PHYSICAL REVIEW A

VOLUME 53, NUMBER 4

APRIL 1996

Method for calculating analytical solutions of the Schrodinger equation:

Anharmonic oscillators and generalized Morse oscillators






L. Skala, 1 J. Czek, 2 J. Dvora k, 1 and V. Spirko 3
Charles University, Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
University
of
Waterloo,
of Applied Mathematics, Waterloo, Canada N2L 3G1
 Czech Academy of Sciences, J. HeyrovskyDepartment

Institute of Physical Chemistry, Dolejskova 3, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic

Received 12 October 1995
1

A method for calculating the analytical solutions of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation is suggested.
A general discussion of the possible forms of the potentials and wave functions that are necessary to get the
analytical solution is presented. In general, the analytical solutions appear in multiplets corresponding to the
quantum number n of the harmonic oscillator. As an application, known solutions for the anharmonic oscillators are critically recalculated and a few additional results are found. Analytical solutions are also found for the
generalized Morse oscillators.




PACS number s : 03.65.Ge,31.15.  p

I. INTRODUCTION

The solution of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation

represents an important problem with numerous applications

in many fields of physics. This equation can always be
solved
numerically. Despite this, analytical solutions yield a

more detailed and exact description of the physical reality

and are therefore of considerable interest.
The number of potentials V(  x ) for which the analytic solution

of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation,
!H #" %x $'& (*E ),+ .x - /,
0 11
2with the Hamiltonian

N QO P UR O VS /

WO V

R  

ZO /

B/

L M

< =?2>

is known is rather limited. Except for trivial cases, examples

of analytically solvable problems include the harmonic oscillator, some anharmonic oscillators 19 , the onedimensional hydrogen atom, the Morse oscillator 10 , and
some other simple cases see, e.g, 1114 .
Analyzing these analytic solutions, we conclude that the
bound-state wave functions have the same structure. The
wave functions have the form of the exponential or other
related functions multiplied by a polynomial in a variable
that is a function of x . In other words, the wave functions
for all these problems can be written as a linear combination of functions m f m g , where f ( x ) and g ( x ) are suitably
chosen functions and m is an integer.
It is obvious that there is a chance of finding an analytical
solution if the Hamiltonian transforms the set of the basis
functions m into itself. Namely, if the result of H m is a
finite linear combination of m , we can hope that the resulting finite order matrix problem is analytically solvable. Assuming these properties of the wave function and Hamiltonian, we discuss in this paper conditions for the functions

E

8
4H 365 7 7d 2 V : %x ;
dx 2 9

1050-2947/96/53 4 /2009 12 /$10.00

GIH

R f and Sg and the potential V,/ which must be fulfilled to get

Kthe analytical solution of the Schrodinger equation.
[
the approach indicated
above we first use the basis

\ OmUsing
Kto transform
the Schrodinger
to the matrix form
R
2with a non-Hermitian matrix ] ^Sec.equation
II_ . Possible forms of f /,
Sg /, and V Kthat can yield analytical solutions are discussed in
^Sec. III. In the next three sections, known analytical results
the anharmonic oscillators are critically recalculated. SecKfor
tion IV is devoted to the problem of the quartic anharmonic
@oscillator. In Sec. V, a detailed analysis of the sextic oscillaKtor is performed and a few new analytical solutions are
Discussion of the higher-order anharmonic oscillators
Visfound.
presented in Sec. VI. Another interesting problem is the
`generalization of the Morse oscillator. The quadratic, quartic,
sextic, and higher-order generalized Morse oscillators are inavestigated in Secs. VIIIX.
bDINGER
II. TRANSFORMATION OF THE SCHRO
EQUATION INTO THE MATRIX FORM

cWe assume the wave function d Vin the form

C D/

S  

!X O V

53

2where
z

egfih jcO,m k Om /,
Om

l m?3n

o OQm prq Rtf s OmSg .

u v?4w

x m?y

The standard approach to the solution of the Schrodinger

equation consists in substituting the assumption 3 into Eq.
1 . Introducing the matrix elements

O}|

~ Om* H  n7dx

?5

SO}

Om* n7dx

?6

H mn

and

mn

2009

1996 The American Physical Society

K, AND V. SPIRKO
ILA, J. CIZJEK, J. DVORKA
L. SKA

2010

@one gets the well-known eigenvalue problem

 j (* j
n HOmn cn E n SOmn cn .

?7

The vector of the coefficients jcOm Vis the left eigenvector of the

matrix h .
The coefficients jcOm are obtained from Eq. 14 directly
2without the necessity of using the transformation 12 as they
are in the moment method.
Another disadvantage of the moment method is that even
for the analytically solvable problems the overlaps M O m are
usually
zero and sometimes even diverge for
9,15,16 . from
U4m different
The
problem 10 @of the infinite order is
difficult to solve analytically
and even when it is solved, the
Ktransformation 12 @of the usually
order must be applied. On the other hand, the left infinite
eigenvectors of Eq. 14
2with a finite number of nonzero coefficients jcOm Tcan often be
Mfound directly and the analytical wave function can be found
@in the form of a finite linear combination of Om . For the sake

In most cases, it appears impossible to calculate HOmn and

SO and solve Eq. ?7 analytically. However, if the matrices
Hmnand S are truncated, this method is suitable for calculating
approximate solutions.
There
 is a chance of finding analytical solutions of the
^Schro
dinger equation if the Hamiltonian H Ktransforms the set
@of the basis functions Om Vinto itself. We assume therefore
K
that the Hamiltonian H fulfills the relation

!H QOm hO}

?8
n mn n /,
2where the coefficients hOmn are numbers. Let us introduce an
@overlap between the basis function Om and the exact wave
M

we discuss in this paper one-dimensional proboflemssimplicity,

only. We note, however, that the moment method has
successively been applied to one-dimensional as well as mulKtidimensional problems see, e.g. 16,17 /, .
 condition that only a finite number of the coefficients
jcOm The
is different from zero is known, for example, from the
solution
of the harmonic oscillator where jc O m are the coeffi-

function

OQ

Mm

Om* 7dx .

?9

Tcients of the Hermite polynomials. In the standard solution

@of the harmonic oscillator a simple recurrence relation for the
Tcoefficients jcOm @of the Hermite polynomials is obtained. In
@our approach, such a simple recurrence relation is replaced
Jby a general matrix equation 14 and can therefore lead to
analytical solutions that have not been known until now.
A problem similar to Eq. 14
Vis solved also in the Hill
determinant


method  see, e.g.  5,20,21,13,14 /, . As we show
Jbelow, our approach
is more
general than this method. We
R f and
Tconsider general functions
Sg and give a general disTcussion of Eq.  14 . We are also interested
a direct analytical solution of Eq.  14 Mfor a finite linearincombination
in

^Substituting Eqs. ?8 and ?9 Vinto the Schrodinger equation

1 2we get another matrix formulation known from the moment method 1519
(
* M n EM O m .
10
n hOmn
cWe see that the vector of the overlaps M Om Vis the right eigenavector of the matrix h . The advantage of Eq. 10 is that, in
Tcontrast to Eq. ?7 /, there is no matrix S in this equation. The
matrix h Vis usually sparse, which further simplifies the prob
lem. On the other hand, the matrix h is non-Hermitian. The

( 3) instead of discussing the infinite-order problem.

equations

O}i p SOmphnp

H mn

and

Vized.The wave functions given in this paper are not normal-

11

OQ n SOmnjcn
12
Mfollowing from the assumptions ?8 and m?3 `give the relation
@of the quantities appearing in Eqs. ?7 and 10 . Application
@of these equations is usually complicated by the infinite order
@of the matrix S .
There is also anotherm? possibility
approaches
`given
and 8 arecloseusedto the

above.
If
Eqs.
3
directly
in the
^Schro dinger equation 1 Kthe following result is obtained:
j O O ( j O, O
13
Om ,n c m h mn n E Om c m m .
2
Assuming linear independence of the functions Om we get a

III. CONDITIONS FOR f AND  g

In the previous section, the validity of Eq.  8 2was asR

sumed.
we derive conditions for f /, Sg /, and V following
Mfrom thisNow
assumption.
Applying
= K

v 
the Hamiltonian  2 to the basis function  4 2we
`get

Mm

simple matrix problem,

j (
mn Ec n .
Om cOm hO}

14

53

H  Om 


Um  Um 

Rf  82 = R f  Sg ! %R f $
R
1  R 2  Um 2 R #
f
f Sg " f
&

S(g '
S*
g )

V +

Om .
,

15-

R/
7 07
Here, f denotes d f / dx .
K
In order to get H 1 O m as a linear combination of 2 n R the
expression in brackets must be a linear combination of f n .

Um in a different way
4 8
As different terms in Eq. R 3 15
5 8 2 0 R depend
R

6 0 on
R
R : 0R

0 9 8 (
any
2/
f / f ,2( f / f )( Sg 7 / Sg )R f / f /, and
must terms
S; g < 0/ >Sgof= V the
(
be a linear combination
of f n . It follows
R f ? must
from the first and
second
terms
that
be a linear
Tcombination of R f Om/,
.

Rf @BADC R f >O E R(f F Om/,

Om m

G 16H

53

2where R f Om are numbers. Analogously, the second and third

Kterms lead to

Sg LNMPO Sg Q

SgO>R R(f S Om/,

Om

T 17U

^Substituting Eqs. 16 18

H Om
i

further convenience. Finally, the last term gives

R YO
(
Z 18[
Om V>Om X f m .
cWe see that the potentials V Tconsidered in this paper must
haveR the
  form given by Eq. \ 18] . At the same time, the funcKtion
f ( x ) appearing in this equation must satisfy Eq. ^ 16_ .
V VDW

These two conditions restrict possible forms of the potentials

for which our method is applicable.
We note that there are a number of simple functions fulfilling Eq. ` 16a such as x , exp(x),coth(x), and cot(x). However, there are also more complex functions such as the orthogonal polynomials that can be used as the function f .
The coefficients f m , g m , and V m are arbitrary until now. If
the coefficients f m and g m are known, the functions f and
g can be obtained by inverting

R S
R O  O / SO O / 



/

S T

x b R(f c9d



O 

and calculating



R 

1
7
OmR f O>m f (R f g Om d f
h

19i

S R(r O 7
Om g>Om q f m dx
S m v (R f w Om 7
u x O mR g O>
s exp t
{ 20|
Om f kOm y (R f z Om d f .
To get Eq. } 14~ /, the function Sg Tcannot be arbitrary and is
`given
by Eq.  20 /, where Sg O mV are parameters. The way to
determine
the coefficients Sg O m is described below.
In the moment
method and the Hill determinant method
Skg j mx l9n exp

Kthe function 20


is often replaced by a single Gaussian exponential. Obviously, such an approximate approach cannot
be used if analytic solutions are to be found.
As a result of the integration, the function g ( x ) can have
a rather complex form. It shows that the assumption about
the polynomial form of the argument of the exponential
made in the Hill determinant method is too restrictive see
the sections devoted to the generalized Morse potentials
.
There
is
also
another
conclusion
following
from
Eq.
20 .

Let us assume that we search for the

9 bound-state wave function in the form
of a finite sum 3 . Then, investigating the
integral in Eq. 20 , it is easy to determine g m for
which
9
let
us
assume
that
f
(
x
)
x, gm
g ( x ) is finite. For example,


0 and 
M . It follows

0 for 
m M and g 
0
for
m
m
m
from Eq. 20 that M must be odd, otherwise the function
g ( x ) diverges for x # or x . In fact, this is the reason
for which the analytical solutions for the quartic anharmonic

oscillator with M 2 cannot have this form of g ( x ) see Sec.

IV .

S  


K
K

K
V

S  
@

S  

U 
K

= /


SO

@ 

SO M
R    / S O
U
S   

Um Um

into Eq. 15 we get

R R

=R S

8 U

1  f j f i j 2
m
j 2 f j g i j
j

S S

j f j f i j 2 9 g j g i j j f i j
j

2where the minus sign on the right-hand side is chosen for

(2011

METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF . . .

S 9

Vi 
m i .

1g j

O 

Therefore, the matrix h mn appearing in Eq. 14 equals

hO O
m ,m

i P

Um Um
R

R R

1 f j f i j
j

S S

Um =2R f jSg i j

j f j f i j 2 9 g j g i j j f i j
j

S 9

1g j

Vi .

21

Our method of finding analytical solutions of the Schrodinger

equation can
as follows. First we deterR f (be
) described
 

mine
the
function
x
from
the
form
of the potential V( x )

SgOm and
seeM Eq. 18 . Then we try to find the coefficients


for which the left eigenvectors of the matrix h exist with
Va Omfinite
of nonzero components. This leads to a solution ofnumber
a system of equations for Sg O m and V O m /, which is
@often possible to solve. If the analytical solutions of Eq. 14
are found the wave functions are determined from Eqs. m3
and 20 .
cWe note that the boundary conditions for the wave func-

Ktion have not been taken into consideration until now. This
that this method can be used for the discrete as well as
Tmeans
continuous part of the energy spectrum. It also means that to

`get wave functions for the discrete energies, only the solu-

Ktions satisfying the appropriate boundary conditions must be

Ktaken.

In general, solution of Eq. 14 leads to two linearly independent

solutions as it should be for the differential equa-

Ktion of the second order. For the bound states, only one of the
solutions or their suitable linear combination must be taken.

we search for the left eigenvector of the matrix h

2withNow
a finite number
components. In this paper,
2we assume
jcO
m 0 forofUmnonzero
 0 and 
Um  n /, where n  0 is an
Vinteger. It means that we search for the wave function in the
form


 j O R O m S

O m 0 c m f g .

=
 22

KIfto necessary,
Um  0. the summation in this equation can be extended
J
The corresponding eigenvalue problem  14 becomes

n j


23

O m   0 c Om  h O m ,m
O  i  E  Om ,m
O  i  0,
2where !#i " . . . , $ 2, % 1,0,1,2, . . . . This formula represents
equations than the number of unknown coefficients
jcmore
OUm' and has in general onlyj the trivial solution jcO
m & 0,
m 0,..., n . To get nonzero cOm /, the number of equations
must be reduced or they must be made linearly dependent.

K, AND V. SPIRKO
ILA, J. CIZJEK, J. DVORKA
L. SKA

2012

Our aim is to reduce the problem ) 23*

avalue
problem with a square matrix.

Kto a standard eigen-

discussion of this problem is rather complex. In

KthisGeneral
paper, we assume the potential in the form
2M

V ,.-

i 1

R21

=4
3 24

V i 0 f i.

= /

53

2
j 2M
, ..., M and the potential constraints follow from
F
h S 0j 0, j M 1, . . . ,1. The energyequals
E h S 00 and the

corresponding wave function is ( x ) g ( x ) . With increasing An and M , the order of the problem and complexity of the
potential constraints increase and the chance to find explicit
analytic expressions for the energies and wave functions is
lower.
In general case, a numerical solution of the problem

23 is necessary.
Let us discuss now the case of the anharmonic and Morse

oscillators. For the anharmonic oscillators we put f ( x ) x ,
f

we use
m
 m ,0 and for the generalized Morse oscillators

f ( x ) 1 exp( x), f SI0 1,f 1 P 1 and

f
0
otherwise.
 m
The potential is assumed in the form 24 . As follows from
our discussion given above, analytical solutions for the anharmonic
2 oscillators exist only if M is odd, i.e., if
2M 4k 2, where k is an integer. On the other hand, analytical solutions for the generalized Morse oscillators exist
for any M . The way to solve the problem 23 is the same for
both types of oscillators. First, we choose An from the range
An 0,1, . . . . Then we solve the equation h n ,n~ 2M 0 leadN
ing to g L2M V 2M . After that we continue with the solution of
?#
the equations h n ,nI i 0, i 2M 1, . . . ,M , which yield
g M 1 , ..., g S 0 as a function of V M , ..., V 2M . Consequently,
all the coefficients g m are determined and all columns of the
F
n 2M , ..., A
n M are equal to zero. Then we
matrix h , j A
2 n 

A 1 and decontinue with the columns j AV

M 1, . . . ,n
termine the corresponding constraints on the potential coef
ficients V Lo
M 1 , . . . , V 1 . The total number of the nonzero coefficients g m ( M 1) plus the number of the potential
_
constraints (M 1) equals 2M . If the potential is even, the
number of the constraints reduces to one-half.

A less general discussion was performed in 8 for the

anharmonic oscillators with the even potential.
The discussion given above shows that all the analytically
solvable problems with the wave function in the form of a
3 have the same algebraic strucfinite linear combination 
ture given by the matrix 21 . If the function f is changed the
general discussion regarding h , g , g m , and V m remains the
same. Assuming that the potential coefficients V m ,

m M , ..., 2M remain unchanged for new f we get new
values of g m and potential constraints on V m ,
_


m
 1, . . . ,M 1. However, because of the integration in Eq.
20 , the function g and the wave function can change
considerably.




  S  

If necessary, negative powers !#i 5 0 can be also included. The

R    /
potential coefficients V 1 /, ..., V 2M appear in hOm ,mO
6 i /, @
!8i 7 1, . . . ,2M
. Assuming further SgO
m 9 R f O
m : 0 for Um ; 0 and R O O 
RO
  R R
Um < M /, the matrix = h i j> has nonzero elements in the rows R   
=

?8@
2B

A

A
C
i 0,..., n and columns j 0,..., n 2M . To reduce the
Dnumber of columns, we start with the last one Fj E An G =2 M and @
V
determine Sg in such a way that the only nonzero element
h I H Vin M this column becomes zero. This leads to

SgK82nM,nJ V2M82LM so that SgLNM MPOPQ V82LM .
us assume for a moment that the
potential is quadratic
J
M
 (
MLet
R 1).
SgS0 Mfrom
In this case we calculate
the condition that


Kthe remaining nonzero element hn ,nI T 1 in the
AVU 1)th row

=23X 2with a
S8
equals zero. As a result, the eigenvalue problem(n W 

square matrix is obtained. We see that the problem of the K

/
S / S 
Yquadratic oscillators can be solved easily.
/
Z
[ =


SO 
For quartic and higher-order potentials (M 2,3, . . . ),


/
/
however, we get more nonzero elements in the columns

2\ A] = _

^
T

A
`
j n 2 M 1, . . . ,n 1 than in the case of the quadratic
@oscillators. In this case, Sg M a 1 /, ..., SgS0 must be determined K
Mfrom the condition that the columns 2j b AVn c =2
M d 1,nA Y
M f =2,..., An g M are linearly dependent on the columns
e = 2

S O /

 i
2h
T
j 0,..., An @of the matrix h E. To reduce the number of
linearly
columns of h /, we must continue to in
Ktroduce independent
some constraints on the potential coefficients that
2were arbitrary until now. Considering the columns 

Fj Ak _
l

Am 1 we can calculate V Lo
n
j n M 1, . . . ,n
M 1 /, ..., V 1 as a

function of V L M /, ..., V 8 2L M . Solving
m
then? Fthet remaining problem p 23q 2with the square matrix r h i js /, i /, j 0,..., An 2we can
R V
=
K
find the solution in the form u 22v . We see that the analytic

solution in the form w 22x exists for nonquadratic potentials `

/S/SO /
O 
@only if additional constraints on the potential coefficients are 
O /
R


2
U
/
introduced.
cWe note that, in general, the values of SgS0 /, ..., SgLM and a
SO 
O /

U

A

A
z
/
..., V M y 1 depend on the energy E and n . For n 0, we
= /
T
S 
TVcan1 , find
analytical solution with the corresponding
T

avalues ofonly
SgS0 /, one
S
..., g M and V 1 /, ..., V M { 1 . Then we can get
analytical solutions
for A
n | 1, etc. Thus, the solutions are
@obtained in certain multiplets
to different valIV. QUARTIC ANHARMONIC OSCILLATOR
ues of An . Our An Tcorresponds tocorresponding
the quantum number An @of the

The potential has the form
oscillator for which the matrix h Tcan be easily
harmonic
 n  1)gS SgS2
diagonalized and the energies E ~n } (2 A
~

1
0

( An 1/2) are obtained.

V 
x  V 1
x V 8 2 x 2 V  3 x 3 V 4 x 4 /, V ~4 0
In general,
the best chance to find the analytical solution

Vis for
=2. Assuming SgO
0 for U
An 0 when the matrix h reduces to one row. The co- Tcorresponding to 
m 0,1,2 and
m
efficients SgOm are then given by equations hS0#j 0, R f ( x )  x Kthe matrixMh equals
hO
O
m ,m

m U
m 1 i, 2
U
=2 Umg 8~ =2 Sg SgSI
2

1 0

2mg S0

=2 Sg8~
2

Sg~8S20 Sg 1 i,0
=2 Sg8 SgSI Sg 2 V8
2 0
2
1

U 1
2mg

i, 1

V 1

i,1

i,2

=2 Sg Sg8~ V
1 2
3

i,3

Sg 22 

V 4 

i,4 .

53

METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF . . .

A

=25A
 x Sg  x exp SgS0;x : Sg 1 x 2=/2< Sg82 x3?/3> @ B
Mfor Sg8CDE VF satisfy the Schrodinger equation G 1H . How4
ever, 2they diverge
 x IKJ @or ; x LNM=O /, as concluded in the
for ;


+-, /.10 32 546 87
9

First we discuss the ground state corresponding to n 0. The

most
simple wave function with no
is given by the left
 S  
eigenvector
jc
Om  Om ,0 so that ( x )nodes
g ( x ) . To find  it is
sufficient to find SgOm and the potential constraint on V 1 for
2which hS0,i  0,?i  v4,..., 1. Two possible solutions of these
equations are as follows. The coefficients SgOm are given by
Sg 2   V 4/, Sg 1  V3 /  2gS 2 /, SgS0  V 2 Sg 21! / " 2gS 2#
and the potential constraint giving V 1 as a function of
V
V 2 /, ..., V 4 is
=
=
V 1 $ 2 Sg 1 Sg S0 % 2 Sg 8 2 .
The energy E equals
(E & hS)00( Sg 1 * Sg8S2 .
'
0

previous section.

For the higher multiplets AQ

n P 0 the situation is analogous.
We see therefore that the wave functions of the quartic anharmonic oscillator cannot have the form R 22S with g ( x )
given by Eq. T 25U .

V. SEXTIC ANHARMONIC OSCILLATOR

^/

VW /
x XY V 1x Z\[[[
] V ^ 6 x 6 ,

Assuming further SgO

`
m

V ^6 _ 0.

0, b
m a 0,..., 3 the matrix h becomes

Uhm g Ujm i 1 kl i, m 2 n 2mg

U Sp0 o i, q 1 rs 2mg
U 1 t SgS20 u Sg 1vw i,0
8 m
=
=
=
=
xy = U
2 mg 82 z 2 Sg 1 Sg S|0 { 2 Sg 82 } V 1 ~ i,1  2 Umg 3 2 Sg 8 2 Sg S|0 Sg 21 3 Sg |3 V 82 


S 3SgS|0 2gS 1Sg 2 V3 i,3
2gS 1Sg|3 Sg822 V 4 i,4 2gS 2Sg3
2g

i dfe

values of Sg O m and the potential

constraints are found
Jby The

solving successively h S 0
j 0, j 6,..., 1.
The coefficients Sg O m equal
Sg3  V^6/, Sg 2 V5 / 2gS 3 /, Sg 1  V 4 Sg8822 / 2gS
3 /,
SgS0  V|3 2gS 1Sg82 / 2gS
3 /,
26
2where the sign before V^6 follows from the boundary
Tconditions at ; x N= . These equations for SgOm are also valid
Mfor all the higher multiplets AQn 1,2, . . . .
The coefficients V  3 /, ..., V ^ 6 Tcan be arbitrary. Two remaining coefficients are given by the potential constraints
= S S S| = S 8 / 8| S |82 = S 8 S S| m S 
V 1 2 g 1g 0 2 g 2 ,

and

V 5 

 x exp SgS0;x Sg 1 x82/2 Sg 2 x3/3 Sg3 xF4?/4 .

This function has no nodes and is therefore the ground-state

2wave function. We see that the analytic solution exists for the
asymmetric potential with general potential coefficients

p
V  3 /, ..., V ^ 6 . In 8 /, the solutions were found for the even
potential only.

In a special case of the even potential,

F|

 ^/

V 5
x  V 2 x 2 V 4 x 4 V ^ 6 x 6 ,

V ^6 

i,6 .

 8  Qv

V 4 x 2 / 4 V ^6  V ^ 6 x 4 /4 .

V 2 g 1 2 g 2g 0 3 g 3 .

- / 8

Sg23

i,5 

has one more parameter than the example given

VinThis 1 result

.
These
equations give the ground state of the sextic
double-well potential.
If V 4 0, the energy E lies below the
maximum of the potential
 x 0 and the wave function has
;

Ktwo maxima at ; x  Vat4 /(2
V 6 ).
n 1
B.

('E hS)00 Sg 1 Sg8S2

0

 8|

 x exp

; 5 

The corresponding energy and wave function equal

i,2

much more simple formulas are obtained,

8 
m

V 8 2 V F 24 / 4V ^6 1 3 V ^ 6 /,
(E VF4 / Q=2 V^
6 /,
'

n 0
A. Q

and

S  

The potential is assumed in the form

It can easily be verified that both functions

hO O
c
m ,m

2013

In this case, we solve successively the equations

1 
mj
m  S0 c
m  h



m j  0

27

 
for j 7,..., 0. First we solve these equations
 for

 
j 7,..., 4. This leads to Eqs.  26 . Then, Eq.  27 for

j 3 gives
!&%

$ ! $g S#' 5 $g) .
V !#2 " $g 21 2g
2 0
3

.- 

Assuming for simplicity c 1 + 1 we get from Eq. , 27 for

/
j 2

c S&021 3h / 3h 5
S 02 476 V 1 8
0
12

<;

$ $g S&9 4g$ / 2g$ )>= .

2g
1 0
2:
3

)#C7D
L

$ 6 $g $g S>G V 2 H7I 32$g ! 2 J 4g$ $g )#K 12g$ 2 $g S2

10g
2E
1 0
1 3
1
2
1 0
)#O P !

P ) )&R F

$ $gS $g !>M V 32$g !3 8 $g ) 2 $g S#Q 8 $g 3 $gS 3 64$g $g S $g! 2

40g
1 0 2
1 0 2
1N
2
3 0
1 0

S P8 $g 21 $g S0 $g )#3 T

The same form of the potential also will be assumed for the

$ $g $g #) U V40$g 2 $g S2 $g W 0.
16g
1 2 3
1 0 2

Thus, depending on the values

of V ) 3 X, ..., V 6 X, we can get up

Yto
real
Z values of V 1 for which the analytical solution of
Ythethree
Schrodinger equation
The corresponding energy
]  exists.
^ 
[obtained from Eq. \ .
27 for j 0,1 equals
V
_a`7b 2 c7d F $ !&e V $ $ S>f
$ $gS $g !#i P8 $g 2
E V 1 6 g 2 4 g 1 g 0 V 1 g 4 $g 21 $g S 20 h 12g
1 0 2
2
j F6 $g $g )#k 2g$ !S 2 $g )ml </ n 2g$ )>o

-order multiplets. Because of the symmetry of the poYhigher

tential the number of potential constraints reduces to one,
!# 
V 2 $g 21 7 $g ) 3 .

There are two energies,

The last constraint leads to $g S&0 0. The energy and wave

function with one node corresponding to this potential equal
E 3 $g 1

_ ( $  $ 2 F $ )
5g1 2 g1 6g3
E

0 3

pand the wave function is

qsr tvuw7x  S#y  tvz {}|m~ $ S ts $ t 2  $ ! t ) 3  $ ) t 4 
x
c c x exp g x g x /2 g x /3 g x /4
0

This function has one node and represents the first excited-

state wave function.


In a special case c S&0 0 a more simple result with three
potential constraints instead
of two is obtained. The potential
constraints are
V
V 1 2 4 $g ! 2 X,

V !&2 2 5 $g )#3 $g 21 X,

V )&3 2 $g 1 $g ! 2 .

V2 g1 9g3 ,

pand
P X

.In
 8,

s tv t { $ t ! 2  $ t ) 3  $ ) t 4 
x x exp g x /2 g x /3 g x /4
1

28

a special analytic solution corresponding to Eq.

28 for the even potential was given. In this paper, we have
found solutions for a more general asymmetric potential.

n 2
C.

././.



0
0

A )
2ng
3

exp 
 _E  t x 
/6 {



$g t x 2 
/2 $g ) t x 4 /4

Y
The  sign denotes the first excited state  the corresponding
wave function has one node . The  sign denotes the third
{excited state  Ythe wave function has three nodes .

General discussion leads to rather complicated expres-

$g

pand
t t
 $
x x 1 3g

E. Higher-order multiplets for n even

sions that will not be given here. We discuss only the special
case c S# 0,c 0,c 0. Analyzing the equations
0
1
2
2  3
.
_    
0, j 0,..., 8
29
m j E 
mj
m S 0 c 
m h 

!#

$ )
E 3 $g 1 2 $g 21 2g
3

pand wave functions

tv7
_  m $ t 2  $ ) t 4 
x
1 7 $g 1 E t x 2 /2 {}
exp g 1 x /2 g 3 x /4
solving the SchroZdinger equation in this case. The sign
Z
Y
denotes the ground state the wave function has no
nodes . The sign denotes the second excited state Ythe


wave function has two nodes . We also see that _
E
E .

D.

n 3

Now we search for a special solution of Eq. 14 correY

sponding to c  0 for
m 1,3 the solution with the odd
m
parity pand the even potential. We get the following result:
!#
!& $ 2 $ ) X

1 3

53

we get conditions $g S# $g!& 0. It follows from these equations

2
Ythat the potential V(0t x ) must
be even,
!t #2 t &4 t 6
V V 2x V 4x V 6x .

Then we solve two equations following from Eq. ? 27@ for

A 
B
j 0 and j 1 and get the cubic equation for V 1
V 31

K, AND V. SPIRKO
LA, J. CIZEK, J. DVORA
L. SKA

2014

5 $g

12

././.
0/0/0
>/>>

%&

 A ' V( $ )
2n 4 g3
$
9g
0

././.


0
0

The energies and wave functions corresponding to the

{even potential are given by the constraint

! 
! $ 2  A  "! $ )
V2 g1

2n 3 g3

pand eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

A , P8 - $g) 3
2n
0

0
0
*+
/. ./.
././.
../.
12 An 3 2 465 An 7 "83 :9 2 An ; "<3 $g = V4 $g)
? AAn @ An B 1 C E2 AnD F 1 G $g
0
1

H I

KJ

The left eigenvectors of this matrix with the components c S 0 X, c ! 2 X, ..., c n give An /2 1 even wave functions


METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF . . .

53

H\
PRQ tTx SVUXW
Z Y [

_
`
c !  t x 2m {
exp ]^ $g 1t x 2 /2 $g ) 3t x 4 /4
2m

n /2

m 0

2015

F. Higher-order multiplets for n odd

Again, we assume the even potential. The energies and wave functions corresponding to the potential constraint

a

V ! 2 $g 21

bc 2 dn e "f3 $g)

pare given by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix


d i 2 j $g ) 3
3 $g 1 gh 2n
0
F p
$7 g
d
k F6
2n o 6 $g ) 3
l
n
m
1

q 20
$
0
11g


0
0
rns 2 dn t 10 u $g)
.
vv/v
v/v/v
v/v/v
v/v/v
vv/v
v/v/v

w/w/w

xy dAn z 2 {}| dn ~ 3 2nd 3 $g 4g$ )
0
0

//

dn dn 1 2 dn 1 $g
0
0
0

d 1)/2 odd wave functions:
The left eigenvectors of this matrix with the components c X, c ) X, ..., c H Igive (n
H \
K

tx V c! Z t x Z {
exp  $g t x /2 $g ) t x /4 .
Z [


n 1 /2

2m 1

m 0

2m 1

VI. HIGHER-ORDER ANHARMONIC OSCILLATORS

As shown in Sec. III, analytically solvable anharmonic oscillators are only those with the highest-order term x
k is an integer.

4k 2

X, where

The solution of the problem of the higher-order oscillators is analogous to that for the sextic oscillator. As an example we

consider the decadic oscillator with

Rn

V V 1t x

V 10t x 10X,

V 10 0.

Z  
3  Z
h
m m 1 } 2 mg[  2 mg $g[ $g } !
 2mg
! 2g$ $g[ 2g$ ! V }  2mg
) 2g$ ! $g[ $g 3 $g) V!
 2 mg 2 $g) $g[ 2 $g $g V4 $g V)}  2 mg 2 $g $g) 2 $g $g[ $g (5 $g V }
n 2g$ $g 2g$ $g) 2g$ $g[ V} n 2g$ $g 2g$ $g $g!) V
n 2 $g) $g 2 $g! $g V} n 2 $g) $g $g V
  2 $g $g
V   $g 

Assuming $g  m 0 for m 0,..., 5 the matrix h has the form

m ,m i

i, 2

1 0

3 0

1 2

1 4

5 0

2 5

2
0

i,1

2 3

3 4

0 i, 1

2 0

i,3

i,5

i,7

3 5

! V X,
10

$g

4"

$ & X,
V  9 / 2g
5
#%$

$g )
'( V
3

8)

$g 2 *
4

$g [
;< V=
0

i,6

2
3

4 5

i,4

2
5

i,9

V 10

i,10 .

$ $g
K 3 $g)L $g 2 X,
V 2 J 2g
2 0
3
1

$ $g)Q 2g$ $gR 5 $g

S $g ! 2 .
V
4 P 2g
1 3
4 0
5
2
the analytic solution exists for the asymmetric poten
YAgain,
n T 0 is
tial. The ground-state wave function of the singlet dE

Igiven by

Similarly to the sextic anharmonic oscillator we take

C V . These values are the same for all the multiplets.
5
10

E
Let us consider for example
n D 0.V Then, the potential con3

,

G
straints following from h 0,i 4,..., 1 are
0,i F

2
2

$ ) $g N 2g$ $g 4g$ X,
V )3 M 2g
3 0
1 2O
4

6
UWV Y
\ ]
t x X[Z {exp ^
$
`m _ 1 g `m a

$g
B

i,8

$ $g)> 2g$ $g / 2g$ A .

2g
2 3
1 4?
5
#%@

4 0

$g !./ V
0 2 $g) $g 1 #,/ 2 2 $g 3 X, $g V6 $g )2 7 2 $g ! $g 8 #,/ 9 2 $g :
2
3 4
5
1 45
2 4
5
7
6
3

pand

2 4

i,2

1 3

$ - X,
/ 2g
5

#,+

$ $g
I 2g$ X,
V 1 H 2g
1 0
2

Solving equations h  n ,n i  0 for i 10, . . . ,5 the following


values of $g  m pare obtained:

$g

2
1

1 5

2
4



i,0

The corresponding energy equals

t  m #/ b m

1x

_dc $
E g

Results for the higher-order multiplets are analogous

Ythose
for the sextic oscillator and will not be given here.
g

to

Ythat to fulfill these boundary conditions the relation

$g [6 $g
0

h 10i with the potential

{srtu kwv k [ x y z|{~} !2

n o
p
V j k[r l[m D 1 q exp

r r0 /a

i 1

where

EGF

dn;=<?> V 2y/ @ 2 $g AB

max

Such potentials are more general than the original Morse

{exp t x , V !
1
{exp t x % 2 X,
V V1 1
2

which is equivalent to the original Morse potential

V !
2 0,

32

3  `
h m ,m

$g tx [ {exp

$g [
$g f tx ,
0

$g {
exp   t
x


dx

exp

$g[
0

En

$g

ij

ij

following system of recurrence equations:

c 

1,

 c 3h  _E  0,

c ! 3h  !  c  3h   _
0,

E  c 3h  
{
3
3! !  34


c 3 h
c 3h _


E c h c h 0,
o2i dIn 2, . . . ,1,
c [ 3h [ E  c 3h c 3h 0.

c 3h 

i,2 .


3

V!2

i 1 i 1,i

n 1

n 1,n 1

i,i

0,0

n ,n

n n ,n 1

i 1 i 1,i

1 10

i 2 i 2,i

2 20

VIII. QUARTIC MORSE OSCILLATOR

   

$
V 1 / 2g
1
y



 d

0 for a given n X, the

 

Now we discuss the quartic oscillator with the potential

{
  
31 for M 2. For the quartic and higher-order Morse oscil-

lators, we write the function $g pas

1/2 n

$:g tx  {exp

must be used. In contrast to the anharmonic oscillators, $g 0 is

pa function of n . In order to get bound states the wave funcYtion must be finite for t x
. It follows from

It can be shown that the results of this section agree with

known results for the standard Morse oscillator with the poYtential 30 .

must be taken. Similarly, to get h n ,n


value

2
0.

Ythe value

n 2 n 2,n 1

$g [

2
0

n 1 n 1,n

$g t x
1

S
T 2 dIn U 1 V $g W $g[

X
Y 2 dIn Z 1 [ $g \ $g[ ]
^ 2 dIn _ 1 ` $g
a b V y / c 2 $g de
f dIn g 1/2j h lki

33
3

o
r
p
q
pare the eigenvalues of the matrix m h X, i X, j 0,..., dn since
_ X n o X pxw 
Ythe columns of the matrix s 3h
E , i , j 0,..., dn pare lint
v
u
{early dependent. It is worth noting that, except for the ex
pression for $g [ X, Eq. y {z
33 is the same as that for the energy
! of
Ythe harmonic oscillator
with the potential {
V |  V t#
x } V tx .

To get corresponding c  we solve Eq. ~ 23 X, leading to the
_

{ 

This equation shows that the energies

Taking into account the expression for $g (t x ),

3  )R
h m ,m

$
m m 1  i, 2 m 2m 1 2g 0 i, 1

$  2g$
$ $ !2
m m 2g
0
1 g 1 g 0 i,0
  $

 $
g 1 2
m 2 g 0 1 [ V 1 i,1  V !
2 $g 21 

30 .

For the quadratic Morse oscillator (M 1) there are no

constraints so that all the multiplets E
n 0,1, . . .

belong to the same potential.

3

Assuming $g `
m 0 for m 1 the matrix h becomes

potential

1/2 $g 1 X,

denotes the integer part. Therefore, only a finite

number of bound states for dIn H 0,..., dn ; {exists. There are
max
y
J
no bound states for V 1 /(2 $g 1 ) 1/2 K $g3 1 L 0. 3


To get the eigenvalues we assume h  n ,nM 1 N h  n ,nO !2 P 0 for
pa given dn pand make use of the summation rule

potential and can describe, for example, potentials with reso-

boundary conditions are obeyed. We get

31

nances when the barrier higher than the value of the potential
pat tx {exists. As we pointed out in Sec. III, in case of the
Morse oscillators we are not limited by the
generalized
^ V 
2 M 4 k 2 rule valid for the anharmonic oscillators and
positive integer.
M can be an arbitrary
t [

W e take
now
f
(
x
)
1 {exp( t x) so that f
0 1,f 1 1,

pand f ` 0 otherwise.
m
First we discuss briefly the quadratic Morse oscillator
with the potential

30

{exp  Yt x % i .
Vi 1

x
V tY

max

! 2 M

must be valid. Taking into account the form of $g[8 $g[ ( dn ) we

see that there is a maximum value of d:n 9 dn; for which the

is of considerable interest in molecular

physics. In this paper,

use the variable t

x ( k
r kr 0 )/ za pand discuss generalized
Morse potentials in the form

we

m 0

VII. QUADRATIC MORSE OSCILLATOR

The Morse oscillator

53


!#" tx $%'& c)* 1 + 
{exp,.- 0t x /21  4$g 3 t0x 5
) ( [

$g [ 2 .

1e

K, AND V. SPIRKO
LA, J. CIZEK, J. DVORA
L. SKA

2016

' [
)
M

m 0

where

$g 

I t0x

mG m

X,

METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF . . .

53

1 :f tx 

GI t x


G! tx  t x
2

dx .

G[ 0t x 

3  )
h m ,m

!
[
m! 2mg
[ 2mg
$g![
? m m 1
2m m 2mg

 2 mg  2 mg! 2 $g $g[ 2 $g! $g
V    2 mg! 2 $g! $g[  $g 
 2g$ $g  V)  !" $g! # V $ % .
2

i, 2

1 2

1 0

2
2

i,3

i, 1

i,4

3
 o)( V
Solving successively h & ' 0,i 4,..., 2 for a Igiven dn we
Iget
$
the coefficients g  :
$g !*,+,- V . X, $g V ) y)/ 0 2g$ !1 X,
/

!
5
$g [23 V!4 $g y7/ 6 2 $g!8:9 d<n ; 1.
35
= ?>

i,1

vxw tzx y:{

n ,n i

27

V 4 X,

max

2
1

$g

$g

Q.

3  UT
h m ,m

XW d<Y

Z [ [ \

Similarly to the case of the quadratic Morse oscillator, this

lator equal

^ _ d<` a b [ c
i
A. g<
nh 0

[d

$ $g V .
E n 2 n 1 $g 2 $g 20 2g
1 0
1

jFor d<n k

[ml

0, we solve the condition h 01

Ytential constraint
 $ $ [o  $ !p $

e ?f
36

0 and get the po-

The energy and ground-state wave functions are given by

q 3 m[ r

pand

[ y)

$ 2g$ $g / 2g$ .
3 $g 1 4g
2
1 0
2

2
1

1 0

2
0

2 0

1 0

c

{
exp  tz
x 7 {exp

!2

~ [
U

m 0

[

) . X3 V. .
y

V ! 2 V ) 23 / 4V 4

The energy and wave function with one node equal in this

case

E 3 $g 1 $g 20

E h 00 $g 1

function has no nodes and the other has one node.

There is also a special solution corresponding to c  m
m 1 . This assumption
leads to the additional potential constraint
$ 1  0 or
2g
0

V 1 2 g 1g 0 2 g 2 g 1 .

$g ![2

38

$g G< tzx .

1
?
Because of Eq. 39 X, we can get two wave functions. One
0

{equation shows that the energies of the quartic Morse oscil-

tx : c[

2 n 1 $g ! 2 $g 20 2 $g 1 $g 0 V 1 .

< tzx

mG m

i,2

is the eigenvalue. The corresponding wave function equals

[]

c [ V

If the argument of the integer part is less than or equal to

zero, there are no bound states.
Assuming that n is given, the summation rule for the
quartic Morse oscillator equals

$g 

 

V!2

Equation 27 for j

d I

dn GH)I V J $g! K y7/ L 2g$ M:N 1 O

i,0

1 gives the potential constraint

$ 2g$ 2g$ $g[ $g ! 4g$ $g [ 2g$ . ?
39
V , 4g

?

d<Equation
n 1 27 for j 0 is satisfied since the energy 36 for
$ $g![ 2g$ $g [ V
E 4g

The expression for the maximum n giving the bound states is

pas follows:

for j

g 0 g 1 g 2 0.

1 we proceed similarly as in the case of

 the sextic
panharmonic oscillator. The system of equations ?
27 must be
pj (5,..., 0. The {equations for pj (5,4,3
fulfilled
for

 are valid
?
because of 35 . Assuming c 1, we calculate c [ from Eq.


4 C 0. A further obvious condition for the existence
[of the bound
states is
$ [D $ $ 
where V

!2

B. g<n

 $ ! 
2g2

|~U}  [

{exp

For d<
n

@,A,B

2 0

2
1

$g

m 0

To get bound states, we take

$g

2
0

2
1

{exp. 2t0x y/2.

. 0t x  

The matrix h for the quartic oscillator is given by the

formula

G tx  t x 
{exp 0t x X,

t x X,

2 exp

3 

These functions equal for the quartic oscillator

2017

t ?u

37

pand

x tzx : 1
{exp t x 7 {exp
[
U
2

m 0

$g 

X tx

mG m

K, AND V. SPIRKO
LA, J. CIZEK, J. DVORA
L. SKA

2018

g<

53

y V {WX z#Y y z 2 Z
$'g M tx NO {Q
expPSR $g [ 0tF
x T $g 1 U t x / z'
a exp ax / a
y
y ).a
[ $g!\ t x / za 2 ] 2exp^_ zB
ax ` / za 3 {
exp bc


? 
to case dX
n 1, we
zBd y/ e 2a
z )gfhji .
F
F solve Eq. 29 for
2ax
j Similarly

{
6,..., 0. The equations for j 6,5,4 are satisfied because
[of Eq. ?

p for To get finite $g (t x ) for tFx kmlHn we use
 c 1 we first solve Eq. 27
j 3 and35then. Assuming


for j 2. This leads to expressions for c and
c [ . Substituting these expressions to Eq. 23 for j 1, we
$g
o=p=q V .
Iget the cubic equation for V . The resulting expressions for r
From the same condition at tF
x sut we get
V X, c X, and c [ pare complex
and will not be given here. The


{energy is given by Eq. 36 pand the wave function equals
$g[.v $g y/ z*a w $g ! y/ za x 0.
 tx 
c[  c 1  {
yUsing the coefficients
exp  t
x  c ! 1  {
exp  t
x  
$g[.z|{ V $g!g~ y/  2g$
{exp !#" $g G '& tx ( .
}
 z'a d*n 1
%$ [
C. n 2

m 0

pand

In this case, up to three analytical solutions can be obtained.

These
solutions have one, two, and three nodes.


to  case n 1 a special solution with c 0 0,
Similarly

c 0, and c ! 0 corresponding to two additional potential
1
2
constraints

d*)

.-

$g

$g

[+

$g ! X ,
2

[0 *1

2
3

1
3

2 3

$g )
3

pand


3 

1 2

The matrix h for the sextic oscillator is

1 0

V 



0 3

i,5

$g ) 2 
3

V 

6

i, 1

i,1

i,3

2
2

1 3

2
0

V 6 X,

2 0

$g [+
, V )0

. y0/ 132 d5n 4

$ $g / 2g$ )
2g
1 2
3

To get the bound states, we take

3/2.

2
2

i,0

 $ !
2g

2
1

. 

3 $g ) 3 V ! 2

i,2

i,4

d    
$g ! V y"/ ! 2 $g)# X, $g V &' $g ! ( y"/ ) 2 $g )*
$
%
2

i,6 ,

for m 3 3is assumed.

F

h n ,n i 0,i 6,..., 3 we get the coSolving successively

{efficients $g  for a given n
m
m

2 3

* *



where $g 0


d d*

[gg | m 2m $g $g[g $g!.[ $g

!.| 2m m 2mg
 !  $ $ [.  $ ! $
 $ ). $ !g  $ ! $ [ $
2 mg 2 g g 2 g g V | 2
m g g
2g g g

!

$ $g 2g$ [ $g ) 3 $g). V )g
2g

| 2g$ $g). $g! V

i, 2

V 4 / za 2 .

3 and the function G) {equals

dx tx 3 exp tx ; 3 exp 2tx y/2
G) tx  1 7f tx  )
y
{
exp  3t
x /3.

7'f 8 tx 9;:=< 1 > {

y D tFE z ! yHG z ! t ) yHI6JJJ
X,
exp ?@ zB
ax AC / z'
a x ax /2 a x /6
where z'a K *0 L is used. The function $g {equals in this case
= m m 1
| 2 mg
| 2mg
).

 2 $g! $g)

 *
=
y

z V
V ) 3 / 2a
4

For the sextic oscillator M

The transition from the quartic Morse potential to the

Rquartic
anharmonic potential can be made if the function

IX. SEXTIC AND HIGHER-ORDER MORSE OSCILLATOR

E. Transition to anharmonic oscillator

3  %
h m ,m

4 65

'

The solution of Eq. 23 for higher n can be obtained in a

way as described above. However, the results are
complex and in general the numerical solution of Eq. 23 is
necessary.

  

V ) 3 / 2 $g ! 2

For za 0, this condition

can be fulfilled only for certain val

ues of n X, n 0,..., n max . It is obvious that for za 0
n max is less than zero and in agreement with our conclusion
in Sec. IV there are no bound states in the form assumed in
Ythis
paper.

D. Higher-order multiplets

V) y/ 4V  V y/ 2 V  'za d*n 1 

2 $g 0 3 0

2 3

Ythe last condition becomes

{exists. Detailed discussion will not be given here.

similar

2
1

where

9

$g)768

V 6 X,

V 6 0. Further condition for the existence of the

bound states is

$g [: $g

; $g!< $g)7= 0.

The expression for the maximum dn Igiving the bound states
0

{equals

dn?>@0A V)B
max

C y0D E3F HG
3/2

$ $g ! / 2g$ )
2g
1 2
3

$g

I $g!J $g)K .
2

53

METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF . . .

corresponding to different values of the quantum number dn

If the argument of the integer part is less than or equal to

Pzero,
there are no bound states.

[of the harmonic oscillator. In general, different solutions cor-

The summation rule for the sextic Morse oscillator,

3  SR
h m ,m

TU
[

$g !7[ 2 V $g !2 W
0

[7X

respond to different potentials.

Let! us assume
now that the potential has the form

 2mM V  m f m X, V 2M 0. It has been shown that the condiV
Ytions for $g  necessary for the existence of bound states folm

t t
low from the form of the function $g (V t x ) . For
 f ( x ) x X, analytic solutions exist only for 2M 4 k 2, where k is an
integer.
This method is a generalization of the approaches known
from the moment method and the Hill determinant method
pand its main advantages are 1 known properties of f (t x ) for
which the analytical solution exist, 2 pa formula for $g (t x )
with parameters $g  Ythat can be found from the solution of
m
Ythe eigenvalue problem
14 X, 3 pa straightforward discussion
[of the conditions for the existence of the bound states, V4 pa
unique approach to all analytically solvable problems of this
kind leading to the matrix 21 in which only f  m pand $g  m
pappear. In this way, a common algebraic representation for
pall these problems has been found.
the first application of our method, known results for
YtheAs
anharmonic oscillators have been critically recalculated
pand some new results have been obtained. It has been shown
Ythat the analytic solution is possible only if 2M 4k 2,
where k is an integer. For the sextic (k 1) and decadic


( k 2 ) oscillators a few new solutions for the asymmetric
potential V have been given.
*
Another interesting problem is the generalized Morse oscillator, which is of interest in molecular physics. In contrast
Yto the anharmonic oscillators, the analytic solutions exist for
pany 2M . We have discussed analytic solutions for the quaZ
dratic, quartic, sextic, and higher-order oscillators. New results have been found for the quartic and higher-order gen{eralized Morse oscillators. For the quartic oscillator, analytic
solutions for the multiplets n 0,1 and n 2 have been discussed. The transition from the quartic Morse oscillator to
Ythe quartic anharmonic oscillator has also been made, confirming our previous conclusions. For the sextic
 oscillator,
general formulas for $g  m pand the multiplet n 0 have been
investigated.
method is applicable to any problem with the potenYtialOur
V pand function f satisfying assumptions given above.
Generalization to more dimensions is also possible.

$ $g 2g$ $g 2g$ $g 2g$ ) $g

2g
1 0
2 0
1 2
3 0

[7Y

V1 V2

2
1

2
0

1 0

2 0

1 2

3 0

0 1

1 2

yz t|x {3}

{exp

2
1

)3

~S [

m 0

2 0

3 0

pand

2
0

$g 

Gl t x
m

X. CONCLUSIONS

dl

d5

In this paper, a method

for calculating the analytic soluZ
Ytions
of the Schrodinger equation similar to the moment

Morse oscillator. They will not be given here.

method and the Hill determinant method has been suggested.

First,  the potential is assumed in the form V(t x )
 m V m f m X, where f f (t x ) is a function that must satisfy
certain
described below. In general, the summaYtion canconditions
also run over the negative values of m . Then, the
wave function is assumed to be a finite linear combination of
Ythe functions  f  m $g X, where $g $g (t x ) is a convenient funcm
Ytion. To get analytical
it is assumed that the HamilYtonian transforms this solutions,
basis set into itself. From the last assumption, we conclude that the derivative of f must be a

finite linear combination of f m with the coefficients f  m . The
same condition must be valid for the logarithmic derivative
[of $g X, i.e., $g y/ $g . For a given function f X, the function $g can
{easily be calculated from the equation $g (t x )
{exp(
 $gm f mdx), where $g m pare constants. If the last expression andm the
expression for f pare used in the SchroZ
dinger equation, a simple eigenvalue problem 14 with the
matrix 21 is obtained. To get the analytic solution, the constants $g  must be determined in such a way that the analytic
m
{eigenvalues
and left eigenvectors of this matrix exist. In gen{eral, some constraints on the potential coefficients also must

be introduced. It appears that the solutions exist in multiplets

The other calculations for the sextic and higher-order

Morse
oscillators are analogous to that for the quadratic

V ) 3 X,

leads to the energies

_ ^_a` $ [ b $ c  $ $ [d  $ ! $ [e  $ $ !7f  $ ) $ [7g
E
g g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g g V h V!
i V ) X,
where $g [7j $g [ ( dn ) and constraints on V X, V ! X, V) Zdepend also
[on dn .
rFor example, for dln k 0 we get

$ [ $g 2g$ $g X, V $g q 2g$ $g[7r 2g$ 3 $g ) X,

V m 2g
n o
p
s
$ $g 2g$ ) $g [v 3 $g ) X,
V )7t 2g
u
!
E w $g x $ g [
n

2019

d5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and EnIgineering

. X,
Research Council Grant in Aid of Research J.C

which

is hereby acknowledged. Further, we would like to

{express our gratitude to Professor R. LeRoy, Department of

Chemistry, University of Waterloo, for his assistance with

Ythe use of the Silicon Graphics computer where the majority

[of our results was obtained.

APPENDIX

It is interesting to notice that the case of the quadratic

Morse potential, Eq. 30 X, can be treated using the algebraic

R2020
Zmethods.

This was recognized

by many authors and it is

described, for example, in 22 . However,
it is convenient for
{experimental purposes see, e.g., 23 X, p. 8 Yto consider the
potential in the form 32 . For the algebraic approaches, we

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1985 .
2 793
Phys. Lett. 67A, 13 1978 .
3 J.D.Killingbeck,
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M
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V. Singh, S.N. Biswas, and K. Datta, Phys. Rev. D 18, 1901
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 10
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+ ,
12
4 135

M. Vicher, thesis, Charles University, Prague, 1994  unpublished .

P.M. Morse, Phys. Rev. 34, 57 ! 1929" .
%S.
'
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%
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M. Znojil, review in Rigorous Results in Quantum Mechanics,

k53

K, AND V. SoPIRKO
lLA, J. CIZmEK, J. DVORnA
L. SKA

V
refer to the paper 
25 X, namely, to Eq. 45 . If we put dl
n 1,

1/2 (V V  E pand
X, b [V
B
VV X, V! D_E V1/4 2V
into Eqs. 42 pand 52 [
of 24 X, the for
mula 33 is obtained.
1

9 14:
= >
15
A 16B
E F
I 17
18J

M N
19
Q RT
S
20
Y RT
Z
] 21^
22
b RT
c
23
g h
24

edited by J. Dittrich and P. Exner 6 World Scientific, Singapore,

19918 .

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