Automobile Transmission System Solved Papers PDF

Automobile Transmission System
Solved paper-I
By
Prof. Syed J.M.
Lecturer in Auto.Engg.
Govt. Polytechnic, Nagpur
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. a) Attempt any SIX of the following:
i) State different types of vehicle layout.
Ans: Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and
the location of each is dependent on the application the vehicle will be used for.
i) Two-wheel drive
Two-wheel drive is a type of automobile layout in which two of the four car wheels are used to
propel the vehicle forward. A two-wheel drive vehicle can be1) Front-wheel-drive layouts(FWD),
2) Rear-wheel-drive layouts(RWD),
3) Mid-engine, rear wheel drive
ii) Fourwheel drive
In four wheel drive configuration all the four wheels are responsible for driving the automobile
forward. An all-wheel drive system is one in which all wheels are drive wheels; the four wheels
are full-time drive wheels. It may be1) Front engine, all-wheel drive,
2) Rear engine, all-wheel drive,
3) Mid-engine, all-wheel drive.
ii) State necessity and function of a frame.
Ans: A frame is the main structure of the chassis of a motor vehicle. It provides strength needed
for supporting vehicular components and payload placed upon it. It is the main mounting for all
the components including the body. So it is also called as underbody.
Functions of frame:
1. To carry load of the passengers or goods carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear box etc.
3. To withstand the forces caused due to the sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering.
iii) State application of frame -channel section and box section one each.
Ans: By far the most common, the Channel section or C-rail has been used on nearly every type of
vehicle at one time or another like buses and trucks. It is made by taking a flat piece of steel and
rolling both sides over to form a c-shaped beam running the length of the vehicle. Originally,
boxed frames used on cars were made by welding two matching c-rails together to form a
rectangular tube. Modern techniques, however, use a process similar to making c-rails in that a
piece of steel is bent into four sides and then welded where both ends meet. Hat or "U" frames may
be either right-side-up or inverted with the open area facing down. Not commonly used due to
weakness and a propensity to rust, however they can be found on some cars and Studebakers.
iv) State the necessity of clutch in an automobile.
Ans: Clutch is used to engage or disengage the engine to the transmission or gear box. An
automobile clutch transmits torque from the engine to the transmission, and the driver uses a
release mechanism to control the flow of the torque between them. The clutch is located between
the back of the engine and the front of the transmission.
v) State the function of transfer case.
Ans: A transfer case is a part of a four-wheel-drive system found in four-wheel-drive and allwheel-drive vehicles. The transfer case is connected to the transmission and also to the front and
rear axles by means of drive shafts. It is also referred to as a "transfer gear case", "transfer
gearbox, transfer box" or "jockey box". The transfer case receives power from the transmission
and sends it to both the front and rear axles. This can be done with a set of gears, but the majority
of transfer cases manufactured today is chain driven.
vi) State functions of propeller shaft and list its components.
Ans: The propeller shaft is a solid or hollow tube which transmits power from the gear box to the
rear axle. The drive shaft, or propeller shaft, connects the transmission output shaft to the
differential pinion shaft. The propeller shaft consists of1) Uuniversal joints,
2) Ssleeve and sliding shaft,
3) The flanges, and
4) The main bearing.
vii) State the necessity of differential in four wheeler vehicle.
Ans: On live axles, one wheel must turn at a different speed than the other as the vehicle goes
around a corner. Additional gearing is required to allow for the difference in the speed of the
wheels. The gearing assembly designed to do this job is called a differential.
viii) State the functions of rear axle used in automobile.
Ans: This is the arrangements for supporting the road-wheels on live axles and providing the
driving traction use an axle-hub mounted on to the axle-casing and supported by ball or rollerbearing. The axle shaft transmits the drive from the differential sun wheel to the rear hub.
b) Attempt any TWO of the following:
i) Draw a neat sketch of front engine rear wheel drive layout. State any two advantages
and disadvantages of it.
Ans:
Advantages:
Improves weight distribution compared with layouts that have more weight on one axel.
Good traction when accelerating and braking.
Safer in a front crash, less systems in the front mean less risk on intrusion.
When going up a steep slope, the weight transfer to the back improves traction.
Steer and drive are done by different axels, so the wear is more equal between the wheels in each
axel.
Disadvantages:
Reduces back seats leg room space, a tunnel is needed for the propeller shaft.
Reduces boot space. Heavier and more expensive.
If stuck in mud or snow it is harder to drive away than in a front wheel drive car.
ii) Why multiplate clutch is used in two wheelers instead of single plate clutch?
Ans: Multi-plate clutch consists of more than one clutch plates contrary to single plate clutch
which consists of only one plate. Friction surfaces are made in case of multi-plate clutch. Due to
increased number of friction surfaces, a multi-plate clutch can transmit large torque. Therefore, it
is used in two wheeler which has less space and compact design It is also used in some
electronically controlled drive systems. The clutch plates are alternatively fitted with engine shaft
and the shaft of gear box. The plates are firmly held by the force of coil springs and they
assembled in a drum.
iii) Explain construction and working of single plate coil spring type clutch with neat
sketch.
Ans: A single plate clutch is commonly used in cars and light vehicles. It has only one clutch plate
which is mounted on the splines of the clutch shaft. The clutch has following components
:Flywheel, Clutch Disk, Pressure Plate, Throw out bearingor Release Bearing, Pilot bearingcenters and supports the transmission input shaft. A flywheel is mounted on the crankshaft of the
engine. A pressure plate is connected to the flywheel through the bolts and clutch springs. It is free
to slide on the clutch shaft with the movement of clutch pedal. When clutch is in engaged position,
the clutch plate remains gripped between flywheel and pressure plate. Friction linings are provided
on both the sides of clutch plate.
Fig. Single plate (disc) clutch.
Operation of clutch
When the engine is running and the flywheel is rotating, the pressure plate also rotates as the
pressure plate is attached to the flywheel. The friction disc is located between the two. When the
driver has pushed down the clutch pedal the clutch is released. This action forces the pressure plate
to move away from the friction disc. There are now air gaps between the flywheel and the friction
disc, and between the friction disc and the pressure plate. No power can be transmitted through the
clutch. When the driver releases the clutch pedal, power can flow through the clutch. Springs in the
clutch force the pressure plate against the friction disc. This action clamps the friction disk tightly
between the flywheel and the pressure
2. Attempt any FOUR of the following:
a) Differentiate between single plate clutch and multiplate clutch.
Ans: A single plate clutch is commonly used in cars and light vehicles. It has only one clutch plate
which is mounted on the splines of the clutch shaft. When clutch is in engaged position, the clutch
plate remains gripped between flywheel and pressure plate. Multi-plate clutch consists of more
than one clutch plates contrary to single plate clutch which consists of only one plate. Friction
surfaces are made in case of multi-plate clutch. Due to increased number of friction surfaces, a
multi-plate clutch can transmit large torque. Therefore, it is used in racing cars and heavy motor
vehicles which have high engine power. It is also used in some electronically controlled all-wheel
drive systems. The clutch plates are alternatively fitted with engine shaft and the shaft of gear box.
The plates are firmly held by the force of coil springs and they assembled in a drum.
b) Compare between dry clutch and wet clutch on the basis of construction, torque
transmission, heat discipation and application.
Ans:
Dry clutch
A dry clutch, as the name implies, is not
bathed in fluid.
A dry clutch can transmit large torque and
less drive train loss due to the non slippery
surfaces of a clutch.
There is no oil circulated, which result into
clutch knocking, heat dissipation by air.
The dry clutch is commonly used in cars and
light vehicles.
Wet clutch
A wet clutch is immersed in a cooling
lubricating fluid.
Stacking multiple clutch discs can compensate
and so eliminate slippage under power when
fully engaged.
It gives smoother performance and longer
life; tend to lose heat to the liquid.
, It is used in sports bike, racing cars and
heavy vehicles.
c) Explain construction and working of variator drive with neat sketch.

Ans: At present variable speed drive (variator) application of automatic stepless transmission or
CVT for a great number of cars is taking place.This consists of a V shaped drive belt and two
pulleys, each of two cones, whose effective diameter can be changed so that the V belt runs nearer
the spindle or nearer the rim, depending on the separation of the cones. These are synchronized so
that the belt always remains at the same optimal tension. The variable-diameter pulley is made of
two 20-degree cones facing each other. A belt rides in the groove between the two cones. CVTs
(continuously variable transmission).may use hydraulic pressure, centrifugal force or spring
tension to create the force necessary to adjust the pulley halves.
Fig.Variator Drive.
When the two cones of the pulley are far apart (when the diameter increases), the belt rides lower
in the groove, and the radius of the belt loop going around the pulley gets smaller. When the cones
are close together (when the diameter decreases), the belt rides higher in the groove, and the radius
of the belt loop going around the pulley gets larger. One of the pulleys, known as the drive pulley
(or driving pulley), is connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The second pulley is called the
driven pulley because the first pulley is turning it. As an output pulley, the driven pulley transfers
energy to the driveshaft. The distance between the centers of the pulleys to where the belt makes
contact in the groove is known as the pitch radius.
d) Explain clutch operating mechanism with simple sketch in friction clutch.
Ans: The clutch linkage transmits and multiplies the driver's leg force to the fork of the clutch
pressure plate. Whether the linkage is mechanical or hydraulic, the linkage should have some sort
of adjustment for clutch play (a certain amount of slack in the clutch linkage).A mechanical clutch
linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable.
Mechanical clutch linkage

A clutch linkage mechanism uses levers and rods to transfer motion from the clutch pedal to the
clutch fork. One configuration is shown in figure . When the pedal is pressed, a pushrod shoves on
the bell crank and the bell crank reverses the forward movement of the clutch pedal. The other end
of the bell crank is connected to the release rod. The release rod transfers bell crank movement to
the clutch fork. It also provides a method of adjustment for the clutch.
e) Explain working of centrifugal clutch with neat sketch.
Ans: This clutch system employs centrifugal force to automatically engage the clutch when the
engine rpm rises above a threshold and to automatically disengage the clutch when the engine rpm
falls low enough. The most common types have friction pads or shoes attached to the driven shaft,
rotating inside a clutch bell attached to the output shaft. On the center shaft there are an assorted
number of extension springs, which connect to a clutch shoe. When the center shaft spins fast
enough, the springs extend causing the clutch shoes to engage the friction face. As the load
increases, the speed drops, disengaging the clutch, letting the speed rise again and reengaging the
clutch..
Fig Centrifugal clutch.

f) Differentiate between sliding mesh and constant mesh gear box.
Ans: Following points are important for the comparison of sliding mesh and constant mesh gear
box.
Sliding mesh gearbox
All gears used are spur gears.
The gears are mounted on the main shaft and
can be slide.
Gear wheels on the main shaft engage with
lay shaft gears by sliding.
These are noisy.

a) Draw a neat sketch of torque converter.
Ans:
Constant mesh gear box

Helical and herringbone gear can be used.
The gears on the main shaft are bushed and
free to rotate.
Dog clutches engage with gears on the main
shaft to obtain desired speed.
These are quieter.
b) Draw a neat sketch of sliding mesh gear box engaged in first gear and show power flow
for the same.
Ans:
c) Differentiate between Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive.

Ans:
Comparison of Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive:
Hotchkiss drive
. The Hotchkiss drive is a system of power
transmission which is not enclosed.
It uses universal joints at both ends of the
drive shaft, also a sliding joint.
It allows the use of cross-type universals.
Hotchkiss drive has the traction forces
transmitted to the frame by using other
suspension components such as leaf springs or
trailing arms.
Used in pick-up trucks and sport utility
vehicles.
Torque tube drive

In this design a solid drive shaft is enclosed
in a hollow torque tube.
A "torque ball" is used at one end of the
torque tube.
A ball and socket type of joint is used.
The "torque tube" transmits this force by
directly coupling the axle differential to the
transmission; a pan hard rod is often used for
this purpose.
It is used for rear-wheel drive layout sport
cars.
d) Why constant mesh gear box require double de-clutching?

Ans: In constant mesh gear box, for smooth engagement of dog clutches it is necessary that the
speed of main shaft and sliding dog clutch must be equal. To obtain lower gear, the speeds of the
clutch shaft, lay shaft and main shaft must be increased. This is done by double declutching. The
clutch is disengaged and the gear is brought to neutral. Then the clutch is engaged and accelerator
pedal pressed to increase the speed of the main shaft gears. Again the clutch is disengaged and the
gear moved to the required lower gear and the clutch is again engaged. As the clutch is disengaged
twice, it is called double declutching.
e) How the lubrication of gear box is done?

Ans: The moving parts in the gearbox are lubricated by partially filling the box with the correct
grade oil through a level plug hole located on the side of the casing, until the oil starts to drain
back out of the hole. The plug is then screwed on to prevent spilling out of oil during operation of
the gearbox. The oil level submerges the lay shaft or secondary-shaft cluster gears, so that the oil is
dragged around with the gearwheel teeth when the gears revolve. This helps the oil to spread and
flow between the individual gearwheels, output main shaft and primary shaft, dog-clutch
assemblies, and support bearings.
The selector mechanisms are lubricated by oil splashing up from the gar teeth. A drain-hole and a
screw plug are usually provided at the lowest point in the oil-bath casing, to drain used oil.
Overfilling the gearbox creates a pumping action, which builds-up pressure within the box and
eventually forces oil past the input shaft and output shaft oil seals. For smooth flow of oil between
the shafts and the gears revolving relative to them, two or three holes are drilled radially in each
gearwheel. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles use a forced-feed lubrication system in which a gear
pump pressurizes oil along an axial hole in both the primary and main shafts.
f) Explain the working of synchromesh gear box with neat sketch.
Ans:In modern cars, synchromesh devices are used in gear boxes to synchronize the rotation of
gears that are about to be meshed. This gear box is provided with synchromesh devices by which
two gears to be engaged are first brought into frictional contact which they are engaged smoothly.
When the gear lever is moved, the synchronizer cone meets with a similar cone on the pinion.
Due to the friction, the rotating pinion is made to rotate at the same speed as the synchromesh unit.
To give a positive drive further movement of the gear lever enables the coupling to override
several spring loaded balls and the coupling engages with the dog on the ride of the pinion. Since
both pinion and synchromesh unit are moving at the same speed, this engagement is done without
noise or damage to the dogs.
Fig. Synchromesh gearbox.

a) Draw a neat sketch of differential and label it.

Ans:
A, drive shaft; B, axle drive shaft; C, differential gears;

D, differential housing attached to bevel gears; E, bevel-gear transmission.
Fig. Bevel gear differential.
b) Explain with neat sketch split and banjo type rear axle casing.
Ans: The casing used now days is either a banjo or carrier-type. In the past a split (trumpet) casing
was occasionally used. The type of axle casing used decides the method for the removal of the
final drive.
Split type:
In this type the axle casing is made in two halves and then bolted together for assembly. This type
has a major disadvantage that in case of any fault, whole of axle has to be removed as a unit and
then disassembled. This type is absolute now. In the split type axle arrangement a central housing
contains the final drive and it is fitted with a tube on each side to carry the half axles and bearings
in all types the inner ends of the half shafts are connected to the gears of the differential.
Banjo type:
In the banjo or Separate Carrier axle, the axle is a single unit and the final drive assembly is carried
in a separate casing which is bolted to the axle housing. The banjo construction is often used for
the axle cases of the smaller and higher vehicles. This type of axle of one-piece type, shaped like a
banjo. The two half shafts are pull from sides. Therefore in case of any need for repairs, the half
shafts can be taken out directly from the sides and the differential assembly removed by opening
bolts only. On some banjo axles a domed plate is bolted to the rear face of the casing. Removal of
this plate provides excess to the final drive gears.
Fig. Two types rear axle casing.

c) Write the functions of constant velocity Rezappa and Tripod joint.
Ans: They are mainly used in front wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars. Rear wheel drive cars
with independent rear suspension typically use CV joints at the ends of the rear axle half shafts,
and increasingly use them on the prop shafts. There are two basic types: Rzeppa joints and tripod
CV joints. Rzeppa CV joints, are used as the outer joints on most front-wheel drive cars and mini
vans. Tripod CV joint is designed to plunge in and out, and is used as the inner CV joint on most
domestic front-wheel drive vehicles. There are also some Japanese and European front-wheel drive
cars that use a tripod joint as the outer joint.
d) State any two advantages and any two drawbacks of torque converter.
Ans: The advantages of a torque converter :
1) Torque converters allow a car to start and stop without user intervention.
2) Because torque converters are very heavy, they tend to act as a sort of inertial flywheel.
Drawbacks of torque converter:
1) The torque converter can slip almost indefinitely.
2) Torque converters hold several quarts of transmission fluid.
e) Explain steel disc wheel with neat sketch.
Ans: This is a wheel which processes the steel-made rim and the disc into one by welding, and it is
used mainly for passenger vehicle especially original equipment tires. Disc wheels are light
compared to alloy steel wheels and are resistant to corrosion to some extent. It will give a light
increase in fuel economy due to decrease in weight.
Fig. Wheel construction.
f) Explain specification of tyres with one example.

Ans: There's a lot of useful information molded into the sidewall of a tyre. It shows the name of the
tyre, its size, whether it is tubeless or tube type, the tyre grade, speed rating, the maximum load,
maximum inflation, an important safety warning, and more. A popular size for passenger cars is,
for example:
205/45R16 83 V
Where:
'205' represents the approximate width of the tyre in millimeters '45' represents the sidewall height
as a percentage of the width of the tyre - 45% of 205mm in this instance. 'R' represents the
construction type - in this, as in almost all modern tyres, denotes a RADIAL construction. '16'
represents the diameter of the wheel measured in inches. '83' represents the load index. 'V'
represents the speed rating.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following:
a) Explain construction and working of three quarter floating type rear axle with neat sketch.
Ans: Three-quarter floating axle
Fig.Three quarter floating axle.

A three-quarter floating axle is the same as semi-floating, with one difference. The bearing
supporting the outer end of the axle shaft is moved from inside the axle housing to the outside.
This method of mounting the axles places most of the weight of the vehicle on the ends of the axle
housing rather than the ends of the axle shafts. The wheel is solidly keyed to a taper on the end of
the axle shaft, so side-thrust is still taken by the axle shaft as the vehicle turns or skids
b) Draw a neat sketch of full floating rear axle and explain how it differs from semi floating
and three quarter floating rear axle from construction point of view.
Ans:
Fig. Full-floating axle.

Full floating axle
The full-floating design is typically used in most light trucks, medium duty trucks and heavy-duty
trucks, as well as most agricultural applications, such as large tractors and combines. The drive
wheel is carried on the outer end of the axle housing by a pair of tapered roller bearings. The
bearings are located outside the axle housing. In this way, the axle housings take the full
weight of the vehicle and absorb all stresses or end thrust caused by turning, skidding, and
pulling. Only the axle shaft transmits torque from the differential.
c) Explain construction and operation of hollow tube propeller shaft with neat sketch.
Ans: The propeller shaft consists of universal joints, sleeve and sliding shaft. It transfers engine
torque to the rear axle through one or more universal joints.The flanges connect the propeller shaft
to the gearbox. The main bearing support and guide the propeller shaft. Universal or U-joints allow
the drive shaft to flex when the drive angle changes. The splines on the ends at the propeller shaft
fit perfectly into the splines in the sleeve. This allows a length variation between the driving and
the driven unit to vary slightly without damaging the output and input bearings.
Fig. Drive shaft with universal joints at each end.

a) Explain any two types of frames with neat sketch. State any two advantages of each.
Ans: There are following types of frames:
1. Conventional frame,
2. Integral frame, and
3. Semi-integral frame.
1. Conventional frame
Conventional frames are basically two side rails joined together by cross members.The cross
members are either welded or riveted to the rails with the strongest one supporting the engine and
suspension. The body is then bolted onto the frame using rubber body mounts as spaces between
the frame and body to isolate the vehicle from road vibrations. There are several types of
conventional frames. The ladder frame is the simplest and earliest version of the automobile frame.
It is constructed with two main side-rails connected to each other by cross members.
Advantage
a) It is the strongest, therefore is used for heavy truck construction, and
b) This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from front to rear.
Fig. Ladder Frame.

1. Integral frame or Unibody
In this type of construction, there is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to the body. It
is also called unitized frame-body construction. In this case, the body shell and underbody are
welded into single unit. All the functions of the frame carried out by the body itself. By far the
most common design in use today, sometimes referred to as a sort of frame,this frame is used now
a day in most of the cars.
Advantage
a) Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper, and
b) Due to less weight most economical..
Fig. Integral frame.

b) Explain tyre construction with neat sketch.
Ans: The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and
wire, along with other compound chemicals. Carcass (Casing) is the main body of the tire
consisting of wire beads and body plies. The carcass does not including the tread or sidewall
rubber. A tire carcass is composed of several parts. Typical components used in tire assembly are:
Body ply
Plies are layers of relatively inextensible cords embedded in the rubber to hold its shape by
preventing the rubber from stretching in response to the internal pressure. The orientations of the
plies play a large role in the performance of the tire and are one of the main ways that tires are
categorized. The earliest textile used was cotton; later materials include rayon, nylon, polyester,
and Kevlar. Passenger tires typically have one or two body plies. Body plies give the tire structure
strength. Truck tires, off-road tires, and aircraft tires have progressively more plies.
Sidewall
The sidewall is that part of the tire that bridges between the tread and bead. The sidewall is largely
rubber but reinforced with fabric or steel cords that provide for strength and flexibility. The
sidewall transmits the torque applied by the drive axle to the tread to create traction. The sidewall,
in conjunction with the air inflation, also supports the load of the vehicle. Sidewalls are molded
with manufacturer-specific detail; government mandated warning labels, and other consumer
information, and sometimes decorative ornamentation, like whitewalls.
Belt package
Belts are one or more rubber-coated plies of steel, polyester, nylon, Kevlar or other material
running circumferentially around the tire under the tread. The steel cords are oriented radially in
radial tire construction, and at opposing angles in bias tire construction. They are designed to
reinforce body plies to hold the tread flat on the road. Belts give the tire strength and dent
resistance while allowing it to remain flexible. Passenger tires are usually made with two or three
belts.
Inner Liner
A layer of specially compounded rubber forming the inside of a tubeless tire, designed to inhibit
loss of air pressure. The inner liner assures that the tire will hold high-pressure air inside, without
the air gradually diffusing through the rubber structure.
Fig, Tyre cross section.

Apex and Chafer
The apex is a triangular extruded profile that mates against the bead. The apex provides a cushion
between the rigid bead and the flexible inner liner and body ply assembly. Alternatively
called "filler" (as in the diagram above). The chafer protects the cord as it appears on the rim wheel
the chafer is the lining between the tyre and the rim.
Beads
The bead is that part of the tire that contacts the rim on the wheel. The bead is typically reinforced
with steel wire and compounded of high strength, low flexibility rubber. Bead wire is coated with
special alloys of bronze or brass. Coatings protect the steel from corrosion. Copper in the alloy and
sulfur in the rubber cross-link to produce copper sulfide, which improves bonding of the bead to
the rubber. Beads are inflexible and inelastic, and provide the mechanical strength to fit the tire to
the wheel.
c) Differentiate between tube tyre and tubeless tyre on the basis of weight, fuel efficiency,
life and road holding.
Ans: Comparison between tube tyre and tubeless tyre:
Tube tyre
.A tube tyre consists of a tube of air that is
placed inside the tyre and weighs more.
It has less fuel efficiency and safety.
They have shorter life than tubeless.
It has more components, generates heat while
on the move and causes vibrations.
Tubeless tyres
A tubeless tyre weighs less and reduces unsprung weight of the vehicle.
Safety and more fuel efficiency.
They last longer than tubes.
Its resistance when driving is much lower and
has less friction, making it more economical.

Solved paper-II
By
Prof. Syed J.M.
i) What is meant by Vehicle Layout ? Give one example.
Ans: An automobile layout is the orientation of the wheels, engine, and drive components in
relation to each other. Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found
in practice, and the location of each is dependent on the application the vehicle will be used for.
For example- Front-wheel-drive layouts (FWD), Rear-wheel-drive layouts (RWD).
ii) Define -An Automobile. State its major parts.
Ans: An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle for transporting passengers, which also carries its
own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run
primarily on roads, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
The automobiles are generally considered to be consisting of two major assemblies, chassis and
body. The chassis consists of :the frame, the engine, the transmission system, the steering system
and the brakes.
iii) What is the working principle of automotive clutches ?
Ans: Automotive clutches: operate on the principle of friction. When two surfaces are brought in
contact and are held against each other due to friction between them, they can be used to transmit
power. If one is rotated, then other also rotates. One surface is connected to engine and other to the
transmission system of automobile. They may be (i) single plate clutch, (ii) multi-plate clutch, or
(iii) cone clutch.
iv) List the types of gear boxes.
Ans: Gearbox (transmission) has different types.
1) Sliding-mesh,
2) Constant-mesh,
3) Synchro-mesh,
4) Automatic gearbox
Ssome of them are old-fashion and had been replaced, and some are in use in modern cars.
v) What is transfer case.
gearbox, transfer box" or "jockey box".
vi) State the components of differential unit.
Ans: Differential unit consists of a spiral bevel pinion gear meshes with the large spiral
bevel ring gear, known as the crown wheel. The crown wheel and pinion may mesh
in hypoid orientation. The crown wheel gear is attached to the differential carrier or cage, which
contains the 'sun' and 'planet' wheels or gears. The two sun wheel gears drive the axle half
shafts connected to the vehicle's driven wheels. The other two planet gears are aligned on a
perpendicular axis which changes orientation with the ring gear.
vii) Write functions of following1) Universal joint , 2) Slip joint
Ans: Functions of universal joint and slip joint
A universal joint is a flexible coupling between two shafts that permits one shaft to drive another at
an angle to it. The universal joint is flexible in a sense that it will permit power to be
transmitted while the angle of the other shaft is continually varied. A slip joint is a mechanical
construction allowing extension and compression in a linear structure. Slip joints can be designed
to allow continuous relative motion of two components or it can allow an adjustment from one
temporarily fixed position to another.
viii) State the materials used for chassis frame.
Ans: Chassis frames are basically manufactured from steel. Aluminum is another raw material that
has increasingly become popular for manufacturing these auto frames.

i) Draw four sections of chassis frame and write their significance.
Ans:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) C-section, (B)Circular closed tube, (C) Box section, (D) Top-hat-section, (E) I-section.
Fig. Chassis Frame Sections.
The types of cross-sections most commonly used for making frame are:
(a) Channel section- Good resistance to bending,
(b) Tubular section- Good resistance to torsion, and
(c) Box section- Good resistance to both bending and torsion.
(d) Hat or "U" frame section
Hat or "U" frames may be either right-side-up or inverted with the open area facing down.
ii) State the loads acting on chassis frame.
Ans: Various loads acting on the frame are:
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
iii) Sketch and describe hydraulically operated clutch mechanism.
Ans: Hydraulically-operated Linkage
Fig. Clutch linkage mechanism- Hydraulic.

A more convenient way to transmit force and movement is by hydraulic linkage in which the fluid
is forced through a flexible plastic pipeline, spun between the foot-pedal and the clutch bellhousing. A master-cylinder, mounted on the bulkhead and a push-rod joining the clutch-pedal to
the sliding piston, provides the control of the clutch action. A slave cylinder unit containing the
piston is installed on an extension formed on the bell-housing flange. The slave piston relays the
slightest movement to the fork-lever through the slave pushrod.
Depressing the clutch pedal creates pressure in the clutch master cylinder, actuating the slave
cylinder which, in turn, moves the release arm and disengages the clutch. When the pedal is
released, engagement of the clutch occurs due to which the fluid returns to the master-cylinder and
its reservoir. Hydraulic types of clutch operating systems are normally found in heavy construction
equipment where extreme pressure is required to operate the clutch.

a) Differentiate between Torque convertor and Fluid coupling.
Ans: : Comparison between Torque convertor and Fluid coupling:
Torque Convertor
. Torque Convertor has three elements, an
impeller a turbine and a stator.
It has the additional ability to multiply torque
"convert" the power.
It is the actual shifting device, and it can
work under load.
The blades of the turbine and impeller are
curved.
.
Fluid Coupling
A fluid coupling has 2 members, an impeller
and turbine.
Fluid Coupling is basically a one-to-one
"coupling".
A fluid coupling acts more like a clutch than
anything.
The impeller and turbine have large number
of radial vanes.
b) Differentiate between Dry and Wet clutch.

Ans:
Dry clutch
bathed in fluid.
light vehicles.
Wet clutch
lubricating fluid.
fully engaged.
heavy vehicles.
c) Describe construction and working of fluid coupling.

Ans: A fluid coupling has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical
clutch. Fluid couplings work on the hydrodynamic principle. It consists of a pump-generally
known as impeller and a turbine generally known as rotor, both enclosed suitably in a casing. The
impeller and the rotor are bowl-shaped and have large number of radial vanes. They face each
other with an air gap. Oil is filled in the fluid coupling from the filling plug provided on its body.
The impeller or pump typically is connected to the flywheel of the engine and thus is turned by the
engine's crankshaft. The turbine is connected to the input shaft of the transmission.The power is
transmitted by virtue of the fluid filled in the coupling. The impeller when rotated imparts velocity
and energy to the fluid, which is converted into mechanical energy in the rotor thus rotating it. The
fluid follows a closed circuit of flow from impeller to rotor through the air gap at the outer
periphery and from rotor to impeller again through the air gap at the inner periphery. As a fluid
coupling operates kinetically, low viscosity fluids are preferred. Multi-grade motor oils or
automatic transmission fluids are used.
Fig. Fluid coupling.
d) Draw a neat labelled diagram of Diaphragm type single plate clutch in disengaged position.
Ans:
Fig.Diaphragm clutches.
e) Describe the lubrication of gear box.

Ans: Lubrication of gear box
The moving parts in the gearbox are lubricated by partially filling the box with the correct grade
oil through a level plug hole located on the side of the casing, until the oil starts to drain back out
of the hole. The plug is then screwed on to prevent spilling out of oil during operation of the
gearbox. The oil level submerges the lay shaft or secondary-shaft cluster gears, so that the oil is
dragged around with the gearwheel teeth when the gears revolve. This helps the oil to spread and
flow between the individual gearwheels, output main shaft and primary shaft, dog-clutch
assemblies, and support bearings.
The selector mechanisms are lubricated by oil splashing up from the gar teeth. A drain-hole and a
screw plug are usually provided at the lowest point in the oil-bath casing, to drain used oil.
Overfilling the gearbox creates a pumping action, which builds-up pressure within the box and
eventually forces oil past the input shaft and output shaft oil seals. For smooth flow of oil between
the shafts and the gears revolving relative to them, two or three holes are drilled radially in each
gearwheel. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles use a forced-feed lubrication system in which a gear
pump pressurizes oil along an axial hole in both the primary and main shafts.
f) Explain the clutch operating mechanism with single sketch in friction clutch.
Ans: The clutch linkage transmits and multiplies the driver's leg force to the fork of the clutch
pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage
rods and arms, or a cable. One configuration is shown in figure. The clutch cable mechanism uses
a steel cable inside a flexible housing to transfer pedal movement to the clutch fork.
As shown in figure, the cable is usually fastened to the upper end of the clutch pedal, with the
other end of the cable connecting to the clutch fork. The cable housing is mounted in a stationary
position. This allows the cable to slide inside the housing whenever the clutch pedal is moved. One
end of the clutch cable housing has a threaded sleeve for clutch adjustment.
Fig. Clutch operating systems (cable type of linkage).

a) Draw a schematic diagram of constant mesh gear box in neutral position and label it.
Describe its construction and working.
Ans: Constant mesh gear box
In this design, the mainshaft pinions revolves freely on bushes or needle-roller bearings and are all
in constant engagement with the corresponding lay shaft wheels. The gear operation is obtained by
locking the respective gear to the main shaft by means of a dog clutch. With this arrangement the
quieter-running helical gears can be employed, and during gear changing the noise and wear are
reduced by the simultaneous engagement of all the dogs instead of only a pair of gear teeth as on
the sliding-mesh gearbox. The layout of the box is shown in the figure.
Fig. Constant mesh gearbox.

In this type of gear box, all the gears of main shaft are inconstant mesh with the corresponding
gears on the lay shaft. Two dog clutches are provided to the main shaft one between the clutch gear
and second gear and the other between the first and reverse gears. The dog clutches are provided
which are free to slide on the main shaft. When the left dog clutch is slide to the left by means of
selector mechanism, its teeth are engaged with those on the gear and then the top gear enclosed.
However when slide to right makes contact with the second gear and second gear is obtained.
b) Write in detail classification of clutches. Describe working of centrifugal clutch with
schematic diagram.
Ans: The types of clutches used in vehicles are given below:
(a) Friction Clutch: It may be (i) single plate clutch, (ii) multi-plate clutch, or (iii) cone clutch.
Multi-plate clutch can be either wet or dry.
(b) Centrifugal clutch,
(c) Semi-centrifugal clutch,
(d) Hydraulic clutch,.
(e) Positive clutch.
(f) Vacuum clutch,
(g) Electromagnetic clutch,
Centrifugal clutch:
This clutch system employs centrifugal force to automatically engage the clutch when the engine
rpm rises above a threshold and to automatically disengage the clutch when the engine rpm falls
low enough. The most common types have friction pads or shoes attached to the driven shaft,
clutch..
c) What is meant by Tyre Inflation ? Describe the effect of inflation pressure on tyre life.
What is importance of tyre rotation.
Ans: Tyre inflation and Effect of inflation pressure on the life of tyre:
Tires are specified by the vehicle manufacturer with a recommended inflation pressure, which
permits safe operation within the specified load rating and vehicle loading. Most tires are stamped
with a maximum pressure rating. With low tire pressure, due to the side wall being more pliable,
the tire will absorb more of the irregular forces from normal driving, and with this constant
bending of the side wall as it absorbs the contours of the road, it heats up the tire wall to possibly
dangerous temperatures, as well as degrades the steel wire reinforcement; this often leads to side
wall blow-outs. In an extreme case of this phenomenon, the vehicle may drive into a pot-hole, or a
hard elevation in the road.
Due to the low tire pressure, the side wall at the contact area will temporarily collapse, thereby
wedging the tire between the wheel and road, resulting in a tire laceration and blow-out, as well as
a damaged wheel. High tire pressures are more inclined to keep its shape during any encounter,
and will thus transmit the forces of the road to the suspension, rather than being damaged it. This
allows for an increased reaction speed, and feels" the driver perceives of the road. It may be that
very high tire pressures have only two downsides: The sacrifice in comfort; and the increased
chance of obtaining a puncture when driving over sharp objects, such as on a newly scraped gravel
road.
Over-inflation may increase the wear on the center contact patch, and under-inflation will cause a
concave tread, resulting in less center contact. An increased tire pressure has many benefits,
including decreased rolling resistance. It has been found, that an increased tire pressure almost
exclusively results in shorter stopping distances, except in some circumstances that may be
attributed to the low sample size. If tire pressure is too low, the tire contact patch is changed more
than if it were over-inflated. This increases rolling resistance, tire flexing, and friction between the
road and tire. Under-inflation can lead to tire overheating, premature tread wear, and tread
separation in severe cases.
Tyre rotation
Tires may exhibit irregular wear patterns once installed on a vehicle and partially worn.
Furthermore, front-wheel drive vehicles tend to wear the front tires at a greater rate compared to
the rears. Tire rotation is the procedure of moving tires to different car positions, such as front-torear, in order to even out the wear, thereby extending the life of the tire. However care must be
taken with unidirectional tires (tires that are designed to rotate in one direction only, for a vehicle
that is going forward) so that the correct rotational direction - indicated on the side wall with an
arrow-like symbol - is maintained after the swap.

a) What is multi-plate clutch ? Give its three applications with specific reasons.
Ans: Multi plate clutch

Multi-plate clutch consists of more than one clutch plates contrary to single plate clutch which
consists of only one plate. Friction surfaces are made in case of multi-plate clutch. Due to
increased number of friction surfaces, a multi-plate clutch can transmit large torque. Therefore, it
is used in racing cars and heavy motor vehicles which have high engine power. It is also used in
two wheelers and some electronically controlled all-wheel drive systems. The clutch plates are
alternatively fitted with engine shaft and the shaft of gear box. The plates are firmly held by the
force of coil springs and they assembled in a drum. One plate slides in the grooves on the flywheel
and the next plate slides on spines provided on pressure plate. Thus, each alternate plate slides in
grooves on the flywheel and the other on splines of pressure plate.
Fig. Multi plate clutch.

b) Draw a power flow diagram for a synchromesh gear box, when third gear is engaged and describe it.
Ans: Synchromesh gear box
The clutch gear is rigidly fixed to the clutch shaft. It remains always connected to the drive gear of
the lay shaft (counter shaft). The other gears also rigidly fixed to the counter shaft. The power is
transmitted from the engine to the clutch shaft of gear box and will be transmitted to the main shaft
through counter shaft. The required speed is obtained by shifting the gears in counter shaft by the
selective mechanism coupling. For gear changing in the third gear position, the coupling is slid in
to mesh with the third gear.
Ratio = Number of teeth on the output gear = Toutput /Tinput

Number of teeth on the input
c) With sketch describe how synchronisation of speed is obtained by synchromesh device ?
Ans: In modern cars, synchromesh devices are used in gear boxes to synchronize the rotation of
When the gear lever is moved, the synchronizer conemeets with a similar cone on the pinion. Due
to the friction, the rotating pinion is made to rotate at the same speed as the synchromesh unit. To
give a positive drive further movement of the gear lever enables the coupling to override several
spring loaded balls and the coupling engages with the dog on the ride of the pinion. Since both
pinion and synchromesh unit are moving at the same speed, this engagement is done without noise
or damage to the dogs.

d) Describe working of Hotchkiss drive with sketch.
Ans: The Hotchkiss drive is made up of a drive shaft connected to the transmission output shaft
and the differential pinion gear shaft. U-joints are used in the front and rear. The Hotchkiss drive
transfers the torque of the output shaft to the differential. Sometimes this drive comes in two pieces
to reduce vibration and make it easier to install with three U-joints. The two-piece types need ball
bearings in a dust proof housing as center support for the shafts.
Fig. A Hotchkiss drive.
In the Hotchkiss drive, slip-splines or a plunge-type (ball and trunnion u-joint) eliminate thrust
transmitted back up the driveshaft from the axle, allowing simple rear-axle positioning using
parallel leaf springs. The Hotchkiss drive uses two universal joints which has the effect of
canceling the speed fluctuations and gives a constant speed even when the shaft is no longer
straight. The Hotchkiss drive has the traction forces transmitted to the car frame by using other
suspension components such as leaf springs or trailing arms.
e) Differentiate between Torque tube drive and Hotchkiss drive.
Ans:
Comparison of Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive:
Hotchkiss drive
. The Hotchkiss drive is a system of power
transmission which is not enclosed.
It uses universal joints at both ends of the
drive shaft, also a sliding joint.
It allows the use of cross-type universals.
Hotchkiss drive has the traction forces
transmitted to the frame by using other
suspension components such as leaf springs or
trailing arms.
Used in pick-up trucks and sport utility
vehicles.
Torque tube drive

In this design a solid drive shaft is enclosed
in a hollow torque tube.
A "torque ball" is used at one end of the
torque tube.
A ball and socket type of joint is used.
The "torque tube" transmits this force by
directly coupling the axle differential to the
transmission; a pan hard rod is often used for
this purpose.
It is used for rear-wheel drive layout sport
cars.
f) State necessity of final drive and differential. Also write its location in different types of vehicle
layouts.
Ans: A vehicle's wheels rotate at different speeds, mainly when turning corners. This is necessary
when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of the turning curve
roll farther and faster than the other. On live axles, one wheel must turn at a different speed than
the other as the vehicle goes around a corner. Additional gearing is required to allow for the
difference in the speed of the wheels. The gearing assembly designed to do this job is called a
differential.
A final drive is the part of the power train between the propeller shaft and the differential. It is the
part of the axle assembly that provides the 90 change in direction of the power flow and increases
torque or turning force. The differential assembly is mounted in the axle housing and is bolted to,
and driven by, the final drive ring gear. Final drive gears are incorporated in vehicle driving axles
for the following reasons:
b) To provide a right-angle drive from either the propeller shaft or the gearbox lay shaft, to
the driven wheels.
c) To permit an additional and constant gear reduction in the transmission system. These
functions can be performed by bevel or worm and spur gears.
For the front wheel drive vehicle the differential is attached at the front axles whereas in case of
rear wheel drive it is fitted to the rear axle. All wheel drive vehicle needs a differential between
each sets of drive wheels and one more differential at the center of the front and rear wheels.

a) Sketch cross and yoke type universal joint and describe its working.
Ans:
A U-joint which is also called a Cardan joint, is used on both ends of the drive shafts in rear-wheel
and four-wheel drive vehicles. A universal joint is a flexible coupling between two shafts that
permits one shaft to drive another at an angle to it. The universal joint is flexible in a
sense that it will permit power to be transmitted while the angle of the other shaft is
continually varied. Fig. shows a cross and yoke type universal joint. It has two yoke and a cross
member. A slip joint is a mechanical construction allowing extension and compression in a linear
structure. Slip joints can be designed to allow continuous relative motion of two components or it
can allow an adjustment from one temporarily fixed position to another.
b) What is constant velocity (C. V) joint ? State its two types. In which vehicle C. V. joints are used ?
Why ?
Ans: A constant velocity joint is a joint does essentially the same thing as a U-joint. CV joints
allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed, without
an appreciable increase in friction or play. There are two basic types: Rzeppa joints and tripod CV
joints. They are mainly used in front wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars. Rear wheel drive cars
with independent rear suspension typically use CV joints at the ends of the rear axle half shafts,
and increasingly use them on the prop shafts. CV joints come in a variety of styles.
All CV joints are enclosed by a rubber or hard plastic boot. The boot keeps grease in and
contaminants out. All front-wheel drive cars have four CV joints: one inner joint and one outer
joint on each of the vehicle's two drives hafts or half shafts. The CV joint that attaches one end of
each half shaft to the differential portion of the transaxle is called an inboard. Inboard or plunge
joints must accommodate the in-and-out movement of the half shafts as the suspension operates.
The CV joint at the other end of the half shaft is called an outboard or fixed joint.
c) Describe principle of working of differential with sketch.
Ans: The rotating motion (Torque) is supplied from the engine through the transmission,
to propeller shaft, which runs to the final drive unit that contains the differential. A spiral
bevel pinion gear takes its drive from the end of the propeller shaft, and is encased within the
housing of the final drive unit. This meshes with the large spiral bevel ring gear, known as
the crown wheel. The crown wheel gear is attached to the differential carrier or cage, which
contains the 'sun' and 'planet' wheels or gears. The carrier is connected to both the side gears only
through the planet gear. Torque is transmitted to the side gears through the planet gear. The planet
gear revolves around the axis of the carrier, driving the side gears.

If the resistance at both wheels is equal, the planet gear revolves without spinning about its
own axis, and both wheels turn at the same rate. If the left side gear encounters resistance, the
planet gear spins as well as revolving, allowing the left side gear to slow down, with an equal
speeding up of the right side gear. When the vehicle is traveling in a straight line, there will be no
differential movement of the planetary system of gears other than the minute movements necessary
to compensate for slight differences in wheel diameter, undulations in the road.
If the vehicle is making a turn, the outer wheel will make more rotations because it has further to
travel, and the inner wheel will make fewer rotations as it has less distance to travel. This also
means the differential side gears travel at two different speeds. When the differential side gears
rotate at two different speeds, they cause the pinions to rotate on their shafts. The pinions walk
around the slower side gear and force the other side gear to turn faster or speed up. The pinion
rotates as it travels between the two side gears.
d) Explain necessity and types of loads acting on rear axle.
Ans: The axle shaft transmits the drive from the differential sun wheel to the rear hub. Various
forces and torques experienced by the rear axle are weight of the body, driving thrust, torque
reaction and side thrust. There is a force on the axle casing to rotate called torque reaction. The
braking torque on the axle casing is opposite in direction to the torque reaction.
Loads acting on the rear axle

The rear live axle half shafts have to withstand the following loads:
1. Shearing force due to vehicle weight.
2. End thrust caused by the side forces on account of cornering, side wind etc.
3. Bending moment on account of the offset of the vehicle load and the end thrust.
4. Driving torque.
e) Sketch and describe any two types of rear axle casings.
Ans: The casing used now days is either a banjo or carrier-type. In the past a split (trumpet) casing
was occasionally used. The type of axle casing used decides the method for the removal of the
final drive.
Fig. Two types rear axle casing.

Split type
In this type the axle casing is made in two halves and then bolted together for assembly. This type
has a major disadvantage that in case of any fault, whole of axle has to be removed as a unit and
then disassembled. This type is absolute now. In the split type axle arrangement a central housing
contains the final drive and it is fitted with a tube on each side to carry the half axles and bearings
in all types the inner ends of the half shafts are connected to the gears of the differential.
Banjo type
In the banjo or Separate Carrier axle, the axle is a single unit and the final drive assembly is carried
in a separate casing which is bolted to the axle housing. The banjo construction is often used for
the axle cases of the smaller and higher vehicles. This type of axle of one-piece type, shaped like a
banjo. The two half shafts are pull from sides. Therefore in case of any need for repairs, the half
shafts can be taken out directly from the sides and the differential assembly removed by opening
bolts only. On some banjo axles a domed plate is bolted to the rear face of the casing. Removal of
this plate provides excess to the final drive gears.
f) Give one example of tyre nomenclature and write meaning of each term.
Ans: There's a lot of useful information molded into the sidewall of a tyre. It shows the name of
the tyre, its size, whether it is tubeless or tube type, the tyre grade, speed rating, the maximum
load, maximum inflation, an important safety warning, and more. A popular size for passenger cars
is, for example:
205/45R16 83 V
Where:

a) Write functions of wheel. Describe with sketch construction of alloy wheel.
Ans: Wheels and rims are the significant parts of any vehicle. Wheels are circular rings on which
automobile tires are fitted. The rim is the periphery of the wheel and the tire is fitted upon the
wheel. The rim is actually the ring of wheel and the center of wheel is connected to the rim. The
rim and center together make up the entire wheel. Both wheels and rims are integral parts of all
automobiles. They play a significant role in the appearance and performance of a vehicle.
Automotive wheels are typically made from pressed and welded steel, or a composite of light
weight metal alloys, such as aluminum or magnesium. These alloy wheels may be either cast or
forged. The mounted tire and wheel assembly is then bolted to the vehicle's hub. A decorative
hubcap and trim ring may be placed over the wheel. These wheels based on the use of light metals
such as aluminium and magnesium has become popular in the market. Tires are mounted onto
wheels that have most often had integral rims on their outer edges to hold the tire.
b) Compare Tubed tyre with Tubeless tyre.
Ans: Comparison between tube tyre and tubeless tyre:

Tube tyre
Tubeless tyres
c) State types of tyres based on construction and compare them with each other.
An: Types of Tyres

Many tires used in industrial and commercial applications are non-pneumatic, and are
manufactured from solid rubber and plastic compounds via molding operations. Semi-pneumatic
tires have a hollow center, but they are not pressurized, have also been designed for automotive
use. There are two basic types of tire construction that mud, all terrain and street tires use as their
foundation. They are bias-ply and radial designs. Each type of tire construction has its own unique
set of characteristics that are the key to its performance, whether on road or off road and these
characteristics can help to define the purpose of the tire.
1) Radial
The radial is a type of tire that is constructed with rubber coated, reinforcing belts that are
assembled parallel and run from side to side, bead to bead at an angle of 90 degrees to the
circumferential centerline of the tire. This makes the tire more flexible which reduces rolling
resistance to improve fuel economy. The belts may be cord or steel. The advantages of this
construction include longer tread life, better steering control, and lower rolling resistance.
Disadvantages of the radial tire include a harder ride at low speeds on rough roads and in the
context of off-roading, decreased "self-cleaning" ability and lower grip ability at low speeds.
2) Bias or cross ply
The bias ply tire construction utilizing rubber-coated layers known as plies composed of textile
cords, usually nylon and sometimes Kevlar. The plies layered diagonal from one bead to the other
bead at about a 30 degree angle. One ply is set on a bias in one direction as succeeding plies are set
alternately in opposing directions as they cross each other and the ends are wrapped around the
bead wires, anchoring them to the rim of the wheel. The design allows the entire tire body to flex
easily, providing a smooth ride on rough surfaces. The major disadvantages of a bias tire:
increased rolling resistance and less control and traction at higher speeds.
3) Belted bias
A belted bias tire starts with two or more bias-plies to which stabilizer belts are bonded directly
beneath the tread. This construction provides smoother ride that is similar to the bias tire, while
lessening rolling resistance because the belts increase tread stiffness. The plies and belts are at
different angles, which improve performance compared to non-belted bias tires. The belts may be
cord or steel.
d) Sketch the arrangement of live rear axle and describe how torque transmission takes place ?
Ans
Fig. The semi floating axle.

The vehicle with non-independent rear suspension uses either a dead axle or a live axle. The dead
axle only supports the weight of the vehicle, but the live axle besides fulfilling this task, contains a
gear and shaft mechanism to drive the road wheels. The arrangements for supporting the roadwheels on live axles and providing the driving traction use an axle-hub mounted on to the axlecasing and supported by ball or roller-bearing. The axle shaft transmits the drive from the
differential sun wheel to the rear hub.There are several types of rear axle designs: semi floating,
three-quarter floating, and full floating. However the semi- and full-floating types are the most
common.
The semi floating axle is used in passenger vehicles and light trucks. In vehicles equipped with this
type of axle, the shaft, as well as the housing, supports the weight of the vehicle. The
inner end of the axle is carried by the side gears in the differential housing. This relieves
the axle shafts of the weight of the differential and the stresses caused by its operation that
are taken by the axle housing. The inner ends of the axle transmit only turning effort, or torque,
and are not acted upon by any other force.
The outer end is carried by a bearing located between the shaft and the housing It transfers the load
from the shaft to the housing. The axle shafts take the stresses caused by turning, skidding, or
wobbling of the wheels. The axle shafts are flanged or tapered on the ends. When the tapered axle
is used, the brake drum and hub are pressed onto the shafts, using keys to prevent the assemblies
from turning on the shafts. In some cases, the outer ends of the shafts may have
serrations or splines to correspond with those on the drum and hub assembly.
e) What is meant by Double reduction axle ? State its two applications.
Ans: Concept of double reduction axle

The vehicles carrying heavy loads and requiring high torque double reduction drives are used. The
reduction required in such vehicles is much larger, i.e. 5:1 to 10:1. If this large reduction is
obtained in one stage, the gear ratio being very large either the pinion will be too small having very
few teeth, or it will be too weak and inefficient or the crown wheel will be too large, reducing the
ground clearance drastically. Double-reduction final drives are used for heavy-duty trucks and
buses.
Fig. Double Reduction Drive Axle.

In the final drives shown in fig., there is a single fixed gear reduction. With this arrangement, it is
not necessary to have a large ring gear to get the necessary gear reduction. The first gear reduction
is obtained through a pinion and ring gear as the single fixed gear reduction final drive. Referring
to fig., notice that the secondary pinion is mounted on the primary ring gear shaft. The second gear
reduction is the result of the secondary pinion which is rigidly attached to the primary ring gear,
driving a large helical gear which is attached to the differential case.
f) Draw a neat sketch of full floating type rear axle and lable the parts.
Ans:

Solved paper-III
By
Prof. Syed J.M.
(i) Why is the Frame narrow at the front?
Ans: Automotive frame is narrow in the front for providing short turning radius to front wheels. It
widens out at the rear side to provide larger space in the body.
(ii) What are the loads acting on the Chassis Frame?
Ans: Various loads acting on the frame are:
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
(iii) State the functions of the Frame.
Ans: Functions of frame:
1. To carry load of the passengers or goods carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear box etc.
3. To withstand the forces caused due to the sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering.
(iv) State the materials for clutch lining.
Ans: The clutch disc is installed between the pressure plate assembly and the flywheel. Various
materials have been used for the disc friction facings, including asbestos in the past. Modern
clutches typically use a compound organic resin with copper wire facing or a ceramic material. A
typical coefficient of friction used on a friction disc surface is 0.35 for organic and 0.25 for
ceramic. Ceramic materials are typically used in heavy applications such as trucks carrying large
loads or racing, though the harder ceramic materials increase flywheel and pressure plate wear.
(v) State the types of Gear Boxes.
Ans: Gearbox (transmission) has different types.

1) Sliding-mesh,
2) Constant-mesh,
3) Synchro-mesh,
4) Automatic gearbox
Ssome of them are old-fashion and had been replaced, and some are in use in modern cars.
(vi) Why hallow propeller shaft is used for transmission?
Ans: The propeller shaft is a solid or hollow tube which transmits power from the gear box to the
rear axle. Drive shafts are usually hollow in order to weigh less, but of a large diameter so that they
are strong. The propeller shaft either made of steel/aluminum or composite material.
(vii) What is function of differential gears?
Ans: On live axles, one wheel must turn at a different speed than the other as the vehicle goes
around a corner. Additional gearing is required to allow for the difference in the speed of the
wheels. The gearing assembly designed to do this job is called a differential.
(viii) What is differential lock?
Ans: A differential lock or diff-lock literally locks out the differential action, thus forcing the
torque to be split equally between two wheels or two axles. This forces both wheels to turn in
unison, regardless of the traction available to either wheel individually.

(i) Classify vehicle layout with respect to:
1) Location of engine
2) No. of live axles
3) Arrangement of engine
4) Application.
Ans: Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and
the location of each is dependent on the application the vehicle will be used for.
1) Location of engine:-
a) Front engine, front wheel drive,

b) Rear engine, rear wheel drive.
c) Front engine, rear wheel drive.
2) No. of live axles: a) Front-wheel-drive layouts (FWD),
b) Rear-wheel-drive layouts (RWD),
c) Fourwheel drive layout (FWD).
3) Arrangement of engine:-a) A transverse engine FF designs,
b) FR longitudinal engine designs,
c) Mid-engine, rear wheel drive.

4) Application:-
a) Two-wheel drive,
b) Four-wheel drive,
c) All-wheel drive.
(ii) Draw a neat labelled sketch of clutch used in heavy vehicle.
Fig. Multi plate clutch.

(iii) State two applications of multiplate clutch and centrifugal clutch.
Ans: Due to increased number of friction surfaces, a multi-plate clutch can transmit large torque.
Therefore, it is used in racing cars and heavy motor vehicles which have high engine power.
Centrifugal clutches are often used in mopeds, under bones, lawnmowers, go-karts, chainsaws, and
mini bikes..
a) Compare between a dry clutch and wet clutch on the basis of construction, torque
transmission, heat dissipation and application.
Ans:
Dry clutch
bathed in fluid.
light vehicles.
Wet clutch
lubricating fluid.
fully engaged.
heavy vehicles.
b) Explain construction and working of clutch plate with neat sketch.
Ans: The clutch plate or driven member consists of a round metal plate attached to a splined hub.
The outer portion of the round plate is covered with a friction material of molded or woven
asbestos and is riveted or bonded to the plate. The thickness of the clutch plate and/or facings may
be warped to give a softer clutch engagement. Coil springs are often installed in the hub to help
provide a cushion against the twisting force of clutch engagement. The splined hub is mated to
(and turns) a splined transmission shaft when the clutch is engaged.
Fig. A clutch disc.

c) Explain hydraulic clutch operation mechanism with the help of block diagram.
Ans: Hydraulically-operated Linkage:
A more convenient way to transmit force and movement is by hydraulic linkage in which the fluid
is forced through a flexible plastic pipeline, spun between the foot-pedal and the clutch bellhousing. A master-cylinder, mounted on the bulkhead and a push-rod joining the clutch-pedal to
the sliding piston, provides the control of the clutch action. A slave cylinder unit containing the
piston is installed on an extension formed on the bell-housing flange. The slave piston relays the
slightest movement to the fork-lever through the slave pushrod.
Fig. Clutch linkage mechanism- Hydraulic.

Depressing the clutch pedal creates pressure in the clutch master cylinder, actuating the slave
cylinder which, in turn, moves the release arm and disengages the clutch. When the pedal is
released, engagement of the clutch occurs due to which the fluid returns to the master-cylinder and
its reservoir. Hydraulic types of clutch operating systems are normally found in heavy construction
equipment where extreme pressure is required to operate the clutch.
d) Explain construction and working of fluid coupling with neat sketch.
Ans: A fluid coupling has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical
clutch. Fluid couplings work on the hydrodynamic principle.
Fig. Fluid coupling.

It consists of a pump-generally known as impeller and a turbine generally known as rotor, both
enclosed suitably in a casing. The impeller and the rotor are bowl-shaped and have large number of
radial vanes. They face each other with an air gap. Oil is filled in the fluid coupling from the filling
plug provided on its body. The impeller or pump typically is connected to the flywheel of the
engine and thus is turned by the engine's crankshaft. The turbine is connected to the input shaft of
the transmission.
The power is transmitted by virtue of the fluid filled in the coupling. The impeller when rotated
imparts velocity and energy to the fluid, which is converted into mechanical energy in the rotor
thus rotating it. The fluid follows a closed circuit of flow from impeller to rotor through the air gap
at the outer periphery and from rotor to impeller again through the air gap at the inner periphery.
As a fluid coupling operates kinetically, low viscosity fluids are preferred. Multi-grade motor oils
or automatic transmission fluids are used.
e) Explain the working of clutch used in two wheeler vehicle.
Ans: Centrifugal clutch:
This clutch system employs centrifugal force to automatically engage the clutch when the engine
rpm rises above a threshold and to automatically disengage the clutch when the engine rpm falls
low enough. The most common types have friction pads or shoes attached to the driven shaft,
clutch..

f) Draw a neat labelled sketch of sliding mesh gear box in reverse gear engaged position.
Ans:
3.
Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Explain with neat sketch construction and working of torque converter.
Ans: There are four components inside the very strong housing of the torque converter- Pump,
Turbine, Stator, and Transmission fluid. The housing of the torque converter is bolted to the
flywheel of the engine, so it turns at whatever speed the engine is running at. The fins that make up
the pump of the torque converter are attached to the housing, so they also turn at the same speed as
the engine. As pump spins, fluid is flung to the outside and as fluid is flung to the outside, a
vacuum is created that draws more fluid in at the center. The fluid then enters the blades of the
turbine, which is connected to the transmission.
Fig Torque converter.

The turbine causes the transmission to spin, which basically moves the vehicle. The blades of the
turbine are curved. This means that the fluid, which enters the turbine from the outside, has to
change direction before it exits the center of the turbine. It is this directional change that causes the
turbine to spin. The fluid exits the turbine at the center, moving in a different direction than when
it entered. If the fluid were allowed to hit the pump, it would slow the engine down, wasting
power. This is why a torque converter has a stator. The torque converter turbine is where it
connects to the transmission.
b) Explain with sketch synchromesh device used in gear box.
Ans: In modern cars, synchromesh devices are used in gear boxes to synchronize the rotation of
When the gear lever is moved, the synchronizer conemeets with a similar cone on the pinion. Due
to the friction, the rotating pinion is made to rotate at the same speed as the synchromesh unit. To
give a positive drive further movement of the gear lever enables the coupling to override several
spring loaded balls and the coupling engages with the dog on the ride of the pinion. Since both
pinion and synchromesh unit are moving at the same speed, this engagement is done without noise
or damage to the dogs.

c) Draw a labelled sketch of gear selector mechanism with gear lever on top of gear box.
Ans:
d) Explain construction and working of transfer case with neat sketch.

gearbox, transfer box" or "jockey box". The transfer case receives power from the transmission
and sends it to both the front and rear axles. This can be done with a set of gears, but the majority
of transfer cases manufactured today is chain driven.
Fig Transfer case.
On some vehicles, such as four-wheel-drive trucks or vehicles intended for off-road use, this
feature is controlled by the driver. The driver can put the transfer case into either "two-wheeldrive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode. This is sometimes accomplished by means of a shifter, similar
to that in a manual transmission. On some vehicles this may be electronically operated by a switch
instead. Some vehicles, such as all-wheel-drive sports cars, have transfer cases that are not
selectable. Such a transfer case is permanently "locked" into all-wheel-drive mode.
4) What is double declutching? Explain.
Ans: In constant mesh gear box, for smooth engagement of dog clutches it is necessary that the
speed of main shaft and sliding dog clutch must be equal. To obtain lower gear, the speeds of the
clutch shaft, lay shaft and main shaft must be increased. This is done by double declutching. The
clutch is disengaged and the gear is brought to neutral. Then the clutch is engaged and accelerator
pedal pressed to increase the speed of the main shaft gears. Again the clutch is disengaged and the
gear moved to the required lower gear and the clutch is again engaged. As the clutch is disengaged
twice, it is called double declutching.
5) Explain Hotchkiss drive used in vehicle.
Ans: The Hotchkiss drive is made up of a drive shaft connected to the transmission output shaft
and the differential pinion gear shaft. U-joints are used in the front and rear. The Hotchkiss drive
transfers the torque of the output shaft to the differential. Sometimes this drive comes in two pieces
to reduce vibration and make it easier to install with three U-joints. The two-piece types need ball
bearings in a dust proof housing as center support for the shafts. The Hotchkiss drive
requires that the springs be rigid enough to withstand the twisting action (torque) of the rear
axle and the driving and braking forces that the springs transmit to the frame.
Fig. Hotchkiss drive.

Rubber is added into this arrangement for noise and vibration reduction. In the Hotchkiss drive,
slip-splines or a plunge-type (ball and trunnion u-joint) eliminate thrust transmitted back up the
driveshaft from the axle, allowing simple rear-axle positioning using parallel leaf springs. The
Hotchkiss drive uses two universal joints which has the effect of canceling the speed fluctuations
and gives a constant speed even when the shaft is no longer straight. The Hotchkiss drive has the
traction forces transmitted to the car frame by using other suspension components such as leaf
springs or trailing arms.
4.
Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) What is the difference between three speed and four speed gearbox? Where are these used?
Ans: The power flow through the three-speed transmission can be charted in the same manner as
the four-speed transmission. As a rule, the power flow in high gear is usually straight through the
transmission-input shaft to the main shaft, which would be locked together. When in the reduction
gears, the power flow is through the input shaft, to the cluster gear unit, and through the reduction
gear to the main shaft. The transmission gear ratios allow the engine to be operated most
efficiently under a variety of driving and load conditions.
A power (lower) gear ratio starts the vehicle moving and speed gear ratios keep the vehicle
moving. By comparing gear ratios, driver can see which transmission transmits more power to the
drive wheels as the name indicates the three speeds gearbox has three gear ratios where as the four
speeds gearbox has four speed gear ratios. This provides more power to the drive wheels,
compared to the three-speed transmission's low gear. Three sped gearbox generally used in light
vehicles and the four speed gearbox is used in medium vehicles like cars and vans.
b) Describe with neat sketch construction and working of propeller shaft.
Ans: The propeller shaft consists of universal joints, sleeve and sliding shaft. It transfers engine
torque to the rear axle through one or more universal joints.The flanges connect the propeller shaft
to the gearbox. The main bearing support and guide the propeller shaft. Universal or U-joints allow
the drive shaft to flex when the drive angle changes. The shaft must be quite straight and balanced
to avoid vibrating. Since it usually turns at engine speeds, a lot of damage can be caused if the
shaft is unbalanced, or bent.
Fig. Drive shaft with universal joints at each end.

The splines on the ends at the propeller shaft fit perfectly into the splines in the sleeve. This allows
a length variation between the driving and the driven unit to vary slightly without damaging the
output and input bearings. The drive shaft can be either open or enclosed, depending on the type of
drive used. The Hotchkiss drive has an open drive shaft that operates a rear axle
assembly mounted on springs. Torque tubes differ from the Hotchkiss design in that a solid
drive shaft is enclosed in a hollow torque tube and rotates within a support bearing to prevent
whipping.
c) Explain loads acting on rear axle.

Ans: Loads acting on the rear axle
The rear live axle half shafts have to withstand the following loads:
1. Shearing force due to vehicle weight.
2. End thrust caused by the side forces on account of cornering, side wind etc.
3. Bending moment on account of the offset of the vehicle load and the end thrust.
4. Driving torque.
d) Explain banjo type rear axle casing.
Ans: In the banjo or Separate Carrier axle, the axle is a single unit and the final drive assembly is
carried in a separate casing which is bolted to the axle housing. The banjo construction is often
used for the axle cases of the smaller and higher vehicles. This type of axle of one-piece type,
shaped like a banjo. The two half shafts are pull from sides. Therefore in case of any need for
repairs, the half shafts can be taken out directly from the sides and the differential assembly
removed by opening bolts only.
Fig.Banjo type rear axle casing.

The tubular axle section of this casing is built up of steel pressings, which is welded together and
suitably strengthened to withstand the bending load. On some banjo axles a domed plate is bolted
to the rear face of the casing. Removal of this plate provides excess to the final drive gears and in
Cases where the axle shaft is secured to the differential, this enables the axle shaft to be unlocked
from the sun gear. A lubricant level plug is screwed into the domed cover or the final drive
housing at a height about one third up the crown wheel.
e) What is the tyre rotation procedure for heavy vehicles? Explain it with a neat sketch.
Ans: Tires may exhibit irregular wear patterns once installed on a vehicle and partially worn. Tire
rotation is the procedure of moving tires to different positions, such as front-to-rear, in order to
even out the wear, thereby extending the life of the tire. Most tires should be rotated at a time
interval of every six months or after every six thousand miles, approximately. It is highly
recommended in case of uneven wear; the brakes should be checked because the vehicle is lifted
for removing the tires.
There are usually two rotation patterns, the directional tire rotation and non-directional rotation. In
directional tire rotation, the front tires are exchanged with the following back tires. In nondirectional tire rotation, the front and back tires are exchanges diagonally. After the wheels are
rotated, the air pressure in the tires should be checked and adjusted. Also, the wheel lug nut torque
should be checked.
Fig. Tire Rotation Patterns.

f) Explain disc type wheels with neat sketch.
Ans: This is a wheel which processes the steel-made rim and the disc into one by welding, and it is
used mainly for passenger vehicle especially original equipment tires. Disc wheels are light
compared to alloy steel wheels and are resistant to corrosion to some extent. It will give a light
increase in fuel economy due to decrease in weight.

a) State and explain type of constant velocity joints with neat sketch.
Ans: CV joints allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle, at constant
rotational speed, without an appreciable increase in friction or play. There are two basic types:
Rzeppa joints and tripod CV joints. They are mainly used in front wheel drive and all-wheel drive
cars
a) Rzeppa joint
Rzeppa CV joints, which are used as the outer joints on most front-wheel drive cars and minivans,
consist of a cup-shaped outer housing, a center race and cage assembly. Machined into the outer
housing and center race are six grooves that hold six steel balls. The balls are held in position by
windows or slots cut into the cage assembly. The joint is designed so that when it bends, the balls
are always positioned at the midway point inside the joint. It is typically held in place by a circlip.
This eliminates the cyclic variations in speed that a U-joint experiences when it operates at more
than a few degrees off-center.
Fig. Rzeppa-type CV joint.

b) Tripod Joint
The tripod CV joint consists of a three-legged cross or trunnion with roller bearings on the end of
each leg. The trunnion is attached to the driveshaft, and the roller bearings run in machined
grooves or channels in outer "tulip" housing. This type of joint is also designed to plunge in and
out, and is used as the inner CV joint on most domestic front-wheel drive vehicles. There are also
some Japanese and European front-wheel drive cars that use a tripod joint as the outer joint. A
typical Tripod joint has up to 50 mm of plunge travel, and 26 degrees of angular articulation.
Fig. Tripod C.V.Joint.

b) Explain construction and working of differential with neat sketch.
Ans: The rotating motion (Torque) is supplied from the engine through the transmission,
to propeller shaft, which runs to the final drive unit that contains the differential. A spiral
bevel pinion gear takes its drive from the end of the propeller shaft, and is encased within the
housing of the final drive unit. This meshes with the large spiral bevel ring gear, known as
the crown wheel. The crown wheel gear is attached to the differential carrier or cage, which
contains the 'sun' and 'planet' wheels or gears. The carrier is connected to both the side gears only
through the planet gear. Torque is transmitted to the side gears through the planet gear. The planet
gear revolves around the axis of the carrier, driving the side gears.
If the resistance at both wheels is equal, the planet gear revolves without spinning about its own
axis, and both wheels turn at the same rate. If the left side gear encounters resistance, the planet
gear spins as well as revolving, allowing the left side gear to slow down, with an equal speeding up
of the right side gear. When the vehicle is traveling in a straight line, there will be no differential
movement of the planetary system of gears other than the minute movements necessary to
compensate for slight differences in wheel diameter, undulations in the road.
If the vehicle is making a turn, the outer wheel will make more rotations because it has further to
travel, and the inner wheel will make fewer rotations as it has less distance to travel. This also
means the differential side gears travel at two different speeds. When the differential side gears
rotate at two different speeds, they cause the pinions to rotate on their shafts. The pinions walk
around the slower side gear and force the other side gear to turn faster or speed up. The pinion
rotates as it travels between the two side gears.

c) Explain with neat sketch following type of rear axle:
(i) Semi floating (ii) Full floating type.
Ans The semi floating axle:
It is used in passenger vehicles and light trucks. In vehicles equipped with this type of axle, the
shaft, as well as the housing, supports the weight of the vehicle. The inner end of the
axle is carried by the side gears in the differential housing. This relieves the axle
shafts of the weight of the differential and the stresses caused by its operation that are
taken by the axle housing. The inner ends of the axle transmit only turning effort, or torque, and
are not acted upon by any other force.
Fig. The semi floating axle.

The outer end is carried by a bearing located between the shaft and the housing It transfers the load
from the shaft to the housing. The axle shafts take the stresses caused by turning, skidding, or
wobbling of the wheels. The axle shafts are flanged or tapered on the ends. When the tapered axle
is used, the brake drum and hub are pressed onto the shafts, using keys to prevent the assemblies
from turning on the shafts. In some cases, the outer ends of the shafts may have
serrations or splines to correspond with those on the drum and hub assembly.

b) Full floating type axle:
The full-floating design is typically used in most light trucks, medium duty trucks and heavy-duty
trucks, as well as most agricultural applications, such as large tractors and combines. The drive
wheel is carried on theouter end of the axle housing by a pair of tapered roller bearings. The
bearings are located outside the axle housing. In this way, the axle housings take the full
weight of the vehicle and absorb all stresses or end thrust caused by turning, skidding, and
pulling. Only the axle shaft transmits torque from the differential.
6. Attempt any TWO of the following
a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of four wheel drive vehicle layout. State two merits and
two demerits of four wheel drive over two wheel drive vehicle layout.
Ans: Four-wheel-drive layout
Advantages
1) Traction is nearly doubled compared to a two-wheel-drive layout. Given sufficient
power, these results in unparalleled acceleration and drivability on surfaces with less
than ideal grip, and superior engine braking on loose surfaces.
2) Handling characteristics in normal conditions can be configured to emulate FWD or
RWD, or some mixture, even to switch between these behaviors according to
circumstance. However, at the limit of grip, a well-balanced 4WD configuration will
not degenerate into either under steer or over steer, but instead break traction of all 4
wheels at the same time into a four-wheel drift.
Disadvantages
1) 4WD systems require more machinery and complex transmission components, and so
increase the manufacturing cost of the vehicle and complexity of maintenance
procedures and repairs compared to 2WD designs.
2) 4WD systems increase power-train mass, rotational inertia and power transmission
losses, resulting in a reduction in performance in ideal dry conditions and increased fuel
consumption compared to 2WD designs.
b) (i) Write four advantages of radial ply tyres over the bias ply tyres.
(ii) Distinguish between tube tyre and tubeless tyre on the basis of weight, fuel
efficiency, life and road holding.
Ans: (i) Advantages of radial ply tyres:
The radial is a type of tire that is constructed with rubber coated, reinforcing belts that are
assembled parallel and run from side to side, bead to bead at an angle of 90 degrees to the
circumferential centerline of the tire. This makes the tire more flexible which reduces rolling
resistance to improve fuel economy. The belts may be cord or steel. The advantages of this
construction include longer tread life, better steering control, lower rolling resistance and high
speeds.
(ii) Comparison between tube tyre and tubeless tyre:
Tube tyre
Tubeless tyres
c) (i) What are the effects of high inflation pressure in tyres?

(ii) Explain specifications of tyres with the help of example.
Ans: (i) Effects of high inflation pressure in tyres:
Tires are specified by the vehicle manufacturer with a recommended inflation pressure, which
permits safe operation within the specified load rating and vehicle loading. Most tires are stamped
with a maximum pressure rating. High tire pressures are more inclined to keep its shape during any
encounter, and will thus transmit the forces of the road to the suspension, rather than
being damaged it. This allows for an increased reaction speed, and feels" the driver perceives of
the road.
It may be that very high tire pressures have only two downsides: The sacrifice in comfort; and the
increased chance of obtaining a puncture when driving over sharp objects, such as on a newly
scraped gravel road. Over-inflation may increase the wear on the center contact patch. An
increased tire pressure has many benefits, including decreased rolling resistance. It has been found,
that an increased tire pressure almost exclusively results in shorter stopping distances, except in
some circumstances that may be attributed to the low sample size.
(ii) Specifications of tyres:
There's a lot of useful information molded into the sidewall of a tyre. It shows the name of the tyre,
its size, whether it is tubeless or tube type, the tyre grade, speed rating, the maximum load,
maximum inflation, an important safety warning, and more. A popular size for passenger cars is,
for example:
205/45R16 83 V
Where:

Automobile Transmission System Solved Papers PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Automobile Transmission System Solved Papers PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Automobile Transmission System

Fig. Single plate (disc) clutch.

c) Explain construction and working of variator drive with neat sketch.

Mechanical clutch linkage

Fig Centrifugal clutch.

3. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

Constant mesh gear box

c) Differentiate between Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive.

Comparison of Hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive:

Torque tube drive

d) Why constant mesh gear box require double de-clutching?

e) How the lubrication of gear box is done?

Fig. Synchromesh gearbox.

a) Draw a neat sketch of differential and label it.

A, drive shaft; B, axle drive shaft; C, differential gears;

Fig. Two types rear axle casing.

Fig. Wheel construction.

f) Explain specification of tyres with one example.

Fig.Three quarter floating axle.

Fig. Full-floating axle.

Fig. Drive shaft with universal joints at each end.

Fig. Ladder Frame.

Fig. Integral frame.

Fig, Tyre cross section.