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RESEARCH
WHAT IS A CITY?
A city is a large, developed urban areas that has a considerably large population
density compared to other places. It must has buildings and some public services.
There are no exact definition for a city and it varies between countries.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD CITY?

LIVABILITY

Low pollution High usage of renewable energy

Clean and organized streets
Social areas (example: parks)
Good transportation means and connectivity between places
Good telecommunication services
Historical and cultural significance
Strong sense of place

SUSTAINABILITY

Good utilities
Good public service
High amount of residential areas (to overcome increasing population)
Good security
Sufficient energy and water supply
Excellent sewerage system

WHAT DO PEOPLE LOVE MOST ABOUT THEIR CITY

According to a survey conducted by planning and design firm Sasaki Associates:

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CITY ON THE WATER
VENICE, ITALY (400 A.D PRESENT)

HISTORY
The history of Venice began in 400 A.D as a safe haven or shelter from the Gothic
invasions that is happening in mainland Italy. Thousands fled and sought
sanctuary in the channels and shoals of the lagoon due to its geographical
advantage. By 450 A.D, the city has a large permanent population and because
of this, the city grew significantly.
What they did:
They decided to build further into nearby islands and extend the existing island
with wooden stilts and built on top of it.
Why:
To cater constantly increasing population and to solve overcrowding problems.
Problems:
Today, some parts of town is slowly sinking due to the fact that wood is not a
suitable material to be used for foundation. The rising of sea water due to global
warming also contribute to this fact.

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CITY ON THE WATER
PALM JUMEIRAH, DUBAI (2001 PRESENT)

HISTORY
The construction of Palm Jumeirah started in 2001 after years of feasibility study.
The idea directly from the ruler of Dubai and the project is developed by real
estate developer Nakheel Properties. The construction is finished in 2007 with more
than 4,000 luxury villas and apartments. At this time it is the largest artificial island
in the world.
What they did:
The whole island is made using land reclamation process. The island is made using
sand dredged from the bottom of the Persian Gulf which is then sprayed from the
dredging ships onto the required area. This process is known as rainbowing.
Breakwater is made using stones on the outer edge of the island to maintain the
shape of the island.
Why:
The main purpose of Palm Jumeirah is for luxurious residential, tourism and leisure
destination. It is also built as an incredible feat in engineering and construction.
Problems:
As the whole island is made from sand, erosion due to wind and water current is
one of the biggest problems faced. Furthermore, it also disrupt and damage the
marine environment and ecology due to the environment alterations.

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CITY ON THE WATER - CONCLUSION

According to the case study, reason why people build on the water is:

To cater more people due to increase in population.

To allow them to build more buildings (such as residential/commercial/
public service etc...) when there is no space available.
For tourism and leisure destination.

However, building on the water could led to many problems:

Sea level is slowly rising due to global warming. It is estimated that it could
rise between 50cm to 100cm by the year 2100.
The foundation of the city could led to erosion or corrosion over time.
It could greatly impact the marine environment and ecology.
It could be flooded more frequently, mainly during storms and rain.
Another problems would be that it will be affected by potential tsunamis
and earthquake.

HOW TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEMS?

The city foundation should be built slightly higher than the current water
levels. This allows the city to withstand rising sea level.
Reinforce the material used for the foundation with strong and leastreactive material.
Conserve the marine life by building aquariums and sanctuaries.
Build an automated flood control system in which it keeps the water level
consistent at all times.

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ECO-CITY
WHAT IS AN ECO-CITY?
In a simplistic term, an eco-city is basically an ecologically healthy city that is selfsustainable while keeping the function of natural ecosystems and living organisms.
It must:

Use renewable and clean energy significantly.

Use clean water.
Reusing and recycling waste whenever possible and has efficient waste
management.
Has clean and efficient transport method.
Contain lots of green spaces such as parks and natural forest.
Use green and eco-friendly technology.
Contain a good connectivity between key locations.

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X CITY RESEARCH
ANGKASA CITY

Terminology:
Angkasa means outer-space in Malay. It also refers to Malaysian National Space
Agency. This is to emphasize on the importance of science and technology the
city.
Why:
I decided that my city will has a main industry on astronomy and space-related
research along with tourism. This is to reflect the modernity and give importance
to the scientific community in the region. Astronomy is also one of the most
important scientific branch in the 21st century.
I also chose tourism as a secondary industry as Malaysia is one of the top tourism
destination in the world.

MAIN INDUSTRY
Space Research:

Rocket/satellite launch pad

Space centers and facilities
Space research centers/academy
Observatory
Deep space communication
complex
Discovery centers
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Tourism:

Marine life sanctuary and aquariums

Theme park
Resorts and Hotels
Culture and arts gallery
Recreational green space
Retails and shopping malls
Man-made beaches
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LOCATION

BACKGROUND INFO
Location: Selangor part of Malacca strait, Below Pelabuhan Klang
Depth: 20m 60m
Importance:

A popular and significant route for ships. (ie. 15 million barrels of oil and
petroleum products pass through it daily)
Strategically important route for China as nearly 80% of China's crude oil
imports pass through it to go to Africa and Middle East.

Risks:

Prone to tsunamis and mild earthquake.

A considerable security risk due to illegal migrants and much more rarely,
piracy (ship hijacks).

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AIMS

The key idea behind Angkasa City will be sustainable living. It means that
the city will have all the necessary things that can meet the aspiration of
todays residents as well as the futures.
It should be allowed to cater at least 500,000 people as the population
are steadily increasing.
The city will have an exceptionally good security by having a good security
structure.
It will be an ecologically friendly city, using renewable energy and clean
water and has almost zero carbon emission.
It will have integration between functional space and green space where
people could relax themselves in a clean and fresh environment.
It will have an effective and clean transportation means as well as good
connectivity between key locations to minimize carbon footprint.
The two main industry that will be focused on is space research and tourism
as these two industry are growing and are economically viable.

CITY INSPIRATION (IMAGES

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BASE PLAN EXPLANATION

The overall shape of the city is designed to look like a satellite from above.
It consist of three different types of shape circle, triangle and hexagon.
o The main foundation is circular in shape. This is to establish an
organized concentric grid in the city. This also allows the city to have
a definite center a main focal point of the city.
o All the residential areas is made with triangular blocks. This allows the
residential areas to be organized while also look unique and
interesting.
o Hexagons symbolize the future as it is often seen in futuristic
depictions. Both triangle and hexagons tessellate perfectly.
6 straight roads from the center of the city allows for impressive axis view.
The area below the circular grid is designated to be for tourism.
The area above the circular grid is designated for space research and
utilities (energy plants).
The outer circle acts like a wall against threats such as illegal immigrants
and tsunamis. There is several openings to allow visitors, each opening is
guarded by maritime officers.

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ANGKASA CITY FEATURES

RESIDENTIAL AREAS

The residential buildings are all located in triangular blocks in which the city
comprise of 81similar blocks.
Each residential block contain 6 residential condominium/apartment.
2 buildings are for lower-income residents, 2 are for middle-income residents
and the remaining 2 are for higher-income residents. They are all combined
so that each income class are more integrated with each other.
In the middle of the residential block is a community hall that include facility
like pools, gym, field and indoor sports court. It also contain a small park for
relaxing.
Each of those residential block contains a small dock for private boats.
There are only bicycle and pedestrian walkway in each blocks, no car is
allowed.
Close up view of a residential block.

Dock for
private boats

Community
hall with small field and
swimming pool
Connected with a
bridge to the main
platform

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Small Parks

6 high density
residential buildings

Guard house
for security

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RECREATIONAL AREAS

There are seven main parks scattered around the city evenly. These green
space is mainly for recreational and sport purposes. There will be many
trees/vegetation as well as open areas.
Along each highways there are also linear parks on each side of the road.
Each park will have a different design and layout. This is to make the city
more interesting by having many varieties of parks.

There is also a beautiful man-made beach at the southern most of the city.
This beach will be over 1KM long enough space for a lot of people.

There will be a stadium complex at the north-east of the city. This will contain
a multi-purpose stadium, a smaller stadium as well as many other sport
facilities.

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

There are six schools and one public university in the city.
The schools are placed as such that most resident of the city can access it
with ease.
The schools will use state-of-the-art technologies and methods for efficient
and engaging learning. Examples are interactive boards, computerized
learning etc
The schools will also have many facilities for the students and teachers that
are not found in todays government schools such as theater hall, indoor
sports court, swimming pool etc
The school should be able to cater large amount of students.
There is one main university located at the northern side of the city. This
university will provide wide range of courses that will benefit students living
in the city. It will also combined with an academic center for research and
development purposes.

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RELIGION AND CULTURE

There are 10 main religious centers in the city with 1 located at the center
of the city.
7 of those is dedicated to be a mosque as Muslim population in Malaysia is
the highest and Islam being the official religion.
3 will be for other majority religion such as Catholic Christian, Hinduism and
Buddhism.
Although it is a post-modern city, Malaysian culture and tradition such as
cuisine (street foods), attire, sports and media will be preserved.
There will be a cultural center specifically for tourist from other countries that
is eager to learn about Malaysian history and culture.
Everything regarded as a taboo such as casinos and clubs will not be built
in the city to respect the local culture.

COMMERCIAL AND RETAIL

Studies has found that 25% (refer to page 1) of people love to go shopping.
Therefore there should be many retails particularly located at the ground
floor of a commercial building thus can be accessed from the streets.
The city will have a big shopping mall for people who love indoor shopping.
Commercial areas located at the side of the main highway will be denser
higher skyscrapers as this allows for easy access to residents and visitors
alike.
Many other buildings in the commercial areas are office building, financial
establishments and businesses in general.
This are very important for stable income into the city. This will make the city
economically viable.
Business Park is a land in which many office buildings are grouped together.
The commercial building at the business park are much less denser and
more open thus create a comfortable environment. It is located at the
southern area of the city, around 3KM away from the city center.

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INDUSTRIAL
ECO-FRIENDLY INDUSTRY

All the industry in the city will be obliged eco-friendly technologies and
method to preserve the environment as well as to create a comfortable
clean and safe city.
The purpose of eco-friendly industry is to maximize profit but putting
environment preservation at a higher level; prioritize environment first.
It will follow a set of protocols to ensure impact to the environment is
minimized wherever possible. These are:
o Minimize the use of harmful chemicals or potentially harmful
chemicals such as CFCs that could greatly impact the environment.
o Minimize the total amount of greenhouse gases produce by using
alternative albeit more expensive method.
o Reduce, reuse and recycle method at industrial scale.
o Sustainability - Recognizing the importance of our planets limited
natural resources. This means that the eco-friendly industry will try to
meet with the demand of todays people without compromising
people living in the future.
o Using energy-saving materials and using renewable energy source
such as wind and solar energy. In our case we can also use
hydroelectric power.

SAFE AND COMFORTABLE WORKING SPACE

The industry will also care for the worker human rights and safety to ensure
that everyone gets a high quality of life. The city council will enforce a strict
rule to ensure every industry follow this set of ethical rules.
The industrial areas will have a small green space for the workers to relax
and have a calm state of mind during a break.

AGRICULTURE

My city will contain exactly 16 agricultural building. Each with similar

design making it easier to maintain.
These building will divide into several different agriculture uses such as
crops farming, vegetable farming and livestock.

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INDOOR, VERTICAL AND MULTI-LEVEL FARMING

Vertical farming is a new method of farming that is expanding upwards.

This save lots of space as well as doesnt require fertile land to build.
This is extremely efficient method in term of production as it could
produce lots of food for the growing population of the city the excess
product can be exported to other city/country.
The food produce will also be as organic as possible while making it safe
to eat.
One plausible design is to use a complex water spraying system and UV
lights to allow the vegetation to survive, grow and photosynthesize. It
could also contain windows and transparent roof to allow sunlight to
reach in thus saving some energy.
However farming this method isnt economically viable realistically as it is
very expensive to maintain.

INDOOR LIVESTOCK FARMING

Nowadays, many animals particularly from the developed countries are

raised indoor in one way or another.
However the livestock farms are not multi-leveled. By making it at least
several stories high, the farm could produce more products in a same
amount of land space and this means more efficiency.
However, indoor livestock farming has some cons, such as limiting the
movement of the animals, less natural nutrition for them as well as disease
can be spread rapidly.

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TOURISM

The city will be a tourist destination to attract visitors from all over Malaysia
and abroad. The reason why it is a tourist destination is because the city on
the water itself is unique and one-of-a-kind.
Tourism allows the city to gather lots of money from the visitors thus having
economic advantage.
There will be a large theme park at the tourism side of the city. This theme
park combines water theme park and with others such as roller coasters
and fun rides.
Furthermore, there will be many hotels and resorts to accommodate lots of
potential visitors.
The man-made beach is located just minutes away from all the hotels and
resorts. This is to allow easy access for the tourists and visitors.

GOVERNMENTAL AND PUBLIC SERVICES

SECURITY

Angkasa City aimed to be one of the safest and most secured city in the
world with extremely effective police and guards.
Reduction in economy inequality gap allows the city to have reduction in
crime rate. This is achieved by integrating different social class together.
Each residential block has its own security guards. Moreover, there will be a
bigger security center at the entrance of the city. There is also a maritime
security to monitor water transport movement at each opening of the city.
This is to prevent problems such as illegal immigrants, pirates and unwanted
visitors.
As the city is located at the border of Malaysia, there will be a small military
base equipped with military control anti-aircraft missile for border
protection in an unusually unlikely event such as terrorism.
In case of a powerful tsunamis, the city is fully built with a 10 meter outer
barrier that could minimize the tsunami impact.
The city platform is built to be able to absorb some degree shock and rapid
movement from the earth thus making it earthquake resistant. All the tall
buildings are also an earthquake resistance structures.

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Additionally, the city also have a police headquarters located at the

center of the city as well as a large fire station. This is so that the distance
needed to be covered are equal in all direction making it efficient.

HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER

There are 2 designated areas for hospitals, one located in the center of the
city to achieve maximum convenience for the residence.
There is a medical center covering an area of around 7 hectares which it is
located at the southeastern side of the city. This medical center contain a
few different medical institution/hospital as well as a medical academy.

GOVERNMENT BUILDING

Government building includes city hall, local council and main city
management offices.
The management offices manage the city foundation, maintenance and
monitor any potential threats and natural disaster that could impact the
city. It also manage all the other things like transportation and residence.
Government buildings is located in the middle of the city. This is to bring the
people closer to the government and management.

TRANSPORTATION
ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

There are 3 main highways in the city, the highways are elevated around
10 meters above the ground. This allows for space below the highway as
well as less disturbance for local residence.
Each road has a lane for vehicles and lane for bicycle as well as pedestrian
walkway.
There are many interconnecting roads where cars and other vehicle are
not allowed. These road are still wide enough for emergency vehicles to
get through easily.
The transit system is divided into 2 means of transport, a Maglev train and a
tram. The train railway is elevated slightly above the highways whereas the
tram move on the road.

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In addition to this, there is one longer train system that is connected to KLIA
and Kuala Lumpur to allow visitor to visit with ease.

METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION
Maglev Train
Maglev train uses magnetic levitation to create
a frictionless, quiet and high speed travel. This
means that the train will float over a guide-way
due to the basic principles of magnets. This
means that the train will not use the old style
track.
Maglev train can be used for Angkasa City-KLIAKuala Lumpur route as well as the citys transit system. Furthermore, it is one of the
fastest transportation method, able to reach the speed of 400km/h and above.
Ultra Low Floor Tram (ULF)
Ultra Low Floor Tram is a tram that is currently
used in Vienna, Austria and Oradea, Romania.
The specialty about the tram is that it has the
lowest floor height of its kind, making it unique
compared to other tram system.
It also have a contemporary design and are
suitable for less denser area such as the
residential areas. This means that people need
to wait slightly longer for another tram to arrive compared to the train.
Electric Cars (and Taxis)
Electric cars are much safer to the environment
as it produce zero emission of carbon based
chemicals.
Normal residence in the city are encourage to
use electric cars and all taxis will be using this
technology to preserve the environment. There
will be a charging station (much like a gas station) for people to charge their cars.
To create a sense of open space in the city, all cars are parked underground.
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Bicycles
This classic transportation system is the cleanest
and the most efficient to travel for short distance.
Every road in the city are to be provided with a
bicycle lane on both side. The lane is fitted with
roofing to protect cycler from high temperature.

Parking space such as this one should be

available in high density areas such as the
commercial areas and the recreational areas
for cycler to park safely and securely. This also
save lots of spaces.

Boats
Because the city is located on the water,
travelling by boat would be another possible
method of transportation.
There will be many small port/dock for the boats
at different part of the city. Each residential
block contain one dock.

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UTILITIES
ENERGY

My city will maximize as much as possible for using renewable and clean
energy.
There will be several energy generator source in case one break down or
does not work due to condition (no wind, night etc)

Solar Energy

Solar energy works by converting light source into energy, using the energy
of speeding photons (light particles) to create an electrical current in a
solar panel.
Solar energy will be the main energy source for the city, this is because as
the city is situated at the open sea, it will received as much sunlight as
possible if it isnt raining or night time.
The solar panel is placed in every buildings roof and all the skyscrapers
window will be equipped with integrated, transparent solar panel. This
allows many tall building to harness clean energy for their own usage.
Furthermore, the roof of a bicycle lane may also be equipped with solar
panels.

Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity use natural water from a
reservoir (in our case, the sea) which is then
move through and turn the turbine really fast.
This kinetic energy is converted in electrical
energy inside the powerhouse.
The intake of the water from the reservoir
can be controlled. It should also be designed
so that it minimize the impact on natural marine life.

This energy could be placed on the side of the foundation of the city rather
than on top of it, underwater. This allows for hydroelectricity to be used at
a large scale due to large amount of available space.

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Wind Energy

Acquiring wind energy from wind mills is another way of getting clean
energy.
There are many cons with wind mills for my city. Because of this, the wind
energy is use only by a small scale away from the dense area.
The cons are:
o Produce sound pollution due to its loud noise.
o Use up lots of space in the city, cant be built underground.
o Not as efficient compared to other types of renewable energy.

Solar Fuel

Solar fuel is a new technology of converting excess solar energy into a fuel
that can be stored and used later. Different method are being researched
to make these reaction a sustainable, environmentally friendly way.
This has lots of potential as it allows energy to be stored rather than wasted
and can be used when there is a greater demand of energy. This means
less waste.
Furthermore, solar fuel can be used as a green alternative to fossil fuel.

Underground Transmission Line

Transmission line is a line that transfer electrical energy from one place to
another.
Having underground transmission line instead of overhead transmission line
brings some advantage. Firstly, it makes the overhead streets much more
organized and cleaner without all the wires. This also means that it will take
much less space. Secondly, it is much less affected by bad weather.
The line underground is connected to a step-down transformers. Then
these power line will connected directly to a building.
The transmission line will be monitored through a sophisticated device that
detect faults. This makes it easier to identify any problems and maintain the
transmission line.

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WATER SUPPLY

To be able to sustain itself, a city need millions of gallons of clean water

every day for all of the different purposes.
One method of getting clean water is by taking seawater and processed
it by reverse osmosis. This desalinate the water, making it safe for drinking.
Not only that, reverse osmosis method can also be used for wastewater
treatment and even for producing extra energy.

Reverse Osmosis
In reverse osmosis, we have the saltwater on one side of a tank and pure water
on the other side which is separated by a semi-permeable membrane. We
would apply pressure to the saltwater side of the tank enough to counteract
the natural osmotic pressure from the pure water side, and then to push the
saltwater through the filter.
But because of the size of the salt molecules, only the smaller water molecules
would make it to the other side, thus adding fresh water to the water side, and
leaving the salt on the other.
The fresh water will then go through an underground reservoir and through a
large pipe which transport the water around the city for every day usage.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Every sustainable city need to have an efficient sewerage system to

transport waste for treatment or disposal.
These sewerage system will run underground from our city and its content
will be transported into a treatment plant which is also located
underground for convenient purposes.
The sewerage system will
also combined with surface
runoff. Surface runoff is the
excess flow water that
occurs during heavy raining.

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CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION

Although I did not look at the cost and economic impact due to maintenance of
such build, I still managed to design a sophisticated city and look into many
different aspect such as utilities, residential etc While researching I also came
across different opinions and survey to what make a city great and loved. I tried
to combine this with eco-friendly technologies and building to create the best
sustainable, livable city.
My city is chosen to be located on the water. This means that I have to research
and understand many advantages and disadvantages of building a gigantic
builds on a waterbody. I research two project/city of the past and determine
what they did, the problem and their impact overall. This allows me to understand
on how to prevent similar problems.
Lastly, I really enjoyed working on this project although I am very lazy to do it. It
has opened my eyes on how difficult it is to design a viable, realistic city.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ecocitybuilders.org/why-ecocities/ecocity-definition/
http://www.sasaki.com/media/files/cities_survey_final-1.pdf
http://events.cleantech.com/tianjin/sites/default/files/TianjinEco-CityBrochure.pdf
http://tours-italy.com/venice-tours/venice-travel-guide/history/
http://www.nakheel.com/en/communities/palm-jumeirah
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/dubai-palm1.htm
https://www.thevenusproject.com/en/technology/cities-in-the-sea
http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/se-asia/story/missing-malaysia-airlinesplane-10-key-facts-malacca-strait-andaman-sea-MH370
https://www.franchisehelp.com/industry-reports/green-industry-report/
http://www.verticalfarm.com/
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/faen/Modern%20Facilities.html
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/reverse-osmosis2.htm
http://www.lawrencecountysolidwaste.org/index.php/kids-corner/where-does-our-trashgo

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