John Howard (1996-2007)

John howards as a leader was an enigma

In many cases he was very popularist, other cases he was a
conviction
Howard is botha zealot and an arch=pragmatist, Howard is all
of these things at different times (Wayne Errinftom 2006)
Depending on the audience and the issue of the day, we
might have seen the ideologue or the pragmatist, the
conservative ot the reformer
Keith Dowding
How we perceive leader depends on the context
When a leader goes against public opinion how we judge that
leader depends on how things turn out
When the Howard govt. decided to to Iraw War

A leader who accepts public opinion and it turns out wrongweak leader
Pauline Hanson (Weak)

How you judge leaders and how they relate to leaders depend upon
things out
How a leader relates to popular opinion alerts us to tensions in
democracy between leadership and democracy
The Percuilar problems of democratic leadership
Nannerl Keaohane thinking About Leadership 2010 C 5
John Kane and Haig Patapan The Democratic Leader: How
Democracy defines empowers and limits its leaders 2012
Good eladership is essential for a well functioning democracy
But there are parituclr propblems associated wih democracy
What do you mean by democracy? Contested concept.
Sovereignity resides in a govertment essentially
Equality of people (there is no ruling class- no one has divine
right to rule)
Two concepts:
So this idea of democracy- to what extent can people rule?
Representive democracy
Direct Democracy
Representative democracy
FUNDAMENTAL TENSIONS BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND
DEMOCRACY

The work of democratic leaders can be benign and necessary

but it can also be problematic
When leaders extend or abuse their power they destroy the
ideal of popular sovereignity
The exercise of popular socereingity-checks and limits on
leaders-can costrain the work of leaders
Why does a leadership create problems for a democracy?
It can embed assymtery of influcen
o If you gain gain power by majority but it is
proportionate and affects
Even if you gain power legitimately you gain
disproportionate influence over the community and over
time this enables you to amass priveleges and power
This undermines the core value of political equality
The basic conundrum of democratic leadership (Keohane)
How was we have leadership without the perpetuation of
power and privilege?
Power inevitably grows around eladers
Robert michels iron Law of Oligarchy
Elites, rule by a few in their own interest
Yet democracy demands political equality
Cant resolbe tension, only alleviate
So we have to put things in place
Kana and Patapan
Look at the problem from the leaders point of view
The fundamental tension between leadership and
popular sovereignty makes the ground on which the
democratic leader stands perpetually insecure
A dynamic tension- makes democratic leadership both
the strongest and weakest form of leadership
They need extensive authority to rule but can only weild
little power
All they can do is negotiate this tention
This internal tension is good for democracy
By forcing leaders to continuously negotiate their
legitimacy democracies are constrantly reaffirming the
sovereingity of the people
The problem of democratic leadership inf act cosnitute
sthey very strength of democracy
But it makes democratic leadership the hardest form of
all
Leadersmust confront the often contradictory, seemingly
impossible, democracy imposes
Difficulties for democratic leaders

Inevitably operate in an atmosphere of suspicion ,

mistruct and scpetism
Popular mistrust comes fromt heri threat to the people
sovereingity
This tension or ambiguity in dmeocracies as to who is
truly sovereign, the people or the leader, results in a
permanent fundamental challenge to the leaders
legitimacy, one that he or she must continuously
negotiate to succeed
Monarcy:deciding who is entitled to succeed
Oligarchy: who is going to count as wealthy enough to
be counted
Democratic: whole idea of leadership is a suspect
because they are never allowed ot be sovereign
because eby definition they are servants of the people
this is the fundamnetla tension and therefore inevitably
leads to suspicion and skeptism

Compared to leaders in other systems- they are strongest

and the weakes
Why are the