FORE SCHOOL OF

MANAGEMENT
Business Research Methods
Project

One-Way ANOVA
Submitted to:
Prof Alok Kumar
FORE School of Management
Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi
Submitted by:
Arun Behl 231034

FMG23-A
12nd March 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many people. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in completion of this project. I
would like to show my greatest appreciation to Prof. ALOK KUMAR (FORE
School of Management). I can't thank him enough for his tremendous
support and help. Without his encouragement and guidance this project
would not have got materialized. I would also like to thank my friends for
their support and cooperation. My appreciation also goes to the FORE
School Of Management for allowing me access to various resources, and
to the College Library.

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................i
One-way ANOVA in SPSS Statistics..................................................................1
Introduction.................................................................................................1
QUESTION....................................................................................................2
Goal.............................................................................................................3
Solution.......................................................................................................3
SPSS OUTPUT..............................................................................................6
POST HOC TESTS.........................................................................................7

One-way ANOVA in SPSS Statistics

Introduction
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether
there are any significant differences between the means of two or more
independent (unrelated) groups (although you tend to only see it used
when there are a minimum of three, rather than two groups). For example,
you could use a one-way ANOVA to understand whether exam
performance differed based on test anxiety levels amongst students,
dividing students into three independent groups (e.g., low, medium and
high-stressed students). Also, it is important to realize that the one-way
ANOVA is an omnibus test statistic and cannot tell you which specific
groups were significantly different from each other; it only tells you that at
least two groups were different. Since you may have three, four, five or
more groups in your study design, determining which of these groups
differ from each other is important. You can do this using a post-hoc test.
The ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that samples in two or more groups
are drawn from populations with the same mean values. To do this, two
estimates are made of the population variance. These estimates rely on
certain assumptions. The ANOVA produces an F-statistic, the ratio of the
variance calculated among the means to the variance within the samples.
If the group means are drawn from populations with the same mean
values, the variance between the group means should be lower than the
variance of the samples, following the central limit theorem. A higher ratio
therefore implies that the samples were drawn from populations with
different mean values.
Typically, however, the one-way ANOVA is used to test for differences
among at least three groups, since the two-group case can be covered by
a t-test. When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the Ftest are equivalent; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t2.

There are several types of ANOVA. Many statisticians base ANOVA on

the design of the experiment, especially on the protocol that specifies
the random assignment of treatments to subjects; the protocol's
description of the assignment mechanism should include a specification of
the structure of the treatments and of any blocking. It is also common to
apply ANOVA to observational data using an appropriate statistical model.
Some popular designs use the following types of ANOVA:

One-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among two or

more independent groups (means) e.g. different levels of urea
application in a crop, or different levels of antibiotic action on several
bacterial species, or different levels of effect of some medicine on
groups of patients. Typically, however, the one-way ANOVA is used to
test for differences among at least three groups, since the two-group
case can be covered by a t-test. When there are only two means to
compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent; the relation
between ANOVA and t is given by F = t2.

Factorial ANOVA is used when the experimenter wants to study the

interaction effects among the treatments.

Repeated measures ANOVA is used when the same subjects are

used for each treatment (e.g., in a longitudinal study).

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used when there is

more than one response variable.

EXAMPLE
Evaluation of training programs.
A manager wants to raise the productivity at his company by increasing
the speed at which his employees can use a particular spreadsheet
program. As he does not have the skills in-house, he employs an external
agency which provides training in this spreadsheet program. They offer 4
courses (each with a unique training method): a beginner, intermediate,
expert and advanced course. He is unsure which course is needed for the
type of work they do at his company, so he sends 4 employees on the
beginner course, 4 on the intermediate, 4 on the expert and 4 on the

advanced course. When they all return from the training, he gives them a
problem to solve using the spreadsheet program, and times how long it
takes them to complete the problem. He then compares the four different
methods used by four different courses (beginner, intermediate, expert,
advanced) to see if there are any differences in the average time it took to
complete the problem.

Following are the observations for various training program methods. The
values inside tells the learning time.
Meth
od 1

Meth
od 2

Meth
od 3

Meth
od 4

10
9
5
4

11
16
9
6

13
8
9
7

18
23
25
27

TABLE 1: Method is an independent variable. Learning time is the dependent variable.

Goal
To see if there is significant difference in learning time using different
training methods.

Solution
By looking at the question we can deduce that Learning Time is a
dependent variable. It depends on the Training Method used. Training
Method is an independent variable. To perform one-way ANOVA, for the
data listed in the data table which contain 4 independent random
samples, we should follow the listed steps.

STEP1. Enter the dependent variable values and the independent variable
(factor variable) values in the Date Editor. In the SPSS Data Editor sheet, it
contains a data sheet for a one-way layout design with four treatment
groups. The data in the following picture were scores from four training
methods. Method is the dependent variable and learning time is the
dependent variable.

STEP2. Click through the following menu selection: Analyze / Compare

Means / One-Way ANOVA.

STEP3. Select the dependent or response variable and put into the
Dependent List box, and put the method or treatment variable into Factor
box.

STEP4. Click Options button, check Descriptive and Homogeneity-ofVariance box, and click Continue and click OK.

STEP5. To perform multiple comparisons, in the ANOVA dialog box, click

the Post Hoc button and check Tukey or any other method and click
Continue and OK.
SPSS produces two tables. The multiple comparisons table containing
confidence intervals can help us to understand the difference between
each pairs of means. If interval doesnt cover zero, it implies that the
difference between the pair of means are statistically significant.

SPSS OUTPUT

Descriptives
Learning Time
N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound

Minimum

Maximum

Upper Bound

7.00

2.944

1.472

2.32

11.68

10

10.50

4.203

2.102

3.81

17.19

16

9.25

2.630

1.315

5.07

13.43

13

23.25

3.862

1.931

17.10

29.40

18

27

16

12.50

7.239

1.810

8.64

16.36

27

Total

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Learning Time
Levene Statistic
.285

df1

df2
3

Observation
P-value
indicates equal
variances

Sig.
12

.835

ANOVA
Learning Time
Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

Between Groups

641.500

213.833

Within Groups

144.500

12

12.042

Total

786.000

15

POST HOC TESTS

F
17.758

Sig.
.000

Observation
P-value indicating
significant
differences between
Training Methods

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Learning Time
Tukey HSD
(I) Training Method Used

(J) Training Method Used

Mean Difference

Std. Error

Sig.

(I-J)

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

-3.500

2.454

.508

-10.78

3.78

-2.250

2.454

.796

-9.53

5.03

-16.250*

2.454

.000

-23.53

-8.97

3.500

2.454

.508

-3.78

10.78

1.250

2.454

.955

-6.03

8.53

-12.750*

2.454

.001

-20.03

-5.47

2.250

2.454

.796

-5.03

9.53

-1.250

2.454

.955

-8.53

6.03

-14.000*

2.454

.000

-21.28

-6.72

16.250*

2.454

.000

8.97

23.53

12.750*

2.454

.001

5.47

20.03

14.000*

2.454

.000

6.72

21.28

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Homogeneous subset
The homogenous subsets table can help us to divide the four groups into
homogenous subgroups. Within each subgroup the difference in means is
statistically insignificant. The difference between average learning time of
Methods 1, 2 and 3 are statistically insignificant and their means are
significantly different from the mean from Method 4.
Learning Time
Tukey HSD
Training Method Used

Subset for alpha = 0.05

1

7.00

9.25

10.50

Sig.

23.25
.508

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4.000.

1.000