Wecht C (ed.), Legal
Medicine Annual, 1985 ed. Praeger Scientific, New York.
Knight B, Lauder I. 1967. Practical methods of datingskeletal remains: a
preliminary study. Med Sci Law 7: 205-8.
Knight B, Lauder I. 1969. Methods of dating skeletal remains. Hum Biol 41: 32241.
Kobayashi K. 1964. Estimation of age at death from pubic symphysis for
prehistoric human remains in Japan. Zinruig Zasi 72: 1-16.
Kobayashi R, Nakauchi H, Nakahori Y, etal. 1988. Sex identification in fresh
blood and dried bloodstains by a nonisotopic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
analyzing technique. J Forensic Sci 33: 613-20.

Koelmeyer TD. 1982. Videocamera superimposition and facial reconstruction as

an aid to identification. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 3: 45-8.
Konigsberg LW, Hens SM, Jantz LM, etal. 1998. Stature estimation and
calibration: Bayesian and maximum likelihood perspectives in physical
anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 27: 65-92.
Krogman WCA. 1939. A guide to the identification of human skeletal material.
FBI Law Enforcement Bull 8: 3.
Krogman WCA. 1946. The skeleton in forensic medicine. Proc Inst Med l6:154.
Krogman WCA, Iscan MY. 1986. The human skeleton in forensic medicine, 2nd
edn. Thomas, Springfield.
Loth SR, Iscan MY, Scheuerman EH. 1994. Intercostal variation at the sternal end
of the rib. Forensic Sci Int 65: 135-43.
Lundy JK. 1985. The mathematical versus anatomical methods of stature estimate
from long bones. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6: 73-6.
Maclaughlin-Black SM, Herd RJ, Willson K, et al. 1992. Strontium-90 as an
indicator of time since death: a pilot investigation. Forensic Sci int 57: 51-6.
Mall G, Graw M, Gehring K, et al. 2000. Determination of sex from femora.
Forensic Sci Int 113: 315-21.
Mall G, Hubig M, Buttner A, et al. 2001. Sex determination and estimation of
stature from the long bones of the arm. Forensic Sci Int 117: 23-30.
Maltby J. 1917. Some indices and measurements of the modern femur. J Anat 52:
363-82.
Mann RW. 1998. Use of bone trabeculae to establish positive identification.
Forensic Sci Int 98: 91-9.
Manouvrier L. 1893. Le determination de la taille aprks les grand os des
mernbres. Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 4: 347-402.
Maresh MM. 1940. Paranasal sinuses from birth to adolescence. Am J Dis Child
60: 55-78.
Mayler J. 1935. Identification by sinus prints. VA Med Mon 62: 517-19.

McBride DG, Dien MJ, Vennemeyer MT, et al. 2001. Bootstrap methods for sex
determination from the os coxae using the ID3 algorithm. Forensic Sci 46: 42731.
McCormick WE 1980. Mineralization of the costal cartilages as an indicator of
age: preliminary observations. J Forensic Sci 25: 736-41.
McCormick WE 198 1. Sternal foramena in man. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2:
249-52.
McCormick WF, Nichols MM. 1981. Formation and maturation of the human
sternum. I. Fetal period. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2: 323-8.
McKeehan HE. 1970. The restoration of desiccated cadaveric fingers for the
purpose of identification. J Forensic Sci Soc 10: 1 15.
McKern TW, Stewart TD. 1957. Skeletal age changes in young American males,
analyzedfiom the standpoint of identifration. Headq. QM Res & Dev Command,
Natick, MA. Mehta L, Singh HM. 1972. Determination of crown rump length
from fetal long bones: humerus and femur. Am J Phys Anthropol 36: 165-8.
Meindl RS, Lovejoy CO, Mensforth RP, etal. 1985. A revised method of age
determination using the os pubis,'with a review and tests of accuracy of other
current methods of pubic symphyseal aging. Am J Phys Anthropol 68: 29-45.
Mendes-Correa AA. 1932. La taille des portugais d'aprks des os longes.
Anthropology (Prague) 10: 268-72.
Messmer JM, Fierro MF. 1986. Personal identification by radiographic
comparison of vascular groove patterns of the calvarium. Am J Forensic Med
Pathol 7: 159-62.
Michelson N. 1934. The calcification of the first costal cartilage in whites and
negroes. Hum Biol 6: 543-57.
Miller KW, Budowle B. 2001. A compendium of human mitochondria1 DNA
control region: development of an international standard forensic database. Croat
Med J 42: 315-27.
Modi JP. 1957. Medicaljuridnce and toxicology. Tripathi, Bombay.
Montanari GD, Viterbo B, Montanari GR. 1967. Sex determination of human hair.
Med Sci Law 7: 208-10.
Moore KL, Barr ML. 1955. Smears from the oral mucosa in the detection of
chromosomal sex. Lancet 2: 57-8.

Moss JP, Linney AD, Grindrod SR, et al. 1987. Threedimensional visualization of
the face and skull using computerized tomography and laser scanning techniques.
Eur J Orthod 9: 247-53.
Miiller G. 1935. Zur Bestimmung der Liinge beschadigter Extremitatenknochen.
Anthropol Anz 12: 70-2.
Munter AH. 1936. A study of the lengths of long bones of the arms and legs in
man, with special reference to Anglo-Saxon skeletons. Biometrika 28: 84-122.
Myers JC, Okoye MI, Gple D, et al. 1999. Threedimensional (3-D) imaging in
post-mortem examinations: elucidation and identification of cranial and facial
fractures in victims of homicide utilizing 3-D computerized imaging
reconstruction techniques. Int J Legal Med 113: 33-7.
Nagamori H, Ohno Y, Uchima E, et al. 1986. Sex determination from buccal
mucosa and hair root by the combined treatment of quinacrine staining and the
fluorescent feulgen reaction using a single specimen. Forensic Sci Int 31: 119-28.
Navani S, Shah JR, Levy PS. 1970. Determination of sex by costal cartilage
calcification. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 108: 771-4.
Nemeskeri J, Harsanyi L, Acsadi G. 1960. Methoden zur Diagnose des
Lebensalters von Skelettfunden. Anthropol Anz 24: 70-95.
Niyogi S. 1971. A study of human hairs in forensic work. J Forensic Sci 16: 176.
Norris SP. 2002. Mandibular ramus height as an indicator of human infant age. J
Forensic Sci 47: 8-11.
Oettle AC, Steyn M. 2000. Age estimation from sternal ends of ribs by phase
analysis in South African blacks. J Forensic Sci 45: 1071-9.
Ohtani S. 1994. Age estimation by aspartic acid racemization in dentin of
deciduous teeth. Forensic Sci Int 68:77-82.
Ohtani S, Matsushima Y, Kobayashi Y, et af. 2002. Age estimation by measuring
the racemization of aspartic acid from total amino acid content of several types of
bone and rib cartilage: a preliminary account. J Forensic Sci 47: 32-6.
Olivier G. 1969. Practical anthropology. Thomas, Springfield.
Olivier G, Pineau H. 1958. Determination de I'age du foetus et de I'embyon. Arch
Anat Pathol 6: 21-8.

Parsons FG, Box CR. 1905. The relation of the cranial sutures to age. J R
Anthropol lnst 35: 308.
Pearson FG. 1920. Sex differences in the skull. J Anthropol 54: 58-65.
Pearson K. 19 14. On the problem of sexing osteometric material. Biomedicine
10: 479-87.
Pearson K. 1926. On the coefficient of racial likeness. Biometrika 18: 105.
Pearson K, Bell JA. 1917. A study of the long bones of the English skeleton. 1.
The femur. In: Drapers Co Res Mem. Biomedicine, Series X. University of
London, London, Chapter 14.
Perper JA, Patterson GT, Backner JS. 1988. Face imaging reconstructive
morphography. A new method for physiognomic reconstruction. Am J Forensic
Med Pathol 9: 126-38.
Pesce Delfino V, Colonna M, Vacca E, et al. 1986. Computer-aided skull/face
superimposition. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 7: 201-12.
Phenice TW. 1969. A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. Am
J Phys Anthropof 30: 297-301.
Pounder DJ. 1984. Forensic aspects of aboriginal skeletal remains in Australia.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol 5: 41-52.
Rao NG, Pai LIM. 1988. Costal cartilage calcification pattern-a clue for
establishing sex identity. Forensic Sci Int 38: 133-202.
Reichs KJ. 1993. Quantified comparison of frontal sinus patterns by means of
computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int 6l: l41-68.
Reynolds E. 1945. The boney pelvic girdle in early infancy: a roentgenometric
study. Am J Phys Anthropol 3: 32 1-54.
Reynolds E. 1947. The boney pelvis in prepubertal childhood. Am J Phys
Anthropof 5: 165-200.
Rhine JS, Campbell HR. 1980. Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks.
JForensic Sci 25: 847-58.
Rhine JS, Moore CE. 1982. Facial reproduction tables of facial tissue thicknesses
ofAmerican caucasoidc in forensic anthropology. Maxwell Museum,
Albuquerque.

Rho YM. 1985. Importance of examination of the clothed victim. Fingerprint

identification of assailant from skin fragment on knifing victim's clothing. Am J
Forensic Med Pathol 6: 19-20.
Richardson L, Kade H. 1972. Readable fingerprints from mummified or putrefied
specimens. J Forensic Sci 17: 325-8.
Ritz S, Turzynski A, Schutz HW. 1994. Estimation of age at death based on
aspartic acid racemization in noncollagenous bone proteins. Forensic Sci Int 69:
149-59.
Ross AH, Konigsberg LW 2002. New formulae for estimating stature in the
balkans. J Forensic Sci 47: 165-7.
Ross AH, Janrz RL, McCormick WE 1998. Cranial thickness in American females
and males. J Forensic Sci 43: 267-72.
Sanders CF. 1966. Sexing by costal cartilage calcification. Br J Radio1 39: 233-7.
Sassouni V. 1959. Cephalometric identification: a proposed method of identifi
cation of war dead by means of roentgenographic cephalometry. J Formic Sci 4: l10.
Scarnmon RE. 1937. Two simple nomograms for determining the age and some of
the major external dimensions of the human foetus. Anat Rec 68: 221-32.
Scheuer L. 2002. Application of osteology to forensic medicine. Clin Anat 15:
297-312.
Schranz D. 1959. Age determination from the internal structure of the humerus.
Am JPbys Anthropol 17: 273-8.
Schuller A. 1921. Das Rontgengramm der Stirnhohle. Monatsschr Ohrenheilkd
55: 1617-20.
Schuller A. 1943. Note on the identification of skulls by X-ray pictures of the
frontal sinuses. Mea'JAwt 1: 554-6.
Schultz A. 1937. Proportions, variability and asymmetry of the long bones of the
limbs and clavicles in man and apes. Hum Biol 9: 281-328.
Sen NK. 1962. Identification by superimposed photographs. Int Crim Police Rev
162: 284-6.
Shad R, Chandra H. 1972. Histological differentiation as to the origin of bones.
Jlndian Acad Formic Sci 2: 23-30.

Shiati M. 1983. Estimation of stature by long bones of Chinese male adults in

South China. Acta Anthropol Sinica 2: 80-5.
Simpson E, Henneberg M. 2002. Variation in soft-tissue thicknesses on the human
face and their relation to craniometric dimensions. AmJPhys Anthropol 118: 12133.
Singer R. 1953. Estimation of age from cranial suture closure; a report on its
unreliability. J Forensic Med 1: 52-9.
Snow CC, Williams J. 1971. Variation in premortem statural measurements
compared to statural estimates of skeletal remains. J Forensic Sci 16: 455-64.
Snow CC, Gatliff BP, McWilliams KR. 1970. Reconstruction of facial features
from the skull: an evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology. Am J Phys
Anthropol 33: 221-8.
Snow CC, Hartman S, Giles E, et al. 1979. Sex and race determination of crania
by calipers and computer: a test of the Giles and Elliot discriminant functions in
52 forensic science cases. J Forensic Sci 24: 448-60.
Steele D. 1970. Estimation of staturefiom fragments of long limb bones. In:
Stewart T (ed.), Personal identzfication in mass disasters. National Museum of
Nature History, Washington DC, pp. 85-7.
Steele DG, McKern TW. 1969. A method for assessment of maximum long bone
length and living stature from fragmentary long bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 31:
215-27.
Stephan CN. 2002. Facial approximation: globe projection guideline falsified by
exophthalmometry literature. J Forensic Sci 47: 730-5.
Stevenson PH. 1929. On racial differences in stature long bone regression
formulae with special reference to stature reconstruction formulae for the Chinese.
Biometrika 2: 303-18.
Stevenson PM. 1924. Age order of epiphyseal union in man. Am J Phys Anthropol
7: 53-93.
Stewart JH, McCormick WF. 1983. The gender predictive value of sternal length.
Am J Forensic Med Path 4: 217-20.
Stewart TD. 1948. Medicolegal aspects of the skeleton. Am J Phys Anthropol 6:
315-21.

Stewart TD. 1952. Hrdlickajpractical anthropometry, 4th edn. Wistar Institute,

Philadelphia.
Stewart TD. 1957. Distortion of the pubic symphyseal surface in females and its
effect on a determination. Am J Phys Anthropol 15:9.
Stewart TD. 1959. Bear paw remains closely resemble human bones. FBI Law
Enforcement Bull 28: 18.
Stewart TD. 1962. Anterior femoral curvature; its utility for race determination.
Hum Biol 34: 4-57.
Stewart TD. 1968. Evaluation of evidence from the skeleton. In: Camps F (ed.),
Gradwohlj kgal medicine, 2nd edn. John Wright, Bristol, p. 425.
Stewart TD. 1968. Subject: skull sutures and age. In: Camps F (ed.), Gradwohlj
legal medicine, 2nd edn. John Wright, Bristol, p. 132.
Stewart TD. 1979. ErsentiaL offormic anthropology: especially as heloped in the
United States. Thomas, Springfield.
Stewart TD, Trotter M. 1954. Basic readings on the identzfication of human
skeletons: estimations of age. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological
Research, New York.
Steyn M, Iscan MY. 1998. Sexual dimorphism in the crania and mandibles of
South African whites. Forensic Sci Int 98: 9-16.
Steyn M, Iscan MY. 1999. Osteometric variation in the humerus: sexual
dimorphism in South Africans. Forensic Sci Int 106: 77-85.
Straus WL. 1927. The human ilium: sex and stock. Am J Phys Anthropol 11: 1-28.
Suchey JM. 1979. Problems in the aging of females using the os pubis. Am J Phys
Anthropol 51: 467-70.
Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi Y. 1970. New attempt of personal identification by means
of lip print. J lndian Dent Assoc 42: 8-9.
Swift B, Lauder I, Black S, et al. 2001. An estimation of the post-mortem interval
in human skeletal remains: a radionuclide and trace element approach. Forensic
Sci Int 117: 73-87.
Teixeira WR. 1982. Sex identification utilizing the size of the foramen magnum.
Am J Forensic Med Path 3: 203-6.

Teixeira WR. 1985. The Mengele report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6: 279-83.
Telkka A. 1950. On the prediction of human stature from long bones. Acta Anal 9:
103-17.
Thomas H, Greulich WA. 1940. A comparative study of male and female pelves.
Am j Obstet Gynecol 39: 56-62.
Thompson DD, Galvin CA. 1983. Estimation of age at death by tibia1 osteon
remodeling in an autopsy series. Forensic Sci Int 22: 203-11.
Thomsen JL. 1977. Sex determination of severely burned bodies. Forensic Sci 10:
235-42.
Thomsen JL. 1979. Y-chromosome bodies in brain and kidney: the normal
variation and an unexpected finding in sudden infant death syndrome. Med Sci
Law 19: 1047.
Tibbets GL. 1981. Estimation of stature from the vertebral column in American
blacks. ]Forensic Sci 26: 715-23.
Tobias PV. 1953. The problem of race determination. J Forensic Med 1 :113-23.
Todd TW. 1920. Age changes in the pubic bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 3: 285-334.
Todd TW. 1921. Age changes in the pubic bone I-IV. Am J Phys Anthropol 4:
407.
Todd TW, Lindala A. 1928. Dimensions of the body; whites and American
negroes of both sexes. Am J Phys Anthropol 12: 35-119.
Todd TW, Lyon DW. 1924. Endocranial suture closure; its progress and age
relationship. Part I. Am j Phys Anthropol 7: 325-84.
Todd TW, Lyon DW. 1925. Cranial suture closure; its progress and age
relationship. Part 11. Am J Phys Anthropol 8: 23-5.
Todd Lyon DW. 1925. Cranial suture closure; its progress and age relationship.
Parts 111-IV. Am J Phys Anthropol 8: 47-71, 149-68.
Trotter M, Gleser GC. 1958. A re-evaluation of the estimation of stature based on
measurements of stature taken during life and on long bones after death. Am J
Phys Anthropol 16: 79-88.

Trotter M, Gleser GC. 1977. Corrigenda to 'estimation of stature from long limb
bones of American Whites and Negroes', American Journal Physical
Anthropology (1952). Am J Phys Anthropol 47: 355-6.
Turner W. 1886. The index of the pelvic brim as a basis of classification. J Anat
Physiol 2O: 125-43.
Turpin R, Tisserand M. 1942. Etude correlative de sinus. C R Soc Biol 136: 20310.
Tyler MG, Kirby LT, Wood S, et al. 1986. Human blood stain identification and
sex determination in dried blood stains using recombinant DNA techniques.
Forensic Sci Int 31: 267-72.
Ubelaker DH. 2001. Artificial radiocarbon as an indicator of recent origin of
organic remains in forensic cases. J Forensic Sci 46: 1285-7.
Ubelaker DH, Vok CG. 2002. A test of the phenice method for the estimation of
sex. J Forensic Sci 47: 19-24.
Ullrich H. 1975. Estimation of fertility by means of pregnancy and childbirth
alterations at the pubis, ilium and sacrum. Ossa 2: 23-39.
Vanezis P, Blowes RW, Linney AD, et al. 1989. Application of 3-D computer
graphics for facial reconstruction and comparison with sculpting techniques.
Forensic Sci Int 42: 69-84.
Voluter G. 1959. The 'V' test. Radio1 Clin Base1 28: 1-32.
Wahl J, Graw M. 200 1. Metric sex differentiation of the pars petrosa ossis
temporalis. Int J Legal Med 1 l4: 215-23.
Walker GF. 1976. The computer and the law: coordinate analysis of skull shape
and possible methods of postmortem identificarion. J Forensic Sci 21: 357-66.
Warren MW, Schultz JJ. 2002. Posr-cremation taphonomy and artifact
preservation. J Forensic Sci 47: 656-9.
Washburn S. 1948. Sex differences in the pubic bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 6:
199-298.
Wells LH. 1959. Estimation of stature from long bones; a reassessment. J Forensic
Med 6: 171-7.
Wescotr DJ. 2000. Sex variation in the second cervical vertebra. J Forensic Sci 45:
462-6.

Wescott DJ, Moore-Jansen PH. 2001. Metric variation in the human occipital
bone: forensic anthropological applications. J Forensic Sci 46: 1159-63.
Williamson MA, Nawrocki SP, Rathbun TA. 2002. Variation in midfacial rissue
thickness of African-American children. J Forensic Sci 47: 25-31.
Wiredu EK, Kumoji R, Seshadri R, et al. 1999. Osteometric analysis of sexual
dimorphism in the sternal end of the rib in a West African population. ] Formic
Sci 44: 921-5.
Yoder C, Ubelaker DH, Powell JF. 2001. Examination of variation in sternal rib
end morphology relevant to age assessment. J Forensic Sci 46: 223-7.
Yoshino M, Kimijima T, Miyasaka S, et aL 1991. Microscopical study on
estimation of time since death in skeletal remains. Forensic Sci Int 49: 143-58.
Yoshino M, Miyasaka S, Sato H, et al. 1987. Classification system of frontal sinus
patterns by radiography. Its applicarion to identification of unknown skeletal
remains. Forensic Sci Int 34: 289-99.