Hannah Paquette

James Madison and the Making of America Summer Assignment

APUSH
Chapter 1: From Subject to Citizen 1751-1776
Vocabulary:
1. Montpelier Madison family estate where James Madison was born
2. Piedmont, Virginia Location of Madison family estate
3. Tidewater Region Name for Virginias coastal area
4. College of Jew Jersey, Princeton College Madison attended
5. William and Mary (VA) Episcopalian school, less rigorous than Princeton
6. Scottish Enlightenment Scottish commonsense philosophy of the Enlightenment period
7. Aristotelian having to do with the ideas of the classical philosopher, Aristotle
8. Platonic having to do with the ideas of the classical philosopher, Plato
9. Federalist 10 one of Madisons papers in which he used referenced David Humes ideas
10. Established Church (state church) official church of a colony, approved by the government
11. Boston Tea Party (12/16/1773) Bostonians disguised as Indians dumped a British import
of tea into Boston Harbor
12. Episcopalian see Episcopal
13. Baptists Protestant denomination
14. Presbyterian Scottish Calvinists
15. Enthusiasts (Evangelicals) Protestant denomination
16. Episcopal another word for Anglican
17. Old Dominion another name for Virginia
18. Coercive Acts turned Massachusetts government into a military dictatorship after the
Boston Tea Party.
19. The Virginia Convention of 1776 Convention where the Virginia Declaration of Rights
was adopted and the Virginia Constitution.
20. Republican Government government in which elected individuals represent a group of
people
21. English Whig tradition British parliamentary party that was opposed to autocratic rule
22. Glorious Revolution 1688 Revolution in which England disposed of James II and
wouldnt allow the royal family to return until they agreed to abide by the English Bill of
Rights
23. Sovereign supreme ruler; possessing ultimate power
24. General Assembly part of colonial Virginias government
25. House of Delegates part of colonial Virginias government, colonial House of Burgess
new name, lower house of Virginias legislature
26. Senate part of colonial Virginias government, named for the Roman Senate, upper house
of Virginia legislature
27. Council of Sate the executive part of colonial Virginias government
People:

1. Rev. John Witherspoon Scottish immigrant, helped bring the ideas of the Scottish
Enlightenment to the colonies, believe that Christianity was meant to be a key part of
government
2. David Hume Scottish philosopher of the Enlightenment, did not believe that religion was
meant to be a part of government
3. William Bradford George Washingtons attorney general, corresponded with Madison
about religion and government at Princeton
4. Lord Dunmores War Virginian conflict with the Indians about lands in the western part of
the colony
5. Lord Dunmore Governor of Virginia before Patrick Henry
6. Patrick Henry Governor of Virginia
7. George Mason Helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights, a man of 1688
8. John Locke, Lockian foundation An English philosopher, a foundation built on Locks
ideas
9. Virginia Declaration of Rights Document drawn up and adopted at the Virginia
Convention, the first American declaration of rights

Chapter One Questions:

1. All religions in the American colonies were different denominations of Christianity.
Massachusetts: Congregationalist
Rhode Island: Congregationalist
Connecticut: Congregationalist
New Hampshire: Congregationalist
New York: Dutch Reformed
New Jersey: Lutheran, Dutch
Reformed, Anglican

Pennsylvania: Lutheran, Quaker,

Delaware:
Maryland: Roman Catholic
Virginia: Anglican
North Carolina:
South Carolina: Huguenots, Anglican
Georgia: Anglican

Madison could have seen religious toleration as the government being specifically
affiliated with one religious denomination, and would allow a person to believe something
different. Government knew better but would put up with the individuals divergent
understanding for now (12). In the future the government could potentially force those
whose beliefs did not fall in line with the governments to convert or be deported. On the
other hand, Madison could have seen religious freedom as a persons right to believe their
interpretation of religion, and since the government is not affiliated with any faith, could not
say that any one religion is right or wrong. As proved by his letters to Reverend John
Witherspoon, Madison clearly favored the idea of religious freedom. He felt that if the
government became associated with any faith, it would soon forget its Enlightenment roots
in reason and fairness, only accepting authoritative truth from a religious text.

2. Reverend John Witherspoon was a Scottish immigrant who helped bring the ideas of the
Scottish, or common sense, Enlightenment to America. His ideas about religion and the role
it should play in government hugely shaped Madisons ideas on the subject. Had he attended
the Episcopalian William and Mary, Madison would not have been exposed to Rev.
Witherspoons ideas, and when it came time to draft the Virginia Declaration of Rights he
would not have made his change to Section 16 and ensure religious freedom in his home
colony.
3. With the Coercive Acts, George III effectively transformed the Massachusetts government
into a strict military dictatorship to prevent the spread of rebellion. Other colonies,
especially Virginia, realized that now, not only did they lack the supplies to prevent the king
from shutting down colonial government, as long as they remained under Britains control,
they were not sovereign.
4. In a sense, the Virginia Convention of 1776 was epochal. Most of the rights the Virginians
established would soon be adopted into the Constitution, which radically changed how
governments were set up. No longer were they simply enforced on an oral constitution and
tradition. The Virginia Convention marked the beginning of a beginning of new era in
history, in which the peoples rights were secured in a written document that was upheld by
their government.
5. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 established the English Bill of Rights and disposed of a
tyrant without bloodshed. By calling himself a man of 1688 George Mason most likely
meant that he was an Enlightened man, for individual rights, he was strongly against a
monarchy, and by extent, tyranny. Thomas Jefferson thought he was one of the wisest men
they knew because he of his work establishing the Virginia Declaration of Rights at the
Virginia Convention.
6. The Rights of Englishmen rights that English and colonial American citizens were
understood to have, since England did not have a written constitution. These included
habeas corpus, the right to trial by jury, security in ones home from unlawful entry, and no
taxation without consent, among others.
7. Wealthy Virginians feared that abolishing slavery would lead to an economic crisis and even
a war between the two races. They did not want to throw Virginian society into a chaos
while establishing a new government and rebelling against their parent country. In order to
establish their own rights to freedom, but keep slaves from gaining rights, Robert Nicholas
added the phrase when they enter a state of society to the section concerning basic rights

and freedom. Since slaves were not considered a part of society, this new wording would
prevent the laws from applying to them.
8. Virginia Declaration of Rights:
a. All men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights,
of which, when they enter a state of society, they cannot by any compact, deprive or
divest their posterity; namely the enjoyment of life, and liberty, with the means of
acquiring and possessing property and pursing and obtaining happiness and safety.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.

(Section 1)
The people were sovereign (Section 2)
A majority could replace the government whenever it wanted (Section 3)
The separation of powers principle should be observed (Section 5)
The right to vote should be widely available (Section 6)
Right to trial by jury in criminal cases (Section 8)
Right to trial by jury in civil cases (Section 11)
Right to Militia (Section 13)
Military should be subordinate to civilians (Section 13)
Freedom of the press (Section 12)
Right to proportionate and humane punishment (Section 12)
All men are entitled to enjoy the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of
conscience (Section 16)

Chapter 2: Winning the Revolution 1776-1787

Vocabulary:
1. Articles of Confederation 1st Constitution adopted by the United States, crated to form a
perpetual union and a firm league of friendship between the 13 original states, adopted
November 15, 1777
2. Proclamation Line of 1763 line running through the Appalachian Mountains after the
French-Indian War to prohibit Americans from settling Indian territory
3. French and Indian War Conflict over territory in the Ohio River Valley, part of the 7 Years
War
4. Nabob person of conspicuous wealth or high status
5. Land speculation colonial investing in western property
6. Negro bounty the plan to pay American soldiers in slaves for fighting in the war
7. Implied power rights that Congress is implied to have, i.e. forcing states to pay taxes
8. Strict constructionist particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or
restricts judicial interpretation; a judge must apply the text only as it is spoken
9. Impost a tax or compulsory payment
10. Republicanism form of government that derives its powers directly or indirectly from the
people, is administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates
representative institutions, according to James Madison
11. The general assessment continuation of Protestant establishment without preference

12. Sanguinary blood thirsty, murderous

13. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom Madisons greatest accomplishment, allowed
religious freedom for all in the state of Virginia through the General Assembly
14. Manumission formal emancipation from slavery
People:
1. Gov. Patrick Henry (VA) Governor of Virginia after Lord Dunmore
2. Gov. Thomas Jefferson (VA) Governor of Virginia after Patrick Henry, anti-federalist
3. King George III Kind of England during the Revolution, set up the Proclamation Line of
1763
4. John Hancock Property owner from Massachusetts, famously signed the Declaration of
Independence
5. Benjamin Franklin Property owner from Pennsylvania, inventor
6. Lord Charles Cornwallis British General at the Battle of Yorkshire
7. John Jay President of Congress
8. Gen. Anthony Wayne General of the American army, stationed in Pennsylvania at the end
of the war
9. Gov. Benjamin Harris (VA) Governor of Virginia 1782-1787
10. Edmund Randolph Governor of Virginia 1786 -1788
11. Robert Morris Superintendent of Finance 1781-1784
12. John Dickinson President of Pennsylvania 1782-1785
13. George Wythe prominent lawyer-politician who was in charge of looking for laws
inconsistent with republican values
14. Richard Henry Lee Patrick Henrys rival for dominance of Virginias government
Chapter 2 Questions:
1. Madisons two biggest fears surrounding Congress weakness from the Articles of
Confederation was their inability to collect enough money from the states to supply, feed, or
even clothe the army would lead to mutiny, and their weakness would weaken the army to
the point of losing the war.
2. Virginia held enough land claims west of the Ohio River Valley to make Virginia stretch
from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Maryland, which was already much smaller
than Virginia in 1776, and had no land claims in the Ohio River Valley, would have lost all
its political power by comparison. The state refused to ratify the Articles because it meant
they would become insignificant in all future political decisions and nationwide elections.
Unless the Articles were ratified by every state, Congress would have absolutely no power,
and the states would be divided and powerless to stop Britain from dismantling their rights.
George Mason eventually wrote up a successful solution to the issue. In the compromise,
Virginia would cede most of their claims to Congress, who agreed to create at least two

states out of the territory, and Virginia would also be given compensation for protecting the
area from British troops during the Revolution.
3. Congress tried to intervene on an internal issue between Virginia and private individuals. In
this situation, Congress was not from the area nor was it a part of the issue, and still tried to
insert itself into this issue. Congress action led Madison to describe it as a foreign tribunal
4. After the victory at Yorkshire, with independence assured, Madison and Congress could turn
their attention to other matters. The war effort had prevented them from focusing on the
struggling economy; especially the states unwillingness to pay taxes to them and paying the
soldiers wages. They also had to decide if they wanted to maintain their alliance with the
French, and keeping their foothold on the Mississippi River in the terms of the peace treaty.
5. Provisions and precedents inconsistent with republican government in Virginia common
and statutory law, according to Jefferson, Pendleton, and Wythe:
a. Lack of public education
b. Harsh and unproportionate punishments for crimes
c. Feudal land tenures
Chapter 3: The Philadelphia Convention 1787
Vocabulary
1. Vices of the Political System of the United States Madisons memorandum in which he laid
out 12 vices or shortcomings of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation.
The vices can be separated into two groups: federal governments failures and the states
government failures
2. Actuated motivated by something
3. Duped fooled, tricked
4. Faction small group of politicians within a larger party with conflicting interests
5. Minority rights rights for the minority groups in America
6. Paper money according to Madison, a ruse for debt forgiveness, instead of gold or silver in
return, the debt collector got a constantly depreciating paper used to symbolize gold
7. Annapolis Convention the first attempt at constitutional revision in 1786, only 5 states
sent delegates and no progress was made
8. Natural Rights a right a person is born with
9. A Summary View of the Rights of British America Jeffersons assertion that Britain had
wronged the colonists by depriving them of free trade with all the world
10. The Jay-Gardoqui negotiation negotiation dealing with rights to the Mississippi River
navigation and trade
11. Imbroglio extremely confused, complicated or embarrassing occasion
12. The Virginia Plan presented by Gov. Randolph, plan for a bicameral legislature with votes
based on the population of the state
13. Nationalist person who advocates for political independence for a country
14. Apportionment of representation the proportioning of representation in the legislature

15. Executive Powers the power to carry into effect national laws, to appoint to offices in
cases otherwise not provided for, and to execute powers not legislative nor judiciary in their
nature as may be from time to time delegated by the national Legislature
16. Veto constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law making body
17. A Defense of the Constitution of Government of the United States of America written by
John Adams, in which he discussed natural law and constitutional theories which would be
used frequently in the Constitutional Convention in 1787
18. Pestiferous measures pestilent or bothersome plans of action
19. The 3/5th clause Clause that defined a slave as only 3/5th of a person, so southern states
wouldnt use their slave population to raise their seats in the House
20. The Connecticut Compromise Compromise to the New Jersey and Virginia Plans.
Congress would be bicameral upper house would only have two seats per state (Senate)
while the lower house would have seats the corresponded with the states population
(House)
21. The New Jersey Plan a response to the Virginia Plan from smaller states, one-vote-perstate in one body of legislature under the Articles of Confederation
22. Precarious dependent on chance, uncertain; not securely held in position
23. State of Nature natural state in which all people would exist without society
24. Bicameralism composed of two legislative bodies
25. Quorum the minimum number of members an assembly that must be present to make a
meeting valid
26. Supremacy Clause establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land
27. Suffrage the right to vote in political elections
28. Human chattels humans considered property, i.e., slaves
29. Fugitive Slave Clause required slaves who escaped to another state must be returned to
their owners in the state from which they escaped (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3)
30. Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an
limits governments power
31. Anarchy state of disorder to due absence of authority; absence of government and absolute
freedom of the individual
People:
1. Daniel Shays leader of Shays Rebellion
2. Shays Rebellion Massachusetts tax revolt of 1786
3. Alexander Hamilton NY 1st Secretary of the Treasury, delegate to the Philadelphia
Convention from New York
4. Charles Pinckney SC delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from South Carolina
5. Gouvernor Morris PA delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania
6. Carpenters Hall meeting place of the Philadelphia Convention
7. Edmund Randolph governor of Virginia during the Philadelphia Convention
8. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney SC delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from South
Carolina
9. Elbridge Gerry MA vice president to Madison, delegate to the Philadelphia Convention
from Massachusetts
10. James McHenry MD delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland

11. James Wilson PA delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania

12. John Dickinson DE delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Delaware
13. Roger Sherman NJ delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New Jersey
14. Robert Yates NY delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New York
15. William Patterson NJ - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from New Jersey
16. Luther Martin MD - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Maryland
17. Rufus King MA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Massachusetts
18. Benjamin Franklin PA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Pennsylvania
19. Nathaniel Gorham MA - delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Massachusetts
Chapter 3 Questions:
1. One example to support William Pierces description of Madison as the best informed man
in any point of debate is how thoroughly he researched the history of confederations, from
ancient through contemporary times to find common factors in what did and did not work.
He then used his new-found knowledge, coupled with his experience with American
government to write Vices of the Political System of the United States which was full of
suggestions on how to improve and strengthen the Union.
2. Vices of the Political System of the United States made it clear that America needed a
stronger, centralized government. With a large federal government all of the vices Madison
pointed out would not have existed in the first place. The states refused to send the money
Congress requested. Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to tax, and without
that, they had no means of forcing the states to comply with their requests. The states
rejected federal laws. States began to find their own solutions to problems that were
supposed to be a federal responsibility, such as raising their own state armies in peace time,
making their own treaties ad compacts with other states, and redrawing borderlines with the
Indians. They started treating trade with other states as trade with foreign countries by
implementing import tariffs on goods from other states. Some states had far too many laws
for anyone to be familiar with, as a citizen of each state was supposed to be, and many were
harsh and unjust. Federal policy became equal to or lesser than state laws, instead of being
the supreme law of the land. The states also kept breaking international treaties, which if
left unchecked, could potentially start another war.
3. According to Madison, one pro of using paper money was that using it made debt
forgiveness easier to attain for debtors. On the other hand, one of the cons was that the
creditors would receive constant value-depreciating paper in return for a piece of their
property, rather than being paid back the way they would be repaid under the old system,
with gold or silver.

4. The people living on the Mississippi River relied on the river for their way of life, and it was
their means of providing for themselves. In their eyes, navigation on the Mississippi was
their natural right and saw the Norths willingness to trade away their right in a treaty
negotiation as dangerous. Delegates from the area were hesitant to trust them with their
other rights in the future. Madisons primary concern was that the North was planning on
using the bargain to separate the west from the rest of the Union and using the trade as the
beginning of a campaign to promote the breakup of the United States into separate nationstates, or into smaller confederacies by region
5. Our chief danger arises from the democratic parts of our constitutions
The state legislatures were not thoroughly checked to make sure they were in agreement
with the states revolutionary constitutions. Because of that, laws were being passed by the
legislatures that were not constitutional.
The evils we experience flow from an excess of democracy
According to Sherman, the people could not be trusted to vote directly, like the democracies
of ancient Greece, because they are easily mislead with false information and could vote the
wrong person into office.
A well-constructed senate could serve as a check on the turbulence and folly of
democracy
Randolph means that by having less people, the senate has the potential to be more focused
and level-headed than the House of Representatives, and therefore could make better
judgments on the laws they were voting on.
6. State Legislature
7. Pro: passes and is put into effect
quickly
8. Con: If State passes and
unconstitutional law, the state courts

9. Popular Ratification
10. Pro: the people understand and are
agreeing to be bound by the
Constitution
11. Con: state legislatures might not

are obligated to follow state rather

recognize the Constitution when

than federal laws in their ruling

making laws, and pass

12. According to James Madison, a federal government operates on the states that make up the
federation, or in the Unites States case, the Union, while a national government operates
directly on the citizens.
13. The Virginia Plan:
3 branch legislature
Representation of the people

Apportioned legislature by
population
Single chief executive

Control by majority
National legislature takes
precedence over state
legislature
Veto over state laws
Impeachment through
legislation (chief executive)
Provided veto
inferior national tribunals
Popular ratification
14.

The New Jersey Plan

1 branch legislative

Rested on state legislature

State legislature
Apportioned by state equality
Plural chief executive
Control by minority
Certain additional powers
Coercion
Impeachment through
governors (chief executive)
No veto
No inferior tribunals
State legislature

15.
16. Chapter 4: Ratifying the Constitution, Part One: The Federalist 1787-1788
17. Vocabulary:
1. The Federalist Papers series of papers written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay promoting the
ratification of the Constitution
2. Federalist #9 (Hamilton) essay that argues Montesquieus ideas about the size of republican
territory and how this would not apply to the United States
3. Federalist #10 (Madison) essay that discusses how a large, strong republic could safeguard
against factions in government
4. Faction - small group of politicians within a larger party with conflicting interests
5. Minority faction faction with the minority
6. Desideratum something needed or wanted
7. Opprobrium harsh criticism; public disgrace from someones shameful conduct
8. advocates for disunion opponents of ratification
9. Holy Roman Empire 692-1806 according to Madison, the empire is a community of
sovereigns, the Diet (legislature) is a representation of those sovereigns, and that the laws are
addressed to the sovereigns, render the empire a nerveless body incapable of regulating its own
members and insecure against external dangers
10. Term limits a limited on how long a politician can serve
11. Federalism federal principle or system of government
12. Republic - form of government that derives its powers directly or indirectly from the people, is
administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates representative
institutions, according to James Madison
13. Standing army keeping an army in peace time
14. General Welfare clause Congress power to lay and collect taxes to pay debts and provide for
the common defense and general welfare of the United States
18. People:
1. Brutus pen name under which an essay published in a newspaper claimed that the
Constitution erred in making the entire United States one big republic in which the central
government was to act directly on the individuals
2. Publius pseudonym which the Federalist papers where published under
3. Gov. George Clinton revolutionary New Yorks foremost political figure
4. Montesquieu French Enlightenment philosopher
5. Thomas Jefferson minister to France, anti-federalist
19. Chapter 4 Questions:
1. Edmund Randolph wanted a second convention because he wanted to fix some of the issues he
had with the Constitution before they sent the document for ratification.

2. Mason had problems with the Constitution as it stood after the Philadelphia Convention. He
felt that it needed a bill of rights openly stating the peoples rights; otherwise Congress could
use the Necessary and Proper clause to give itself the power to do anything it wanted. Mason
disagreed on the powers given to judiciary branch, and on the size and power of the Senate and
the House.
3. The Confederation of Congress was meeting in New York as the ratification process began to
address the Constitution. However, because they could not establish a minimum number of
members an assembly that must be present to make the meeting valid, or quorum, they were
rarely able to meet and accomplish anything. This only convinced Madison further of the
desperate need for reform the Congress needed.
4. In Federalist No. 9, Alexander Hamilton believed that citizens of a republic in his day and age
had an advantage over those living in ancient Greek or Roman times due to political science
discoveries. Those discoveries are the separation of powers, legislative check and balances,
elections, and good behavior judicial tenure.
5. According to James Madison, a faction, in todays terms, a selfish group unpatriotically
seeking to get what it wants, regardless of an individuals or societies standards.
6. In Federalist No. 10, Madison highlights the differences between a democracy and a republic.
By his account a republic has two key differences from a democracy: commissioning officials
through election and the larger number of citizens it has. Elections help put power in the hands
of people most qualified to use it, and the large population works with a republican system
better than within a democracy, since in that system, everyone is a member of the legislative
body.
7. Thomas Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist. He took a stance opposite Madison, and thought that
events like Shays rebellion did not need a strong government reaction, or that there was a need
for a stronger government at all. He believed that the less government the States had, the better.
8. Madison feared that a second convention would rework the Constitution until it resembled the
Articles of Confederation, and as previous experience had shown, another system like the
Articles would prove just as disastrous as the first.
9. The Anti-Federalists all had different reason on why they disliked the Constitution ad they
disagreed on how to improve or change it. They found fault with nearly every major section
and failed to come up with an alternative plan. Overall, the Anti-Federalists disliked the
Constitution, but because of their disunity, they failed to prevent ratification.
10. Madison describes a republic as a government that derives its powers directly or indirectly
from the people, is administered by officials holding power for a limited time, and incorporates

representative institutions. He did not consider The Republic of Venice, the government of
England or the Netherlands as republics. The Republic of Venice was ruled by the aristocracy,
which was not elected, England had a monarch, and the Netherlands government did not drive
its authority from their people.
11. The Constitution was considered national by the House of Representatives, by its form of
appointment, yet it was also considered federal by the Senate, by its form of appointment. The
Electoral College combined both federal and national, since its numbers came from each states
number of House representatives plus it number of senators.
20. Chapter 5: Ratifying the Constitution Part Two: The Richmond Convention 1788
1. Bill of Rights - first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an
limits governments power
2. Anti-Federalist movement that opposed the creation of a stronger federal government and the
ratification of the Constitution. They feared the president would eventually turn into a
monarchy. Led by Patrick Henry
3. Federalist movement that supported the creation of a stronger federal government and the
ratification of the Constitution. Feared for the countrys future under the weak Articles of the
Confederation
4. Kentucky still a part of Virginia in 1788, their delegates feared the new government would
bargain away their rights to the Mississippi River
5. Recusant a person who refuses to submit to authority or comply with regulation
6. Sanguine optimistic or positive, especially in a bad situation; blood-red
7. Necessary and Proper Clause Congress shall have the power to adopt such laws as shall be
necessary and proper to put the listed specific powers into effect
8. English Bill of Rights would be analogous to the Constitution with a few exceptions
regarding the military
9. Writ of Habeas Corpus a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought to a judge
10. Supremacy Clause made treaties superior to state laws, but not to Federal ones
11. Jurisdiction official power to make legal decisions and judgments
12. Chimerical existing only as the product of an unchecked imagination;
21. People:
1. George Mason - Helped write the Virginia Declaration of Rights, a man of 1688, wanted to
amend the constitution before ratifying
2. Edmund Randolph - Governor of Virginia 1786 -1788
3. Henry Lee favored ratification for the Constitution
4. Richard Henry Lee launched a strenuous campaign to amend the Constitution before
ratifying it. He felt that Congress could potentially interpret the document to give whatever
powers it wanted while the people didnt have any guaranteed rights, Anti-Federalist
5. Patrick Henry Anti-federalist,

6. George Nickolas lawyer from Albemarle, in favor of immediate ratification

7. Gov. George Clinton most powerful Anti-Federalist in the country because of the state he
worked for and his position
8. Edmund Pendleton president of the Richmond Convention, elected unanimously
9. James Monroe believed that America would not soon see war again
10. John Marshall insisted that the new government must be adopted to render America secure
and disagreed with Monroe
11. George Wythe proposed a an instrument of ratification saying that the new government
would only have the powers the Constitution gave it
22. Chapter 5 Questions:
1. Mason, an Anti-Federalist, thought that the Constitution had to be amended before it was
ratified because he felt that the lack of a bill of rights and the General Welfare clause were a
dangerous combination that could led to the government infringing on the peoples rights.
Madison feared amending before ratification or a second convention because most of the other
states had already ratified the constitution without prior amendments; if it were to be amended,
the other states would unfairly have to reconsider the Constitution with the amendments
Virginia added, and in a worst case scenario, refuse to ratify.
2. Mason and Lee believed that Congress would have a tendency to apply the Necessary and
Proper clause for anything it wanted, even if it meant violating individuals and states rights.
Madison countered this by saying that since the government would have enumerated powers, it
could not bend the clause to its will. The two Anti-Federalists also felt that the House of
Representatives was too small, and that that the federal judiciary branch would tower over the
state courts, therefore allowing the rich to reign over the poor. Madison responded in turn that
the House members would grow as the population of the States grew, and that the federal
courts only took precedence in cases where the state courts were not applicable, i.e. state v
state cases or constitutional rulings.
3. Madisons primary concern with the Constitution was the lack of a federal veto over state laws.
He felt the veto was necessary to keep the states from intruding on federal authority. He
believed it would be better to stop a law from taking effect than nullifying one later on. The
veto would also let the government make sure the states were not oppressing local minorities.
4. Since Kentucky was still Virginia territory, its wants had to be taken into consideration during
the ratification debate. The Kentucky delegates were still wary of the new government trading
away their access to the Mississippi River. Madison argued that under the Constitution, the old
arguments for the bargain would not be valid. The government could repay its national debt

with western land and encourage western migration; something that couldnt be done if they
traded away navigations rights for the Mississippi River. He also stated that if the people
Kentucky wanted the British troops to leave the area, British creditors needed access to the
American courts before the troops could leave. Under the Articles of Confederation, the
government could not make the states comply, but with a federal court, provided by the
Constitution, the creditors would get what they wanted, and the Kentucky citizens would get
what they wanted.
5. Lack of individual rights Madison believed that having numbered powers for the
government ensured that the peoples understood rights were
protected.
23. Abuse of the Necessary and Proper Clause with numbered, specific powers for the
government, the clause would not be used to
take advantage of the people
24. Supremacy Clause only to ensure that federal laws were held above state laws and would not
be disregarded and allow the states to pass unconstitutional laws
25.
6. Mason did not want to let South Carolina and Georgia in the Union since they refused to
outlaw slavery, and disliked that the Constitution didnt protect the slavery already in
existence. Madison answered that the Constitution allowed states to decide for themselves on
the issue of slavery, and that under the Fugitive Slave Clause, which required slaves who
escaped to another state must be returned to their owners in the state from which they escaped,
the slavery already in existence was protected.
26. Chapter 6: Inaugurating the Constitution 1788-1800
27. Vocabulary
1. Debt assumption the idea of having the federal government assume the states debt
2. The Compromise of 1790 Hamilton would get Pennsylvanians to vote for the capitol to be on
the Potomac River, and two Virginian congressmen would cease voting against the assumption
of state debts
12. Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the constitution, ensures the rights of the people an
limits governments power; Madison assumed they would be incorporated into the document,
not added on to the end
3. 27th Amendment most recent amendment to the Constitution, deals with the salaries of
Congressmen and how they can only be increased or decreased until the next term of office
begins

4. Establishment Clause proposed by Madison, Congress shall make no law respecting the
establishment of religion
5. Free Exercise Clause - proposed by Madison, following the establishment clause, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof
6. The Whiskey Excise Whiskey tax that passed easily
7. Hamiltons Bank Bill many thought the bill unconstitutional, but Madison thought that it was
with the rights granted by the Constitution to establish an incorporated bank
8. Strict Constuctionalist states rights point of view
9. Loose Contructionalist - liberal
10. Democratic-Republican Societies political organizations formed to promote democracy and
republicanism and to avoid aristocratic tendencies
11. French Revolution French overthrow of their monarchy and first attempts toward democracy
12. Neutralist Proclamation Washingtons proclamation to continue trade with both Britain and
France
13. Impressments British Practice of stopping American ships at sea, questioning sailors, and
conscripting those who were determined to be British into the Royal Navy on the spot
14. 1796 Election third election, John Adams won the presidency, but Thomas Jefferson won the
vice presidency
15. Washington Farewell Address in which Washington said that America ought to steer clear of
foreign issues and political parties. Involvement in military conflict would undermine the
republic
16. Alien and Sedation Acts of 1798 three laws in which the president could identify aliens from
hostile countries and have them expelled in times of war, the president could identify aliens
from non-hostile countries and expel them, and the sedation act made it a crime to organize
resistance to federal law or to say anything that brought the government into ill repute
17. Justice Samuel Chase excluded evidence, harassed the defense council, and crafted his jury
instructions to ensure a conviction
28. People:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Alexander Hamilton proposed the whiskey excise and the bank bill
The United States Gazette a mouthpiece for Washingtons administration
John Fenno writer of the United States Gazette
The National Gazette Madison wrote 18 anonymous essays for the paper, opposed the
Washington administration
5. Philip Freneau poet asked by Madison and Jefferson to set up a Republican paper in
Philadelphia
6. Citizen Edmund Charles Genet French minister to the United State, mocked Washingtons
neutrality Proclamation by giving Americans letters of marquee and commissioning Americans
as French officers
7. Jay Treaty It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and
Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular
with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American

ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British
restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
29. Chapter 6 Questions:
1. Madison became known as Washingtons prime minister during his administration. He earned
this reputation by being one of Washingtons closest advisors, his main speech drafter, and for
Washingtons constant reliance on his legal intellect.
2. An extinguished debt is a debt in which the debtor repays the actual debt, not the interest. A
funded debt is one where a provision would be made for the payment of the interest, but
extinguishing the debt would come later, if ever.
3. The Compromise of 1790 was a compromise between Jefferson and Hamilton, who needed his
bank bill to pass so the states debt would be assumed by the federal government. Hamilton
would get Pennsylvanians to vote for the capitol to be on the Potomac River, and Jefferson
would convince two Virginian congressmen would cease voting against the assumption of state
debts
4. Napoleons declaration of war on Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands put the Washington
administration in a difficult place. The United States was morally obligated to side with the
French after their contribution to the Revolutionary effort, but the country as a whole felt that
war would undermine the republican system they had established. Washington issued his
Neutrality Proclamation to stay out of the Napoleonic Wars. Adams signed the Alien and
Sedation Acts in response to immigration reform and to send a message to Napoleon.
30. Chapter 7: Secretary of State, Then President 1800-1817
31. Vocabulary
1. Winner-take all systems an election in which the winner has the most votes
2. The Negro President Thomas Jeffersons nickname
3. 3/5ths clause - Clause that defined a slave as only 3/5th of a person, so southern states wouldnt
use their slave population to raise their seats in the House
4. 12th Amendment provides the procedure on electing a president
5. Our Bonaparte Jefferson called Alexander Hamilton this while fearing a military coup
during the election of 1800-1801
6. Judicial Review review by the supreme court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act
7. Justice Samuel Chase - excluded evidence, harassed the defense council, and crafted his jury
instructions to ensure a conviction
8. Impeachment formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
9. Louisiana Purchase are of the United States was doubled for $15 million from Napoleon

10. Yazoo Scandal named for the chief river through the Mississippi, dealt with the repeal of
Georgias sale of its colonial land claims in 1796, caused an issue with the buyers
11. Stalwarts a loyal, reliable and hardworking supporter or participant in an organization
12. Prognostication the action of foretelling or prophesying future events
13. Napoleonic Wars Napoleons conquest of Europe
14. Non-intercourse Bill lifted all embargos on American ships except those bound for Britain
and France. They goal was to hurt the British and French economies but in reality hurt the
American more
15. Berlin Decree of 1806 Napoleons decree that that ships trading with Great Britain would be
lawful prize
16. Monroe-Pinckney Treaty of 1807 resolved trading issues with French and British ports and
their colonies
17. HMS Leopard v USS Chesapeake Leopard attacked the Chesapeake when Leopard tried to
board it right where Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic
18. British Orders in Council British attempts to thwart American Trade
19. Embargo of 1807 Jeffersons response to British and French harassment, the US would only
trade internally
20. Economic Coercion - controller of a vital resource uses his advantage to compel a person to do
something he would not do if this resource were not monopolized.
21. Letters of marque and reprisal - a government license authorizing a person to attack and
capture enemy vessels and bring them before admiralty courts for condemnation and sale.
22. War of 1812 - A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the
impressments of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and
British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.
23. Macons Bill #2 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with
whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first.
24. West Point established by Thomas Jefferson
25. Hartford Convention called for A 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before an embargo
could be imposed, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before new states could be admitted to
the union, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before war could be declared, that no
successive presidents could be from the same state, and the abolition of slavery
26. Conscription compulsory enlistment for the army
27. Second bank of the United States rechartered in 1816
28. Cumberland Road Bill (KY) bill to fund the construction of a route across Kentucky
29. Penultimate second to last
32. People:
1. John Marshall Supreme Chief of Justice
2. Marbury v. Madison - The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates
first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution.
The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the
Judiciary Act of 1789).

3. Burr-Hamilton Duel - 7/11/1804 they began to insult each other in public, Burr challenges
Hamilton, they fight at the Heights of Weehawken, NJ, Hamilton fires first and misses. Burr
hits Hamilton in lower abdomen above right hip and he dies next day on 7/12/1804 Burr is
tried for treason
4. Fletcher v. Peck The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional,
the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and
hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands
5. Bay of Tunis Sidi Suliman Mellimelli foreign delegate from the Middle East
6. Henry Adams Harvard Historian, great-grandson of John Adams, author of one of the most
influential account of the Jefferson administration
7. Justice Joseph Story Madisons Supreme Court Appointee
8. William Henry Harrison Governor of Indian Territory
9. Tecumseh Native American tribal leader
10. Fort McHenry successfully defended Maryland in the War of 1812
11. Francis Scott Key composer of the national anthem, inspired by the events at Fort McHenry
12. General Andrew Jackson won a huge victory outside New Orleans on 1/8/1815
33. Chapter 7 Questions:
1. Jefferson planed to streamline the government with reduced taxes, quickly paying off the
National debt, and to make the government more minimalist. While his plans worked at first,
most of the measures he took were undone by his successors.
2. Madison was not pleases with the results of Madison v Marbury because the Supreme Court
began using the power of judiciary review on the Constitution, and revealed a fault in
Madisons planning.
3. Bonaparte could not have hoped to get any French ships across the Atlantic to Louisiana
because of the sheer force of the British Navy. So, he decided to cut his losses on the American
continent, sell the land to the Americans, and use the profits to fund his army.
4. Madisons contributions to the idea of free trade come primarily from his attack on British
Anti-American trading policies in An Examination of the British Doctrine, Which Subjects to
Capture a National Trade, Not Open in Times of Peace.
5. The Embargo of 1807 would allow trade with whichever country, France or Britain, first lifted
its Anti-American trading policies, and continue the embargo with the non-compliant country.
6. Madison felt that the War of 1812 was unavoidable due to Britains actions in regard to the US
trade. When asking Congress to declare war, Madison argued that impressments, the British
practice of stopping American ships at sea, questioning sailors, and conscripting those who
were determined to be British into the Royal Navy on the spot, and the British attacks on
American ships in American waters, such as the Chesapeake-Leopard confrontation, were
viable reasons for a justified war.

7. The Hartford Convention called for A 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before an embargo
could be imposed, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before new states could be admitted to
the union, a 2/3 vote to be required in Congress before war could be declared, that no
successive presidents could be from the same state, and the abolition of slavery. The
convention was significant because it marked the end of the Federalist Party since the name
became synonymous with disunity and distrust. New England Federalists met to discuss their
concerns with War of 1812 and the political problems that came from the domination of the
government by Presidents from Virginia. Despite many outcries in the Federalist press for New
England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates dominated the
Convention and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the convention's debate.
34. Chapter 8: An Active Retirement 1817-1836
35. Vocabulary
1. University of Virginia founded by Madison and Jefferson
2. The Missouri Crisis a statesman from New York tried to make Missouri becoming a state
dependent on two proposed laws: no additional slaves could be brought in and al slaves had to
be freed upon reaching adulthood.
3. Missouri Compromise - prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of
the parallel 36, 30 north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri,
allowed Missouri into the Union with slavery, and created the state of Maine without slavery.
4. Panic of 1819 - first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States
5. Original Understanding original meaning behind the Constitution
6. Nullification Movement political movement in which lower courts, especially SC would rule
laws and unconstitutional and null and void
7. Imposts tariffs on imports
8. Tariff of Abominations an impost, called this by Southerners
9. Democratic Party formed by John C Calhoun, Martin van Buren, and Thomas Richie to get
John Quincy Adams out of office in the 1828 election
10. American System platform of protective tariffs, federal sponsorship of public works, and a
federally chartered bank
11. Constitutional compact - theory holds that the nation was formed through a compact agreed
upon by all the states, and that the federal government is consequently a creation of the states
12. Secession - act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity
13. Colonization the idea that blacks and whites could not live together in the same society as
equals, blacks would have to be sent to a colony outside the union
14. Liberia founded as a haven for free blacks from America
15. America Colonization Society charitable organization headed by Madison hose goal was to
raise enough money and political support to send free blacks to Liberia

16. Haitian Revolution overthrow of French rule in Haiti, all the whites were expelled or killed
within 25 years
17. Manumission - formal emancipation from slavery
18. Nat Turners Rebellion a group of slaves murdered dozens of white people
19. Gradual emancipation to slowly introduce freedom for slaves
36. People:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Henry Clay first to introduce a protective tariff

McCulloch v. Maryland - States cannot tax the federal government.
John C. Calhoun vice president, founder of the Democratic party
Martin van Buren - founder of the Democratic party
Adam Smith Scottish economic philosopher
Hayne-Webster Debate - Debate over state rights between Hayne of South Carolina and
Webster of Massachusetts that began with a resolution to restrict Western land sales and
engaged the tariff issue by exploring sectional differences.
7. Benjamin Banneker contradiction to the stereotype that all blacks are intellectually inferior
8. Phyllis Wheatley - contradiction to the stereotype that all blacks are intellectually inferior
9. Nat Turner slave who led Nat Turners Rebellion
37. Chapter 8 Questions:
1. Madisons main contributions to the University of Virginia was compiling the library catalogue
and becoming one of the first members of the Universitys Board of Visitors, and donating
large amounts of money to the school. He even became Head of the school after Jeffersons
death in 1826.
2. The Missouri Crisis began when a statesman from New York tried to make Missouri becoming
a state dependent on two proposed laws: no additional slaves could be brought in and al slaves
had to be freed upon reaching adulthood. The Compromise was made up of three bills. The
first bill prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees, 30
minutes north except within the boundaries of the of Missouri. The second allowed Missouri
into the Union with slavery, and the third created the state of Maine out of the Maine district of
Massachusetts without slavery.
3. Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it
does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable way to assist the
operations of the government in the collection of the revenue. Because federal laws have
supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by
taxing it. Therefore the states could not tax a part of the federal government.
4. A revenue tariff is a tax that is imposed to raise government profit rather than to protect
domestic industries, while a protective tariff is imposed to protect domestic businesses from

import competition. By the Madisons understanding, revenue tariffs were constitution, but
protective tariffs were not. However, the South Carolinians felt they were being taken
advantage of.