Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1
Data Communications
and
NM Overview
1-1
Chapter 1
Outline
Analogy of telephone network
Data and telecommunication network
Notes
1-2
Chapter 1
Telephone Network
Characteristics:
Reliable - does what is expected of it
Dependable - always there when you need
it (remember 911?)
Good quality (connection) - hearing each
other well
Reasons:
Good planning, design, and implementation
Good operation and management of
network
Notes
1-3
Chapter 1
Regional Center
Class 1 switch
Sectional Center
Class 2 switch
Sectional Center
Class 2 switch
Primary Center
Class 3 switch
Primary Center
Class 3 switch
Toll Center
Class 4 switch
Toll Center
Class 4 switch
End Office
Class 5 switch
End Office
Class 5 switch
To other
Regional centers
Sectional centers
Primary centers
Toll centers
End offices
To other
Primary centers
Toll centers
End offices
To other
Class 4 toll points
End offices
Legend:
Loop
Direct Trunk
Toll-Connecting Trunk
Voice
Voice
Toll Trunk
Notes
Notice the hierarchy of switches
Primary and secondary routes programmed
Automatic routing
Where is the most likely failure?
Use of Operations Systems to ensure QoS
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-4
Chapter 1
Notes
1-5
Chapter 1
Terminal
Terminal
Host
Modem
Modem
Loop
Modem
Loop
Loop
Voice
Voice
Telecommunication network
Notes
Computer data is carried over long distance by
telephone (telecommunication network)
Output of telephone is analog and output of
computers is digital
Modem is used to modulate and demodulate
computer data to analog format and back
Clear distinction between the two networks is
getting fuzzier with modern multimedia networks
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-6
Chapter 1
Workstation
Cluster
controller
Cluster
controller
Communications
controller
Communications
controller
Mainframe
Notes
IBM System Network Architecture (SNA) is a major
step in network architecture
SNA is based on multitude of (dumb) terminals
accessing a mainframe host at a remote location
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-7
Chapter 1
Workstation
Host
Workstation
Ethernet
Workstation
Host
Notes
Driving technologies for DCE:
Desktop processor
LAN
LAN - WAN network
1-8
Chapter 1
LAN-WAN Network
LAN A
LAN B
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
LAN C
WAN
communication link
Notes
Major impacts of DCE:
No more monopolistic service provider
No centralized IT controller
Hosts doing specialized function
Client/Server architecture formed the core
of DCE network
1-9
Chapter 1
Client/Server Model
Request
Control
transfer
Client
Server
Control
transfer
Response
Notes
Post office analogy; clerk the server, and the
customer the client
Client always initiates requests
Server always responds
Notice that control is handed over to the receiving
entity.
1-10
Chapter 1
Client/Server Examples
Client A
Client Z
Server
Client
(joe.stone)
to sally.jones@dest.com
Bridge
Mail server
Domain
Name
Server
Notes
1-11
Chapter 1
Notes
1-12
Chapter 1
Internet Configuration
Workstation
(Joe)
Mail Server
Workstation
LAN A
Domain
Name
Server
LAN B
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
LAN C
Gateway
WAN
Gateway
LAN X
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Router
LAN Z
LAN Y
Workstation
PC (Sally)
Mail Server
Notes
Walk through the scenario of e-mail from Joe to Sally
1-13
Chapter 1
Notes
Examples: (Students to call out)
1-14
Chapter 1
Communication Architecture
User A
User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers
Application Layers
Transport Layers
Transport Layers
Intermediate system
System Z
User A
User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers
Application Layers
Transport Layer
Transport Layers
Transport Layers
Conversion
Notes
Inter-layer interface: user and service provider
Peer-layer protocol interface
Analogy of hearing-impaired student
Role of intermediate systems
Gateway: Router with protocol conversion as
gateway to an autonomous network or subnet
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-15
Chapter 1
Layer 7
Application
Layer 6
Presentation
Layer 5
Session
Layer 4
Transport
Layer 3
Network
Layer 2
Data link
Layer 1
Physical
Physical medium
Notes
Importance of the knowledge of layer structure
in NM
1-16
Chapter 1
Layer Name
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Session
Application
Notes
1-17
Chapter 1
End System Z
User Z
UD
Application
(A) PCI
Presentation
(P) PCI
Session
(S) PCI
Transport
(T) PCI
Network
(N) PCI
Data link
(D) PCI
Application
UD
Presentation
(A) PDU
Session
(P) PDU
Transport
(S) PDU
(T) PDU
(N) PDU
Network
Data link
Physical
Physical
(D)PDU Data stream
Physical Medium
Notes
What is the relevance of PDU model in NM?
1-18
Chapter 1
Gateway
DTE-A
DTE-N1
N1
N2
Gateway System N
Transport
Transport
SNICP
SNICP
SNDCP
SNDCP
SNDAP
SNDAP
Subnet system N1
Transport
SNICP
SNDCP-SN
SNDAP-SN
SNDCP-SN
SNDAP-SN
Data link
Data link
Data link-SN
Data link-SN
Physical
Physical
Physical-SN
Physical-SN
Network Medium
Subnetwork Medium
Notes
cc:mail from a station in Novel IPX network to
an Internet station with SMTP e-mail
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-19
Chapter 1
OSI
Application
Presentation Services
Presentation
Session
Transmission Control
INTERNET
Transport
Application Specific
Protocols
Transport
Connection- Connectionless: UDP oriented: TCP
SNICP
Path Control
Network
Network
IP
SNDCP
SNDAP
Data Link
Data Link
Not Specified
Phys ical
Phys ical
Figure 1.18 Comparison of OSI, Internet, and SNA Protocol Layer Models
Notes
Similarity between SNA and OSI
Simplicity of Internet; specifies only layers 3 and 4
Integrated application layers over Internet
Commonality of layers 1 and 2 - IEEE standard
1-20
Chapter 1
Application Protocols
OSI User
Internet User
VT
Terminal
Application
TELNET
FTAM
FTP
MOTIS
SMTP
CMIP
Presentation Layer
File Transfer
Mail / Message
Transfer
Management
Application
SNMP
Transport Layer
Notes
Internet user
Telnet
OSI user
Virtual Terminal
Message-oriented Text
Interchange Standard
Simple Network
Common Management
Management Protocol Information Protocol
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-21
Chapter 1
NM Case Histories
The case of the Footprint
Case of the crashing bridge
Repeater
Repeater
Repeater
Repeater
Bridge
ISP
Backup Server Mail Server
Repeater
Repeater
Repeater
Repeater
Bridge
ISP
Backup Server Mail Server
Backup Server
Hub
Mail Server
Hub
Hub
Bridge
ISP
(c) Multi-Segment Hub Configuration
Figure 1.20 Case History 2: Network Configuration Evolution
Notes
1-22
Chapter 1
Performance problems
Notes
1-23
Chapter 1
Challenges of IT Managers
Reliability
Non-real time problems
Rapid technological advance
Managing client/server environment
Scalability
Troubleshooting tools and systems
Trouble prediction
Standardization of operations - NMS helps
Centralized management vs sneaker-net
Notes
1-24
Chapter 1
Network Management
Network
Management
Network
Provis ioning
Network
Operations
Network
Maintenance
Planning
Fault Management
Design
Configuration Management
Trouble Ticket
Administration
Facilities Installation
& Maintenance
Inventory Management
Routine Network
Tests
Notes
OAM&P
Operations
Administration
Maintenance
Provisioning
1-25
Chapter 1
Users
Configuration Data
Management
Decision
New
Technology
TT Restoration
Engineering Group
- Network Planning &
Design
Operations Group
NOC
I & M Group
- Network Operations
Fault TT
Installation
Notes
1-26
Chapter 1
NM Components
NMS
Network
Agent
Network
Agent
Network
Objects
Network
Objects
Notes
1-27
Chapter 1
Interoperability
NMS
Vendor A
Messages
Services & Protocols
NMS
Vendor B
Network
Agent
Network
Agent
Network
Agent
Network
Agent
Network
Objects
Network
Objects
Network
Objects
Network
Objects
Application
Services
Objects
Objects
Vendor A
Management
Protocol
Vendor B
Objects
Objects
Transport
Protocols
(b) Services and Protocols
Notes
Message exchange between NMSs managing
different domains
Network Management: Principles and Practice
Mani Subramanian 2000
1-28
Chapter 1
Notes
1-29