ELECTENG 731

Power Systems
Semester 1: 2015
Dr. Nirmal Nair
(Course Coordinator)
Office Hours: Fridays 2 - 3 pm during
teaching weeks or by prior appointment
(N.Nair@auckland.ac.nz)

Power Systems Issues Worldwide

Ageing Infrastructure in developed

economies

Emerging electricity reticulation in

developing economies

Developing & integrating

distributed/renewable energy
sources

Changing Nature of load: leading

to power quality issues

Skill shortage

Electricity as a commodityElectricity Market

Security Reliability, blackouts,

brownouts, islanding

NZ Power Systems Issues

Immediate

Grid Upgrade (220 kV, 400 kV, HVDC)

Skill shortage
Wind energy Integration issues
Electricity Market- Ancillary services market, FTR,
Demand Side Participation
Public-Private Partnership of Generation (Now!)

Ongoing/Future

Distribution Power quality issues- Flicker, Voltage

sags/dips, etc.
New protection philosophies (Smart Grid)
Sustainability
Efficiency
Integrating non-firm Renewable Wind, Solar, Tidal
Demand side Management
MARKETS!!!!
SECURITY!!!
Source:
www. transpower.co.nz

NZ Power Systems Stakeholders

( Employment, Scholarships & Research)

Generation

Contact Energy Ltd

Genesis Power Ltd
Meridian Energy Ltd
Mighty River Power
Ltd
Todd Energy Ltd
TrustPower Ltd

Distribution Line Companies

29 e.g. Vector, Powerco, Unison

http://www.electricity.org.nz/

Bulk Users

NZ Aluminium Smelters (NZAS)

13% (decreasing)

ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

Retailers

Mercury Energy, Bay of Plenty

Electricity etc.

Consultants

SKM, BECA, AECOM, PSC etc.

TRANSPOWER

Owns & operates HV Grid

System Operation (also Market)

Smart Grids

The Technical Roadmap NIST Reference Framework

Future- Smart Grids

Todays
Electricity

Tomorrows
Choices
Power park
eFuel Cell

Wind
Farms

Hydrogen
Storage

Rooftop
Photovoltaics

Remote
Industrial DG Loads

Fuel Cell

e-

SMES

Smart
Substation
Load as a
resource

Combined Heat
and Power

Consumer Engagement

Does Electricity Market mean

anything to customers?
Petrol or electricity, which do
customers will care more about in
the future?
Who are communicating to
customers and who should
customers listen to?

UoA Power Systems Track

ELECTENG 101: Electrical & Digital Systems

Overview, basics

Circuit laws-KCL, KVL, Thevenin, Norton, Superposition etc

Network Analyses- Phasors, Loop, Nodal, Fourier, 3-phase etc

Magnetic material, fields & circuits;

Faradays law, Amperes Law, 1ph Transformer

ELECTENG 202: Circuits & Systems

ELECTENG 204: Engineering Electromagnetics 1

Machines- Synchronous, Induction

Device- Transformers, Lines, Substation equipment

ELECTENG 309: Power Apparatus & Systems

Analysis- Load Flow, Short-circuit, Stability
Power quality

ELECTENG 731: Power Systems (PS)

ELECTENG 734: Power Electronics (PE)

ELECTENG 703: Advanced Power Systems

Electricity Markets, Protective relaying practices,
DG/Renewable integration, PE Applications to PS

Relation of other courses to PS

MM-1, MM-2,
MM-3
-ODE, DAE,
Matrix,
LP etc.
Communications
-GPS, SCADA,
LAN, WAN etc.

Signal
Processing
-PQ

Power
Electronics
-HVDC, FACTs,
VSD etc.

Control
-AVR, PSS,
Automation etc

Embedded
Systems
- SCADA

Software
-CIM, XML,
Visualization,
DMS

Power Systems
ELECTENG 731
Semester 1- 2015
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Auckland
Lecturers
Nirmal Nair (Course Coordinator )
Patrick Hu
TAs

Lab: Jake Zhang, Piyush Verma, Yang Liu

Assignment: Jake Zhang

Lab experiment compulsory (contents covered in the test or exam Qs)

Two tests 15% each, final exam 60%
1 research assignment 6%, Labs 4%
Faculty of Engineering Policy on Restricted Calculator apply

DigiSilent PowerFactory (EMS)

Commercial
Used by transmission and
distribution companies.
e.g. Transpower, Vector

MATPOWER Academic/Research
http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/

Please go to the website and:

1) Download the MATLAB based package for solving power flow and optimal
power flow problems
2) Read the user-friendly instruction to navigate and use the package for
power flow
3) As the load flow/power flow lectures proceed attempt to solve some largescale network problems using it

2015 Coverage ELECTENG 731

1. Power Systems Fundamentals & Load Flow Analysis (NN)
Review of PS fundamentals; SCADA, EMS, DMS and Smart Grids
Development of non-linear load flow equations; bus admittance matrix; classification of bus types; solution
techniques; voltage and power flow control; general algorithms for the solution of the load flow equations-the Gauss
Seidel and Newton Raphson techniques; Approximations of Load flow

2. Fault Analysis (NN)

Types of faults, use of Thevenins and Superposition Theorems for fault analysis; symmetrical faults and fault
levels; matrix methods for the analysis of faults in large order systems; asymmetrical fault conditions and the
symmetrical components transformation technique for analysis; sequence networks and the application of the
connection methods; matrix methods extended to the analysis of asymmetrical faults in larger order systems.

3. Power Systems Transient Stability Analysis (PH)

Basic concepts of power systems stability; the dynamics of the synchronous machine in the network; the
electromechanical equations; coherent machines; a two machine equivalent system and representative swing
equations; the swing equation for a single machine on infinite bus-bars; the Equal Area Criterion; critical clearing
time and angle calculation.

4. Power Quality Analysis (PH)

Power Quality (PQ) terms and definitions; Voltage Sags; Transient over-voltages; Harmonics; PQ
Benchmarking & Measurements.

2015 Schedule
Month
1
2
3
4
5

March
March
March
March
Mar/April
April
April

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

April
April/May
May
May
May
May
June

Mon

Tues

Wed

Thu

Fri

3 NN

5 NN

10 NN

11

12 NN

13

16

17 NN

18

19 NN

20

23

24 NN

25

26 NN

27

30

31 PH

2 PH

10

13

15

16

17

20

14
21 PH
Test 1

22

23 PH

24

27 Anzac

28 PH

29

30 PH

5 PH

7 PH

13

14 PH

15

11

12 PH

18

19 PH

20

21 PH

Test 2

22

25
1 Queens
Birthday

26 NN
2 NN
Assignment

27

28 NN

29

4 NN

Laboratory: Registration through course enrolment

(Teaching Weeks 4/5 and 8/9; Mon & Friday 9-11am) UG4

Learning Resources

Class Handouts
Tutorials
Texts

Review, Load Flow, Fault & Stability

John J Grainger and William D Stevenson
Power Systems Analysis, McGraw Hill, 1994.

Power Quality

Roger C Dugan, M F McGranaghan, S Santosa, H W Beaty

Electrical Power Systems Quality, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 2002.

Review
Learning Objective
Recollect the background needed to facilitate understanding Power System Analysis
What you have done before in other courses

Course Notes for ELECTENG 101 :Electrical Engineering Systems

Introduction to Electric Circuits, Power Systems & Electrical Machines
Course Notes for ELECTENG 202: Circuits & Systems
Foundations in Electric Circuit Analysis
Course Notes for ELECTENG 204: Electromagnetics I
2014 Lecture material & text for ELECTENG 309: Power Apparatus & Systems
Fitzgerald, Kingsley & Umans Electrical Machinery 6th Edition, McGraw
Hill, 2003

Line Modelling - Review

(Not in course notes but from reference text book)

Reference

Power System Analysis by Grainger & Stevenson

(Sections 6.7, 6.8 & 6.9)

Long transmission line equivalent model

Power flow through a transmission line
Reactive compensation of transmission line

Quick Background Review of Transmission

line Modelling (ELECTENG 309)

Transmission/Distribution Lines

Transmission Lines
HVAC
HVDC
Distribution Lines
Overhead
Cable

(Optical Powerline Ground Wire)

NIMBY ?

Not In My Back Yard

BANANA ?
Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anyone

Sub-transmission and Distribution line

Fuse and disconnector

Distribution line 13.8 kV
Distribution Cable 13.8 kV
Transformer
Telephone line

240/120V line

Cable and transmission line junction

Consumer Service Drop

Line
12.47 kV
Line
Fuse
cutout

Fuse cutout
Transformer

Surge
arrester
Cables

Surge
arrester

Electric Transmission Line Conductors

Early days- Copper

Nowadays Aluminum
Types of Conductor

AAC
AAAC
ACSR
ACAR

Code names for conductor

Hen, Hawk, Pheasant, Bluebird etc.

Electric Transmission Line Parameters

Resistance

Inductance

Capacitance

Conductance
- Where?
- Neglected, Why?

Resistance [Section 4.2, Stevenson & Grainger]

Most important cause of power loss in transmission line

Effective Resistance
R=

power loss in conductor

I

Direct current resistance

Resistivity, length and Cross-sectional area

R0 =

l
A

Stranded conductor resistance is greater due

to spiralling
Increase with temperature (practically linear)

R2 T + t 2
=
R1 T + t1

AC resistance

Non-uniformity of current distribution

Skin- effect (non-uniform current density)
Increase in resistance by skin effect- (Manufacturer tables)

Inductance of Conductor -Due to Internal Flux

[Section 4.4]
mmf = H .ds = I

Amperes Law

ds = I x

2xH x = I x
Hx =
Assuming Uniform
Current Density

Lint
L=

1
=
2

Ix =

X 10

x
I
r 2
2

x
I
2r 2

B x = H x =

d =

xI
2r 2

I
I
=
2

X 10 7

Wbt

= 4

int =
m

X 10 7

At

Wb

m2

xI
dx Wb
2
m
2r

Ix 3
x 2
dx
d = 2 d =
4
r
2r

int

At

Ix 3
I
0 2r 4 dx = 8

Flux density x metres

From centre of conductor

Flux in tubular element

Wbt

Flux linkages caused by flux

In tubular element

Wbt

Integrating from centre of

Conductor to outside edge

Inductance of Conductor -Due to External Flux Linkages

[Section 4.5]
2xH x = I

MMF around tubular element

Bx =

d =

Flux in tubular element

Flux linkages between

2 external points

I
2x

12 =

Wb

m2

I
dx Wb
m
2x

I
I D2
dx
ln
=
D 2x
2 D1

D2

Wbt

12 = 2

10 7

L12 = 2 X 10 7 ln

D2
D1

ln

D2
D1

Wbt

Inductance due only to the flux

Between two external points

Inductance of a Single-phase Two-wire line

[Section 4.6]
Inductance due to internal
& external flux linkages

1
D
L1 = + 2 ln X 10 7
r1
2

L1 = 2
Re-arranging the terms

D
r1

r1 =

Inductance for the

Complete circuit

L2 = 2 X 10 7 ln

0.7788r1

D
'
r1

L1 = 2 X 10 7 ln

Inductance due to
Current in conductor 2

D
X 10 7 ln 4 + ln
r1

L1 = 2 X 10 7 ln
r1' =

D
r2

'

L = L1 + L2 = 4 X 10 7 ln

D
'

r1 r2

H
'

Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) & Geometric Mean

Radius (GMR) [Section 4.8]

Composite Conductor

Stranded conductors composed of 2 or more parallel strands

L X = 2 X 10

Dm = GMD

Dm
Ds

(D
n2

aa '

Dab ' ....Dam )(Dba ' Dbb ' ....Dbm )...(Dna ' Dnb ' ....Dnm )

(Daa Dab ...Dan )(Dba Dbb ...Dbn )...(Dna Dnb ...Dnn )

Geometric Mean Distance or GMD between Conductor X & Y

Denominator
Geometric Mean Radius or GMR (self GMD of conductor)

LX = 2 X 10 7 ln

ln

Numerator

mn

Ds = GMR

Inductance of 3-phase line with equilateral &

unsymmetrical spacing [Section 4.10 & 4.11]

Three-phase line with equilateral spacing

Expression similar to single-phase line except for GMR term

La = 2 X 10 7 ln

D
Ds

Three-phase line with unsymmetrical spacing

Flux linkages of each phase not same

Different inductance in each phase results in unbalanced circuit

Balance restored by exchanging positions of conductors at regular

intervals called as TRANSPOSITION

Transposition results in each phase having the same average

inductance over the whole cycle

La = 2 X 10 7 ln

Deq
Ds

Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31

Inductance for Bundled Conductors [Section 4.12]

At extra-high voltages (EHV)

Corona i.e self discharges around EHV lines

Corona causes power losses & communication interference

Alleviated by HV gradient reduction at conductor

Achieved by having 2 or more conductors per phase- bundled

conductors

Bundling causes

Reduced reactance due to increased GMR of bundle

Reduces effects of Corona

La = 2 X 10 7 ln

For two-strand bundle

D
Dsb

Dsb = 4 (Ds d ) = Ds d
2

Capacitance of 2-wire line [Section 5.1- 5.3]

Total electric charge within a closed surface equals total
Electric flux emerging from the surface

Gausss Law

In other words, total charge within closed surface equals the

Integral over the surface of the normal component of electric
Flux density

Df =

Electric Flux density

Electric Field intensity

For permittivity k of medium

v12 =

D2

q
2xk

m2

D2

D
q
q
dx =
ln 2
2kx
2k D1
D1

Edx =

D1

E=

q
2x

Capacitance of 2-wire line (contd..) [Section 5.1- 5.3]

Vab =

qa
r
D q
ln + b ln b
2k ra 2k D

q a = qb
Vab =

qa D
r
ln ln b
2k ra
D

Vab

qa
D2
=
ln
2k ra rb
C=

C ab =

q
v

qa
2k
=
Vab ln D 2

r
r
a b

V
F

ra = rb = r

Cab =

( r)

ln D

Cn = Can = Cbn =

qa
Vab

2k
ln D
r

( )

to

neutral

Capacitance of 3-phase line with equilateral &

unsymmetrical spacing [Section 5.4 & 5.5]

Three-phase line with equilateral spacing

Assuming that ground is far enough away to have negligible effect

Cn =

qa
2k
=
Van ln D
r

Charging Current in phase a

( )

to

neutral

I chg = jCnVan

A/ m

Three-phase line with unsymmetrical spacing

Capacitance of each phase to neutral are unequal across lines

Balance restored by exchanging positions of conductors at regular

intervals called as TRANSPOSITION

Results in same average capacitance to neutral over the transposition

cycle

Cn =

qa
=
Van

2k

D
ln eq
r

to

neutral

Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31

Capacitance for Bundled Conductors [Section 5.7]

Cn =

qa
=
Van

2k
Deq
ln b
DsC

to

neutral

(rd )

= rd

For two-strand bundle

b
sC

k = k0 kr
k0 = 8.85 x10 12 F m
k r = 1 for overhead lines
In general, you should be able to evaluate Capacitive reactance using the following formula

Xc =

1
2fC

Representation of Transmission Line [Section 6.1]

Line lengths less than about 80 km are classified as short lines

Medium lines are between 80 240 kms while greater than 240 kms are long lines

Strictly speaking all 4 parameters should be represented as Distributed along the lines

Short and medium lines can be modelled using lumped parameters without loss of accuracy

Single phase equivalent circuit valid

Normally transmission line are operated with balanced 3-phase load.

Though the lines are not space equilaterally and not transposed, dissymmetry is negligible.

z = series impedance per unit length per phase

y = shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral
l = length of line
Z = zl = total series impedance per phase
Y = yl = total shunt admittance per phase to neural

Short Transmission Line Model [Section 6.2]

Equivalent Circuit

IS = IR
VS = VR + I R Z

Phasor Diagrams

VR , NL VR , FL
VR , FL

x100

Medium-Length Line Model [Section 6.2]

Voltage-Current Relationship
Nominal pie Circuit

Y
Vs = V R + I R Z + V R

ZY
Vs =
+ 1VR + ZI R

I S = VS

Y
Y
+ VR + I R
2
2
ZY ZY

I S = V R Y 1 +
+ 1 I R
+
4 2

VS = AVR + BI R
VS
Percent regulation =

A VR , FL
VR , FL

x100

I S = CVR + DI R
A= D=

ZY
+1
2

B=Z

ZY
C = Y 1 +

Long Transmission Line

Parameters are considered to be distributed

Voltage/current relationship can be modelled by differential equations

Characteristic impedance & propagation constants can be defined

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) is of practical importance

Direct-Current Transmission [Section 6.13]

First High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission began service in 1954

HVDC lines could be monopolar or bipolar

Converters needed at line ends for rectification/inversion

Lower cost of DC transmission over long lines

Voltage regulation less problem no effect of series reactance

Underground HVAC transmission limited use because of high charging currents. HVDC only
option for such case e.g. undersea cables

Enables synchronizing between two AC systems with different frequency e.g. Japan

Smaller amount of right-of-way for HVDC line compared with HVAC lines

DC breakers not advanced compared to AC circuit breakers

No simple/robust device like transformer to change the voltage level for DC.