DEPT OF ECE

ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM

UNIT I
PART-A

1. Define System.
A system is a combination or an arrangement of different physical components which act
together as an entire unit to achieve certain objective.
2. Define Control system.
To control means to regulate, to direct or to command. Hence a control system is an
arrangement of different physical elements connected in such a manner so as to regulate,
direct or command itself or some other system.
3. Define Plant.
The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called the plant or the
process.
4. Define Controller.
The element of the system itself or external to the system which controls the plant or the
process is called controller.
5. Define Input.
It is an applied signal or an excitation signal applied to a control system from an external
energy source in order to produce a specified output.
6. Define Output.
It is the particular signal of interest or the actual response obtained from a control system
when input is applied to it.
7. Define disturbance.
Disturbance is a signal which tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a system.
8. Define internal disturbance.
If such a disturbance is generated within the system itself, it is an internal disturbance.
9. Define external disturbance.
The disturbance generated outside the system acting as an input to the system in addition to
its normal input, affecting the output adversely is an external disturbance.
10. Write any four major classification of control system.
1. Open loop and closed loop control system.
2. Time varying and time-invariant system.
3. Linear and nonlinear system.
4. Lumped parameter and distributed parameter control system.
11. What is mean by Principle of superposition?
Principle of superposition means the response to several inputs can be obtained by
considering one input at a system and the algebraically adding the individual
results.
12. What is mean by Deterministic control system?
A control system is said to be deterministic when its response to input as well as behavior
to external disturbance is predictable and repeatable.
13. Write short notes about SISO and MIMO.
A system having only one input and one output is called single input and single output
system. Some systems may have multiple input and multiple outputs, these are called
multiple input and multiple output systems.
14. Define Open loop system.
A system in which output is dependent on input but controlling action is totally
independent of the output or changes in input of the system, is called an open loop
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DEPT OF ECE
system.

ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM

15. Define closed loop system.

A system in which controlling action or input is somehow dependent on the output or
changes in output is called closed loop system.
PART-B (11 Marks)
1. What are the basic elements in control system and explain each of the blocks?
(11)
2. Explain in detail with a neat diagram about the open loop control system with an
example.
(11)
3. Explain in detail with a neat diagram about the closed loop control system with an
example.
(11)
4. Define signal flow graph and explain in detail with an example.
(11)
5. What are steps available in drawing a signal flow graph and explain with an example?
(11)
6. Explain in detail about the working of AC servomotors?
(11)
7. Explain in detail about the working of DC servomotors?
(11)
8. Explain in detail about the working of synchros?
(11)
9. Explain in detail about the working of Tachometer?
(11)
10. Explain in detail about the working of stepper motors?
(11)
11. What are the techniques available in block diagram reduction?
(11)
UNIT II
PART-A
1. Define Zero.
The zero of a function, F(s) is the value at which the function, F(s) becomes zero, Where
F(s) is a function of complex variable s.
2. What is the order of a system?
The order of the system is given by the order of the differential equation governing the
system. It is also given by the maximum power of s in the denominator polynomial of
transfer function. The maximum power of s is also gives the number of poles of the
system and so the order of the system is also given by number of poles of the transfer
function.
3. What is called time constant form?
Those elements are constant of system K and poles of G(s)H(s) at origin of G(s)H(s) is
expressed in a particular form called time constant form.
4. Write any four disadvantages of static error co-efficient method.
1. Method cannot give error if inputs are other than the three standard test inputs.
2. Most of the times, method gives mathematical answer of the error as 0 or infinite and
hence does not provide precise value of the error.
3. Method does not provide variation of error with respect to time, which will be otherwise
very useful from design point of view.
4. The method is applicable only for stable systems
5. Define time response.
The response given by the system which is function of the time, to the applied excitation is
called time response of a control system.
6. Define transient response.
The output variation during the time, it takes to achieve its final value is called as transient
response. The time required to achieve the final value is called transient period.
7. Define steady state response.
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DEPT OF ECE
ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
It is that part of the time response which remains after complete transient response vanishes
from the system output.
8. What is called steady state error?
The difference between the desired output and the actual output of the system is called
steady state error which is denoted as ess. This error indicates the accuracy and plays an
important role in designing the system.
9. Define step input.
It is the sudden application of the signal as shown. Mathematically it can be described as,
r(t) = A for t>=0
= 0 for t<0
10. Define ramp input.
It consists of rate of change in input i.e. gradual application of input as shown.
Magnitude of ramp input is nothing but the slope. Mathematically,
r (t) = At for t>=0
= 0 for t<0
11. Define parabolic input.
This is the input which is one degree faster than a ramp type of input as shown.
Mathematically,
2
r(t) = (A/2)t
for t >=0
=0
for t < 0
12. Define Impulse input.
It is the input applied instantaneously (for short duration of time) of very high amplitude as
shown.

It is the pulse whose magnitude is infinite while its width tends to zero i.e. t 0, applied
momentarily. Mathematically,
r(t) = A, for t=0
= 0,
for t=0
13. Define damping ratio.
The damping ratio is defined as the ratio of actual damping to critical damping.
14. Give the expression for damping ratio of mechanical and electrical system.
The damping ratio of second order mechanical translational system, =B/2 MK.
The damping ratio of second order mechanical rotational system, =B/2 JK.
The damping ratio of second order electrical system, =R/2 L/C.
15. How the system is classified depending on the value of damping?
Depending on the value of damping, the system can be classified into the following four
cases
Case 1: Undamped system, =0
Case 2: Underdamped system, 0< <1
Case 3: Critically damped system, =1
Case 4: Over damped system, >1.
PART- B (11 Marks)
1. Explain in detail about the first order system with step, ramp and impulse signals.
(11)
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DEPT OF ECE
ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
2. Explain in detail about the second order system with step, ramp and impulse signals.
(11)
3. Derive the expression for the generalized error coefficient?
(11)
4. What is steady state error and also write the advantages, disadvantages of it?
(11)
5. Explain in detail about the PI compensation?
(11)
6. Explain in detail about the PD compensation?
(11)
7. Explain in detail about the PID compensation?
(11)
8. Write short notes on stability analysis.
(11)
9. What are the procedures to be followed in the Routh Hurwitz criterion?
(11)
10. What are the steps to be followed in the Root locus method?
(11)
UNIT III
PART-A
1. What is frequency response?
The frequency response is steady-state output of the system, when the input is a sinusoidal
signal.
2. What are the advantages of frequency response analysis?
1. The absolute and relative stability of the closed loop system can be estimated from the
knowledge of the open loop frequency response.
2. The practical testing of system can be easily carried with available sinusoidal signal
generators and precise measurement equipments.
3. What are the frequency domain specifications?
1. Resonant peak
2. Resonant frequency
3. Band width
4. Cut-off rate
5. Gain margin
6. Phase Margin
4. Define resonant peak?
The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called resonant peak.
5. What is resonant frequency?
The frequency at which resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency. The resonant
peak is the maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function.
6. Define bandwidth?
The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain is more than -3db.
7. What is cut-off rate?
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off frequency is called cut-off rate.
8. Define Gain Margin?
The gain margin, kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of open loop transfer
function, at phase cross over frequency,
Gain Margin, Kg=1/ |G(jw)| and when expressed in decibels it is 20 log kg.
9. Define phase Margin?
The phase margin, is that amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross-over frequency,
required to bring the system to the verge of instability. It is given by, 180+ , where i s the
phase of g(jw) at the gain cross over frequency.
Phase Margin,
= 180+
10. What is phase and gain cross over frequency?
The gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the open loop
transfer function is unity.
The phase cross over frequency is the frequency at which the phase of the open loop
transfer function is 180.
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DEPT OF ECE
ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
11. Write the expression for resonant peak and resonant frequency.
Resonant peak, Mr
Resonant frequency,
12. Write short note on the correlation between the time and frequency response?
There exists a correlation between time and frequency response of first or second order
systems. The frequency domain specification can be expressed in terms of the time
domain parameter. For a peak overshoot in time domain specification there is a
corresponding resonant peak in frequency domain. For higher order systems there is no
explicit correlation between time and frequency response.
13. What is bode plot?
The bode plot is a frequency response plot of the transfer function of a system. It consists
of two plots-magnitude plot and phase plot.
The magnitude plot is a graph between magnitude of a system transfer function in db and
the frequency.The phase plot is a graph between the phase or arguments of a system
transfer function in degrees and the frequency . Usually, both the plots are plotted on a
common x-axis in which the frequencies are expressed in logarithmic scale.
14. What is approximate bode plot?
In approximate bode plot, the magnitude plot of first and second order factors are
approximated by two straight lines, Which are asymptotes to exact plot. One straight line is
at odb, for the frequency range 0 to and other straight line is drawn with a slope of +20n
db/dec for the frequency range.
15. Define corner frequency?
The magnitude plot can be approximated by asymptotic straight lines. The frequencies
corresponding to the meeting point of asymptotes are called corner frequency. The
slope of the magnitude plot changes at every corner frequencies.
PART B (11 Marks)
1. Explain in detail about the frequency domain specification?
(11)
2. Write the correlation between time and frequency domain specification?
(11)
3. What are the procedures to be followed in bode plot?
(11)
4. Explain the stability analysis using bode plot?
(11)
5. Explain the transfer function of bode plot?
(11)
6. Write short notes on Nyquist stability criterion?
(11)
7. What are the procedures to be followed in polar plot?
(11)
UNIT-IV
PART-A
1. Define BIBO stability.
A linear relaxed system is said to have BIBO stability if every bounded (finite) input results
in a bounded (finite) output.
2. What is impulse response?
The impulse response of a system is the inverse Laplace transform of the system transfer
function.
3. What is the requirement for BIBO stability?
The requirement for BIBO stability is that, where m( ) is the impulse response of the system.

m( )d <
0
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ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
4. What is characteristic equation?
The denominator polynomial of C(s)/R(s) is the characteristic equation of the system,
5. How the roots of characteristic equation are related to stability?
If the roots of characteristic equation has positive real part then the impulse response of the
system is not bounded (the impulse response will be infinite as t ). Hence the system
will be
unstable. If the roots have negative real parts then the (impulse response is bounded the
impulse response becomes 0 as t ). Hence the system will be stable.
6. What is the necessary condition for stability?
The necessary condition for stability is that all the coefficients of the characteristic
polynomial be positive.
7. What is the relation between stability and coefficient of characteristic polynomial?
If the coefficients of characteristic polynomial are negative or zero, then some of roots lies
on right half of s-plane. Hence the system is unstable. If the coefficients of characteristic
polynomial are positive and if no coefficient is zero then there is a possibility of the system
to be stable provided all the roots are lying on left half of s-plane.
8. What will be the nature of impulse response when the roots of characteristic equation
are lying on imaginary axis?
If the roots of characteristic equation lie on imaginary axis the nature of impulse response
is oscillatory.
9. What will be the nature of impulse response if the roots of characteristic equation are
lying on left half of s-plane?
When the roots are lying on the real axis on the right half of s-plane. The response is
exponentially increasing. When the roots are complex conjugate and lying on the right
half of s- plane, the response is oscillatory with exponentially increasing amplitude.
10. What is principle of argument?
The principle of argument states that let F(s) be an analytic function and if an arbitrary
closed contour in the clockwise direction is chosen in the s-plane so that F(s) is analytic
at every point of the contour. Then the corresponding F(s)-plane contour mapped in the
F(s) plane will encircle.
11. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for stability.
The necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that all of the elements in the first
column of the routh array should be positive.
12. What is routh stability criterion?
Routh Criterion states that the necessary and sufficient condition for stability is that all of
the elements in the first coloumn of the routh array be positive .If this condition is not
met,the system is unstable and the number of sign changes in the elements of the first
column of routh array corresponds to the number of roots of characteristics equation in the
right half of the S plane.
13. What is auxillary Polynomial?
In the construction of routh array a row of all zero indicates the existence of an even
polynomial as a factor of the given characteristic equation. In an even polynomial the
exponents of s are even integers or zero only. This even polynomial factor is called
auxiliary Polynomial. The coefficients of auxillary polynomial are given by the elements of
the row just above the row of all zeros.
14. What is Quadrantal Symmetry?
The symmetry of roots with respect to both real and imaginary axis is called Quadrantal
Symmetry.
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DEPT OF ECE
ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
15. What are the main advantages of Bode plot?
The main advantages are:
i) Multiplication of magnitude can be in to addition.
ii) A simple method for sketching an approximate log curve is available.
iii) It is based on asymptotic approximation. Such approximation is sufficient if rough
information on the frequency response characteristic is needed.
iv) The phase angle curves can be easily drawn if a template for the phase angle curve of
1+ jw is available.
PART- B (11 Marks)
1. Explain in detail about signal reconstructing?
2. Write the properties of Z transform?
3. Write the properties of inverse Z transform?
4. Explain in detail about the jury stability criterion?
5. Write in detail about the spectrum analysis of sampling process?
6. Write in detail about the pulse transfer function?
7. Explain in detail about the Z transform analysis of sampled data control system?
8. What are the responses of linear discrete time systems?
9. Write the difference equation representation of digital control systems?

(11)
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UNIT V
PART-A
1. What is frequency response?
A frequency response is the steady state response of a system when the input to the system
is a sinusoidal signal.
2. Define resonant Peak (Zr)?
The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called resonant
peak.
3. Define Resonant frequency(Zf)?
The frequency at which resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency.
4. What is bandwidth?
The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain Is more than
3 dbB.The bandwidth is a measure of the ability of a feedback system to reproduce the
input signal ,noise rejection characteristics and rise time.
5. Define Cut-off rate?
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off is called cut-off rate. The cut-off rate
indicates the ability to distinguish the signal from noise.
6. Define Gain Margin?
The gain margin,kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of the open loop transfer
function at phase cross over frequency.
Gain margin kg = 1 / ZG(j pc)
7. Define Phase cross over?
The frequency at which, the phase of open loop transfer functions is called phase cross
over frequency Zpc.
8. What is phase margin?
The phase margin ,Zis the amount of phase lag at the gain cross over frequency required
to bring system to the verge of instability.
9. Define Gain cross over?
The gain cross over frequency Zgc is the frequency at which the magnitude of the open
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ECT55 LINEAR & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM
loop transfer function is unity.
10. Define Corner frequency?
The frequency at which the two asymptotic meet in a magnitude plot is called corner
frequency.
11. Define Phase lag and phase lead?
A negative phase angle is called phase lag.
A positive phase angle is called phase lead.
12. What are M circles?
The magnitude of closed loop transfer function with unit feedback can be shown to be in
the for every value if M.These circles are called M circles.
13. What is Nichols chart?
The chart consisting if M & N loci in the log magnitude versus phase diagram is called
Nichols chart.
14. What are two contours of Nichols chart?
Nichols chart of M and N contours, superimposed on ordinary graph. The M contours are
the magnitude of closed loop system in decibels and the N contours are the phase angle
locus of closed loop system.
15. What is nyquist contour?
The contour that encloses entire right half of S plane is called nyquist contour.
PART-B (11 Marks)
1. Write in detail about the state, state variables and state model?
(11)
2. What are the state models of linear systems?
(11)
3. Explain in detail about the state space representation using physical, phase
and canonical variables?
(11)
4. Explain in detail about the diagonal canonical form?
(11)
5. Explain in detail about the Jordan canonical form?
(11)
6. Explain in detail about the state space representation of discrete time system?
(11)
7. Write the derivation of transfer function from the state model?
(11)

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