First Aid

Situation Analysis
What happened?
Plan of action?
Put plan into action.

Resources available
Bystanders can they help?
Did anyone see what happened?
Can you get an idea of what happened?

Approaching the casualty

Observe setting
Are you safe?
Are the bystanders safe?
Is the casualty safe?
Approach and asses
Your safety is paramount. Take no chances.
Treat casualty where they fell i.e. avoid moving them as this may complicate the situation.
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D Danger:
- To you
- To the casualty
- To bystanders

R Response:
- Shake and shout

Absent -

Present -

* Unconscious

* conscious, Assess injuries, Reassure

* Turn on side

A Airway
- Clear and open

No
* remove obstruction

Yes
* reassure, maintain clear airway

B Breathing
- Look/listen/feel

Absent

Present -

* 5 full breaths in 10 seconds

* Keep on side, monitor vital signs and maintain.

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C Circulation
- check carotid (breath) for 10 seconds

Absent

Absent -

* Commence CPR Compressions15:2 breaths

*Commence EAR breaths1:4 mins

* 4 cycles per minute

S Stop moving:
Prevents further injury sit rest

T Talk:
What happened, where does it hurt, how does it feel?

O Observe:
Physical appearance, red, swollen, deformed etc

P Prevent further injury:

Refer to doctor or specialist.

Crisis Management
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*15 cycles per minute

EAR Expired Air resuscitation

open airway by tilting head back

Position hand on forehead + open mouth using pistol grip

Check for obstruction

Reposition on back head tilt

Exhale 5 breaths in 10 seconds

Watch chest rise + fall

Commence one breath every four seconds

Check pulse after 1 minute

Casualty

Breaths

Cycles/minute

Adult

1 breath every 4 secs

15 times per min

Child

1 breath every 3 secs

20 times per minute

CPR Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation

Place casualty on firm surface

Place yourself comfortable beside casualty

Identify lower part of the sternum ( hollow in neck, v in ribs)

Use the heel of the hand for compressions

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Use your body weight to compress the heart

Check for pulse after 1 minute then every 2 minutes

No. of
operations

Breaths

Compressions

Seconds

Cycles/min

Depth of
compression

1 person

15

15 Adult

4 Adult

4.5cm

1 person

15

10 Children

6 children

2.5cm

2 people

5 Adults

12 Adult

4.5cm

2 people

3 children

20 children

2.5cm

Bleeding

Artery spurting force, bright red colour

Vein Pulsing force, dull red colour
Capillary Oozing force, Red colour

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Managing external bleeding

Managed by use of pressure, elevation and immobilization

-

To maintain pressure cover wound with sterile pad + bandage

When foreign body is embedded do not apply direct pressure. Apply a doughnut bandage

Never remove foreign object may cause further vessel damage

Elevate body part higher than heart to restrict blood flow

Immobilize (sling or remain still)

If not of above work apply direct pressure on body pressure points to reduce blood flow ( use pressure
point closest to site of injury)

Managing internal bleeding

Bleeding may occur inside the body as a result of a direct force or rupturing of blood vessels.
-

Assist casualty into comfortable position

Loosen tight clothing

Cover casualty with blanket

Reassure casualty and seek medical assistance

Do not give the casualty food or water.

Shock
Shock = circulatory system response. Circulatory system fails to deliver adequate blood supply to muscles, tissues
and organs in the body. Shock is often the result of a heart attack, witnessing an accident, drug use, losing excess
body fluids from severe burns or from acute blood loss.

Signs symptoms
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Cold, pale + sweaty skin

Rapid and weak pulse

Rapid and shallow breathing

Casualty feeling anxious or restless

Nausea or vomiting

Thirst and dizziness

Drowsiness, becoming unresponsive or unconscious

Managing shock
-

Asses casualty DRABC

Cover the wound or burn to minimize blood and other fluid loss

Immobilize fracture to minimize pain

Moisten the casualties lips with water as he or she will be thirsty

Raise legs above heart. Assists in alleviating dizziness

Never give casualty anything to eat or drink

Wounds
Abrasions
Result of falling on a hard surface.
Clean wounds, apply antiseptic and sterile dressing

Penetration
Result of a bullet, nail or garden tool
Control bleeding. Do not remove object from wound. Apply dressing. If possible seek medical support.
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Incision
Result of a razor or knife blade
Apply sterile dressing. Seek medical support

Laceration
Result of barbed wire or animal claws
Control bleeding, clean wound, apply sterile dressing and seek medical support.

Bites

Tick
Symptoms

- Irritation at site
- Weakness
- Lethargy
- Double vision
- Difficulty in breathing
- Allergic reaction

Management

Locate and remove tick with tweezers

Do no squeeze tick as it injects venom
Seek medical attention

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Funnel web spider

Symptoms

- Puncture marks
- Pain at site
- Swelling
- Headache
- Muscle weakness
- Difficulty breathing
- Shock

Management

- Reassure casualty
- Apply compression bandage over bite and
along the limb with a sling or splint
- seek medical support

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Red- back spider

Symptoms

- pain at site
- Sweating around bite
- nausea
- joint pain
- abdominal pain
- muscle weakness and spasm

Management

- Rest and reassure casualty

- Apply cold compress to bite
- Immobilize
- Seek medical support

Stings

Stony fish, Sting ray, Bull rout

Symptoms

- Severe pain
- Swelling at site
- grey/blue discolouration
- Open wound
- Irrational behavior and panic

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Management

- Place the injured area under hot water

- DRABC
- Seek medical support

Box jellyfish
Symptoms

- Immediate severe pain

- irrational behavior
- Adder sting pattern
- Unconscious

Management

- DRABC
- Flood the sting area with vinegar
- apply pressure
- Immobilization over stung area

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Blue-ringed octopus
Symptoms

May be painless
Numb limbs + tongue
Weak muscles
Cessation of breathing

Management

Rest + reassure casualty

DRABC
Seek medical attention
Treat as for snake bite

Blue bottle
Symptoms

- Pain to stung area

- localized sting mark
- white with red margin
- groin pain
- headache
- vomiting
- difficulty breathing

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Management

- Do not rub area

- DRABC
- Apply ice
- Seek medical support

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