PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF

TRANSFORMER
Transformer uses the principles of
electromagnetism to change one
AC voltage level to another.
Faradays
Laws
Electromagnetic Induction
(1831 by Michael Faraday)

of

"The rate of change of flux linkage

with respect to time is directly
proportional to the induced emf in
a conductor or coil."
Faradays First Law
Any change in the magnetic field of
a coil of wire will cause an emf to
be induced in the coil. This emf
induced is called induced emf and
if the conductor circuit is closed,
the current will
also
circulate
through
the
circuit
and
this current is
called
induced
current.
Faradays Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf
induced in the coil is equal to the
rate of change of flux that linkages
with the coil. The flux linkage of the
coil is the product of number of
turns in the coil and flux associated
with the coil.

Say you have one winding

which is supplied by an alternating
electrical
source.
The
alternating current through
the
winding produces a continually
changing flux or alternating flux
that surrounds the winding. If any
other winding is brought nearer to
the previous one, obviously some
portion of this flux will link with the
second. As this flux is continually
changing in its amplitude and
direction, there must be a change
in flux linkage in the second
winding or coil. According to
Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction, there must be an EMF
induced in the second. If the circuit
of the later winding is closed, there
must be a current flowing through
it. This is the simplest form
of electrical power transformer and
this is the most basic of working
principle of transformer.
Basic
Operation
Transformer:

of

of energy that reverses

tiny magnetic domains
within the core material.
It is largely overcome by using
special low reluctance grain
oriented steel as the core
material.
3. Eddy Current Losses
losses
in
magnetic
materials due to the
opposition
of
current
induced in the core to
the changes of the
magnetic field taking
place on the core.
The formation of losses is
greatly reduced without affecting
the magnetic properties of the core
by the used of laminated cores.
Transformer Losses enegy
losses
in
the
operation
of
transfomrmer.
3 Major Types:
1. Copper Losses can
also be called conductor
losses, winding losses,
I2 R
ohmic losses or
losses.
can occur in
windings made from
metals other than
copper;
become
evident as heat.
To minimise the losses, the
resistance of the winding must be
kept low using wire of suitable
cross-sectional
area
and
low
resistivity.
2. Hysteresis Losses
losses due to the amount

Formulas:
d
F1. Faradays Laws, e=N dt

F2. Turns Ratio,

a=

Is Ep N p
= =
I p Es N s

F3. Induced emf, e=4.44 Nf m

Where:
e

= induced emf, Volt

= flux density, Weber

= no. of coil windings

= flux frequency, Hertz