Name:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lam Ming Hong (13WAD01881)

Ling Zi Kang (13WAD06271)
Lok Chun Pou (13WAD03310)
Looi Chee Hoe (13WAD04449)
Ma Jun Sian (13WAD06170)

Programme/Group: DCB2/AA2
Title: Experiment 12 Kinetics

Aim: To explore some of the factors which affect the rates at which reactions occur.

Results:
Part A
Mixture
Table salt in cold water without stirrer
Kosher salt in cold water without stirrer
Rock salt in cold water without stirrer
Table salt in warm water without stirrer
Kosher salt in warm water without stirrer
Rock salt in warm water without stirrer
Table salt in cold water with stirrer
Kosher salt in cold water with stirrer
Rock salt in cold water with stirrer
Table salt in warm water with stirrer
Kosher salt in warm water with stirrer
Rock salt in warm water with stirrer

Time for Solid to Dissolve, second

86
602
750
47
269
363
60
547
644
3
164
178

Part C- Spectrum of Dichromate Solution

Spectrum of Dichromate Solution
Wavelength (nm)
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560

% Transmittance
2.3410
1.4996
1.1556
1.1992
1.3379
1.4348
1.4339
1.3350
1.1530
0.9337
0.7021
0.4993
0.3295
0.2012
0.1105
0.0588
0.0253
0.0108

Absorbance
0.4560
3.1652
6.9888
6.3212
4.5930
3.6745
3.6821
4.6238
7.0307
11.6493
19.8564
31.6738
46.8274
62.9216
77.5354
87.3373
94.3409
97.5439

570
580
590
600

0.0041
0.0015
0.0005
0.0002

99.0604
99.6552
99.8849
99.9540

Absorbance of Dichromate Ion as a Function of Time

Time (s)
Absorbance
ln [Absorbance]
0
0.521
-0.625
30
0.350
-1.050
60
0.273
-1.298
90
0.214
-1.542
120
0.172
-1.760
150
0.142
-1.952
180
0.120
-2.120
210
0.105
-2.254
240
0.094
-2.364
270
0.087
-2.442
300
0.082
-2.501
330
0.078
-2.551
360
0.075
-2.590
390
0.074
-2.604
420
0.073
-2.617
450
0.073
-2.617
480
0.074
-2.604
510
0.075
-2.590
540
0.076
-2.577
570
0.077
-2.564
600
0.078
-2.551
630
0.079
-2.538
660
0.081
-2.513
690
0.081
-2.513
720
0.083
-2.489
750
0.084
-2.477
780
0.086
-2.453
810
0.087
-2.442
840
0.088
-2.430
870
0.090
-2.408
900
0.091
-2.397
Order of the reaction with respect to Cr2O72-: First order of reaction

1/[Absorbance]
1.919
2.857
3.663
4.673
5.814
7.042
8.333
9.524
10.638
11.494
12.195
12.820
13.333
13.514
13.699
13.699
13.514
13.333
13.158
12.987
12.820
12.658
12.346
12.346
12.048
11.905
11.628
11.494
11.364
11.111
10.989

Graph of Absorbance against Time (s)

0.6
0.5
0.4
Absorbance

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Time(s)

Graph of ln(Absorbance) against Time (s)

0
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

-0.5
-1
ln (Absorbance)

-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
Time(s)

Graph of 1/Absorbance against Time (s)

16
14
12
10
1/Absorbance

8
6
4
2
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Time(s)

Discussions:
When the temperature increase, the time for solid to dissolve decrease. This is because the
particles can only react when they collide. When the substance is heated, the particles move
faster and so collide more frequently. That will speed up the rate of reaction. Collision only result
in a reaction if the particles collide with enough energy to get the reaction started. The minimum
energy is called activation energy for the reaction. Furthermore, the greater the surface area of
the solid is, the lesser the time for solid to dissolve. This is because when the surface area of the
solid increases the chance of collision between the reactant will also increase. Thus the rate of
reaction increases. Moreover, the mechanical agitation will affect the reaction rate. The stir bars
are simply a small, usually cylindrical piece of magnetic metal coated in Teflon so that the stir
bar is inert and does not react with your experiment. These stir bars sit at the bottom of the flask,
which is placed upon a stir plate. The stir plate is simply a rotating blade with magnets on the
ends, which in turn causes your stir bar to rotate and stir the fluid. Since the stir bar is sitting on
the bottom, stirring against the surface of the vessel, sugar will get ground up by passing between
the stir bar and the vessel's surface. When the sugar gets ground up, increase the surface area to
volume ratio of the particles, which will greatly increase the rate of dissolution
The Cr (VI) is reduced to Cr (III) as the dichromate reacts. The Cr (III) ion does not absorb at the
wavelength same as dichromate ion. In this experiment, the ethanol reacts with dichromate ion to
produce acetic acid and dichromate (III) ion. H+ ion will be introduced in order to balance the
equation:
CH3CH2OH + Cr2O72- CH3COOH + Cr3+

The reaction above is carried out under first order condition. This reaction is first order with
respect to the oxidant and fractional order with respect to substrate and acid of this experiment.
Therefore, the rate obtained is
Rate = k [Cr2O72-]a [H+]b [CH3CH2OH]c
Conclusion:
The order of the reaction with respect to Cr2O72- is first order of reaction. As the temperature
increases, the time for solid to dissolve decreases.