Cricket Introduction

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CricketWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Cricket
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Cricketisabatandballgameplayedbetweentwo
teamsof11playerseachonafieldatthecentreofwhich
isarectangular22yardlongpitch.Thegameisplayed
by120millionplayersinmanycountries,makingitthe
world'ssecondmostpopularsport.[1][2][3]Eachteam
takesitsturntobat,attemptingtoscoreruns,whilethe
otherteamfields.Eachturnisknownasaninnings.
Thebowlerdeliverstheballtothebatsmanwhoattempts
tohittheballwithhisbatawayfromthefielderssohecan
runtotheotherendofthepitchandscorearun.Each
batsmancontinuesbattinguntilheisout.Thebatting
teamcontinuesbattinguntiltenbatsmenareout,ora
specifiednumberofoversofsixballshavebeenbowled,
atwhichpointtheteamsswitchrolesandthefielding
teamcomesintobat.
Inprofessionalcricketthelengthofagamerangesfrom
20overspersidetoTestcricketplayedoverfivedays.
TheLawsofCricketaremaintainedbytheInternational
CricketCouncil(ICC)andtheMaryleboneCricketClub
(MCC)withadditionalStandardPlayingConditionsfor
TestmatchesandOneDayInternationals.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricket&printable=yes
Cricket
Abowlerbowlingtoabatsman.Thepalerstrip
isthecricketpitch.Thetwosetsofthree
woodenstumpsonthepitcharethewickets.
Thetwowhitelinesarethecreases.
Highest
governingbody
InternationalCricket
Council
Firstplayed
18thcentury(modern),
England
Characteristics
Teammembers
11playersperside
withsomesubstitute
players(canactasfielders
only)permitted(incasesof
injury,illness,fatigue).
Mixedgender
Single
Type
Team,Batandball
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CricketwasfirstplayedinsouthernEnglandinorbefore
the16thcentury.Bytheendofthe18thcentury,ithad
developedtobethenationalsportofEngland.The
expansionoftheBritishEmpireledtocricketbeing
playedoverseasandbythemid19thcenturythefirst
internationalmatchwasheld.ICC,thegame'sgoverning
body,has10fullmembers.[5]Thegameismostpopular
inAustralasia,England,theIndiansubcontinent,theWest
IndiesandSouthernAfrica.
Equipment
Cricketball,cricketbat,
wicket:stumps,bails,
severalprotectivegear.
Venue
Cricketfield
Presence
Olympic
1900SummerOlympics
only
Contents
1History
2Rulesandgameplay
2.1Formatofthegame
2.2Pitch,wicketsandcreases
2.2.1Playingsurface
2.2.2Stumps,bailsandcreases
2.3Batandball
2.4Umpiresandscorers
2.5Innings
2.6Overs
2.7Teamstructure
2.8Bowling
2.9Fielding
2.10Batting
2.11Runs
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2.12Extras
2.13Dismissals
2.14Inningsclosed
2.15Results
3Distinctiveelements
3.1Individualfocus
3.2SpiritoftheGame
3.3Influenceofweather
3.4Uniquenessofeachfield
4Typesofmatches
4.1Testcricket
4.2Limitedovers
4.3Nationalchampionships
4.4Clubcricket
4.5Othertypesofmatches
5Internationalstructure
5.1Members
5.1.1FullMembers
5.1.2TopAssociateandAffiliateMembers
6Statistics
6.1Scorecards
7Inpopularculture
7.1Influenceoneverydaylife
7.2Booksandgames
7.3Influenceonothersports
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks
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History
Earlycricketwasatsometimeoranotherdescribedas"aclubstrikingaball(like)theancientgamesof
clubball,stoolball,trapball,stobball".[6]CricketcandefinitelybetracedbacktoTudortimesinearly
16thcenturyEngland.WrittenevidenceexistsofagameknownascreagbeingplayedbyPrince
Edward,thesonofEdwardI(Longshanks),atNewenden,Kentin1301[7]andtherehasbeen
speculation,butnoevidence,thatthiswasaformofcricket.
Anumberofotherwordshavebeensuggestedassourcesfortheterm"cricket".Intheearliestdefinite
referencetothesportin1598,[8]itiscalledcreckett.Giventhestrongmedievaltradeconnections
betweensoutheastEnglandandtheCountyofFlanderswhenthelatterbelongedtotheDuchyof
Burgundy,thenamemayhavebeenderivedfromtheMiddleDutch[9]krick(e),meaningastick(crook)
ortheOldEnglishcriccorcrycemeaningacrutchorstaff.[10]InOldFrench,thewordcriquetseemsto
havemeantakindofcluborstick.[11]InSamuelJohnson'sDictionary,hederivedcricketfrom"cryce,
Saxon,astick".[12]AnotherpossiblesourceistheMiddleDutchwordkrickstoel,meaningalonglow
stoolusedforkneelinginchurchandwhichresembledthelonglowwicketwithtwostumpsusedin
earlycricket.[13]AccordingtoHeinerGillmeister,aEuropeanlanguageexpertofBonnUniversity,
"cricket"derivesfromtheMiddleDutchphraseforhockey,metde(krikket)sen(i.e.,"withthestick
chase").[14]DrGillmeisterbelievesthatnotonlythenamebutthesportitselfisofFlemishorigin.[15]
TheearliestdefinitereferencetocricketbeingplayedinEngland(andhenceanywhere)isinevidence
givenata1598courtcasewhichmentionsthat"creckett"wasplayedoncommonlandinGuildford,
Surrey,around1550.ThecourtinGuildfordheardonMonday,17January1597(Juliandate,equating
totheyear1598intheGregoriancalendar)froma59yearoldcoroner,JohnDerrick,whogavewitness
thatwhenhewasascholaratthe"FreeSchoolatGuildford",fiftyyearsearlier,"heeanddiverseofhis
fellowsdidrunneandplay[onthecommonland]atcreckettandotherplaies."[16][17]Itisbelievedthatit
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wasoriginallyachildren'sgamebutreferencesaround1610[17]indicatethatadultshadstartedplaying
itandtheearliestreferencetointerparishorvillagecricketoccurssoonafterwards.In1624,aplayer
calledJasperVinallwaskilledwhenhewasstruckontheheadduringamatchbetweentwoparish
teamsinSussex.[18]
Duringthe17thcentury,numerousreferencesindicatethegrowthofcricketinthesoutheastof
England.Bytheendofthecentury,ithadbecomeanorganisedactivitybeingplayedforhighstakes
anditisbelievedthatthefirstprofessionalsappearedintheyearsfollowingtheRestorationin1660.A
newspaperreportsurvivesof"agreatcricketmatch"withelevenplayersasidethatwasplayedforhigh
stakesinSussexin1697,andthisistheearliestknownreferencetoacricketmatchofsuch
importance.
Thegameunderwentmajordevelopmentinthe18thcenturyandbecamethe
nationalsportofEngland.Bettingplayedamajorpartinthatdevelopmentwith
richpatronsformingtheirown"selectXIs".CricketwasprominentinLondonas
earlyas1707andlargecrowdsflockedtomatchesontheArtilleryGroundin
Finsbury.Thesinglewicketformofthesportattractedhugecrowdsandwagers
tomatch.Inthe1730sFrederickPrinceofWalesplayedamajorrolein
developingthesport.[19]Bowlingevolvedaround1760whenbowlersbeganto
pitchtheballinsteadofrollingorskimmingittowardsthebatsman.Thiscaused
arevolutioninbatdesignbecause,todealwiththebouncingball,itwas
necessarytointroducethemodernstraightbatinplaceoftheold"hockeystick"
shape.TheHambledonClubwasfoundedinthe1760sand,forthenext20
yearsuntiltheformationofMCCandtheopeningofLord'sOldGroundin1787,
Hambledonwasboththegame'sgreatestclubanditsfocalpoint.MCCquickly
becamethesport'spremierclubandthecustodianoftheLawsofCricket.New
Lawsintroducedinthelatterpartofthe18thcenturyincludedthethreestump
wicketandlegbeforewicket(lbw).
FrancisCotes,The
YoungCricketer,
1768
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The19thcenturysawunderarmbowlingreplacedbyfirstroundarmandthenoverarmbowling.Both
developmentswerecontroversial.Organisationofthegameatcountylevelledtothecreationofthe
countyclubs,startingwithSussexCCCin1839,whichultimatelyformedtheofficialCounty
Championshipin1890.Meanwhile,theBritishEmpirehadbeeninstrumentalinspreadingthegame
overseasandbythemiddleofthe19thcenturyithadbecomewellestablishedinIndia,NorthAmerica,
theCaribbean,SouthAfrica,AustraliaandNewZealand.In1844,thefirstinternationalcricketmatch
tookplacebetweentheUnitedStatesandCanada(althoughneitherhaseverbeenrankedasaTest
playingnation).
In1859,ateamofEnglandplayerswentonthefirstoverseastour(to
NorthAmerica).ThefirstAustralianteamtotouroverseaswasateamof
AboriginalstockmenwhotravelledtoEnglandin1868toplaymatches
againstcountyteams.[20]In1862,anEnglishteammadethefirsttourof
Australiaandin187677,anEnglandteamtookpartinthefirsteverTest
matchattheMelbourneCricketGroundagainstAustralia.
W.G.Gracestartedhislongcareerin1865hiscareerisoftensaidto
haverevolutionisedthesport.[21]TherivalrybetweenEnglandand
AustraliagavebirthtoTheAshesin1882andthishasremainedTest
cricket'smostfamouscontest.Testcricketbegantoexpandin188889
whenSouthAfricaplayedEngland.ThelasttwodecadesbeforetheFirst
WorldWarhavebeencalledthe"GoldenAgeofcricket".Itisanostalgicnamepromptedbythe
collectivesenseoflossresultingfromthewar,buttheperioddidproducesomegreatplayersand
memorablematches,especiallyasorganisedcompetitionatcountyandTestleveldeveloped.
ThefirstEnglishteamto
touroverseas,onboard
shiptoNorthAmerica,
1859
Theinterwaryearsweredominatedbyoneplayer:Australia'sDonBradman,statisticallythegreatest
batsmanofalltime.ItwasthedeterminationoftheEnglandteamtoovercomehisskillthatbrought
abouttheinfamousBodylineseriesin193233,particularlyfromtheaccurateshortpitchedbowlingof
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HaroldLarwood.Testcricketcontinuedtoexpandduringthe20thcenturywiththeadditionoftheWest
Indies,India,andNewZealandbeforetheSecondWorldWarandthenPakistan,SriLanka,and
Bangladeshinthepostwarperiod.However,SouthAfricawasbannedfrominternationalcricketfrom
1970to1992becauseofitsgovernment'sapartheidpolicy.
Cricketenteredanewerain1963whenEnglishcountiesintroducedthelimited
oversvariant.Asitwassuretoproducearesult,limitedoverscricketwas
lucrativeandthenumberofmatchesincreased.ThefirstLimitedOvers
Internationalwasplayedin1971.ThegoverningInternationalCricketCouncil
(ICC)sawitspotentialandstagedthefirstlimitedoversCricketWorldCupin
1975.Inthe21stcentury,anewlimitedoversform,Twenty20,hasmadean
immediateimpact.
Rulesandgameplay
Cricketisabatandballgame,playedbetweentwoteamsofelevenplayers
each.[23][24]Oneteambats,attemptingtoscoreruns,whiletheotherbowlsand
fieldstheball,attemptingtorestrictthescoringanddismissthebatsmen.The
objectiveofthegameisforateamtoscoremorerunsthanitsopponent.In
someformsofcricket,itmayalsobenecessarytodismisstheoppositionin
ordertowinthematch,whichwouldotherwisebedrawn.
DonBradmanof
AustraliahadaTest
averageof99.94
andanoverallfirst
classaverageof
95.14,records
unmatchedbyany
otherplayer.[22]
ThereareseparateleaguesforWomen'scricket,thoughinformalmatchesmayhavemixedteams.
Formatofthegame
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Acricketmatchisdividedintoperiodscalledinnings(whichendswith"s"inbothsingularandplural
form).Itisdecidedbeforethematchwhethertheteamswillhaveoneinningsortwoinningseach.
Duringaninningsoneteamfieldsandtheotherbats.Thetwoteamsswitchbetweenfieldingand
battingaftereachinnings.Allelevenmembersofthefieldingteamtakethefield,butonlytwomembers
ofthebattingteam(twobatsmen)areonthefieldatanygiventime.Theorderofbatsmenisusually
announcedjustbeforethematch,butitcanbevaried.
Acointossisheldbytheteamcaptains(whoarealsoplayers)justbeforethematchstarts:thewinner
decideswhethertobatorfieldfirst.
Thecricketfieldisusuallyovalinshape,witharectangularpitchatthecenter.Theedgeoftheplaying
fieldismarkedwithaboundary,whichcouldbeafence,partofthestands,aropeorapaintedline.
Ateachendofthepitchisawoodentargetcalledawicket,placed22yardsapart.Thepitchismarked
withpaintedlines:abowlingcreaseinlinewiththewicket,andabattingorpoppingcreasefourfeetin
frontofit.Thewicketismadeofthreeverticalstumpssupportingtwosmallhorizontalbails.Awicketis
putdownifatleastonebailisdislodged,oronestumpisknockeddown(usuallybytheball,butalsoif
thebatsmandoesitwithhisbody,clothingorequipment).Thisisalsodescribedasbreaking,knocking
down,orhittingthewicketthoughiftheballhitsthewicketbutdoesnotdislodgeabailorstumpthen
itisnotdown.
Atanyinstanteachbatsmanownsaparticularwicket(usuallytheoneclosertohim)and,exceptwhen
actuallybatting,issafewhenheisinhisground.Thismeansthatatleastonepartofhisbodyorbatis
touchingthegroundbehindthepoppingcrease.Ifhiswicketisputdownwhiletheballisliveandheis
outofhisgroundthenheisdismissed,buttheotherbatsmanissafe.[25]
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Aballbeingbowled.Frombacktofrontumpire(withhat),
wicket,nonstrikingbatsman(yellow),bowler(blue),ball,pitch,
crease,strikingbatsman(yellow),wicket,wicketkeeper
(blue,crouching)andfielder(blue,slipposition)
Thetwobatsmentakepositionsatoppositeendsofthepitch.Onedesignatedmemberofthefielding
team,calledthebowler,bowlstheballfromoneendofthepitchtothestrikingbatsmanattheother
end.Thebatsmanatthebowlingendiscalledthenonstriker,andstandstothesideofhiswicket,
behindhiscrease.Thebatsmanareallowedtostepforwardoftheircreases,thoughatsomerisk.
Anothermemberofthefieldingteam,thewicketkeeper,ispositionedbehindthestriker'swicket.
Thefieldingteam'sotherninemembersstandoutsidethepitch,spreadoutacrossthefield.Thefielding
captainoftenstrategicallychangestheirpositionbetweenballs.
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Thereisalwaysanumpireateachendofthepitch.
Thebowlerusuallyretreatsafewyards(metres)behindthewicket,runstowardsit(hisrunup),and
thenreleasestheballoverhandashereachesthebowlingcrease.(Ifhecrossesthecreasebeforehe
releasestheball,orifheflexeshiselbowtoomuchinathrow,thenitisanoball,andthebattingteam
getsapenaltyorextrarun.Iftheballpassesthefarwicketoutofreachofthebatsmanthenitiscalled
awide,alsowithanextrarun.)Theballcanbebowledsothatitbouncesonthepitch,landsexactlyon
thecrease(ayorker),orcrossesthecreasewithoutbouncing(afulltoss).
Thebatsmantriestopreventtheballfromhittingthewicketbystrikingtheballwithhisbat.(This
includesthehandleofthebat,andhisgloves.)Ifthebowlersucceedsinputtingdownthewicketthe
batsmanisdismissedandissaidtobebowledout.Ifthebatsmanmissestheball,butanypartofhis
bodypreventsitfromreachingthewicket,thenheisoutlegbeforewicket,or"LBW".
Ifthebatsmanhitstheballbutitiscaughtbyafielderwithoutbouncingthenheiscaughtout.Ifitis
caughtbythebowlerthenheiscaughtandbowledbythewicketkeeper,caughtbehind.
Ifthebatsmanissuccessfulinstrikingtheballanditisnotcaughtwithoutbouncing,thenthetwo
batsmenmaytrytoscorepoints(runs)fortheirteam.Bothbatsmenrunthelengthofthepitch,
exchangingpositions,andgroundingtheirbatsbehindtheoppositecrease.Eachcrossingand
groundingbybothbatsmenisworthonerun.Thebatsmenmayattemptonerun,multipleruns,orelect
nottorunatall.Byattemptingruns,thebatsmenriskdismissal.Thishappensifthefieldingteam
retrievestheballandhitseitherwicketwiththeball(eitherbythrowingit,orwhileholdingit)beforethe
batsmanwhoownsthatwicketreacheshisgroundbehindthecrease.Thedismissedbatsmanisrun
out.Batsmenwillsometimesstarttorun,changetheirmind,andreturntotheiroriginalpositions.
Ifthebatsmanhitstheballoverthefieldboundarywithouttheballtouchingthefield,thebattingteam
scoressixruns.Iftheballtouchesthegroundandthenreachestheboundary,thebattingteamscores
fourruns.Thebatsmenmightstartrunningbeforetheballreachestheboundary,butthoserunsdon't
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count.
Ifthebatsmanmissestheballtheycanstillattemptextraruns:thesearecalledbyes.Iftheball
bouncesoffhisbodythenitiscalledalegbye.
Ifthestrikingbatsmanleaveshisgroundandmissestheball,thenthewicketkeepercancatchitand
putdownthewicketstumped.
Incaseofanoballorawidethebatsmancanchoosetostriketheball,earningrunsinadditiontothe
fixedpenalty.Ifhedoessohecanonlybedismissedbybeingrunout.
Whenthebatsmenhavefinishedattemptingtheirrunstheballisdead,andisreturnedtothebowlerto
bebowledagain.Theballbecomeslivewhenhestartshisrunup.Thebowlercontinuestobowltoward
thesamewicket,regardlessofanyswitchofthebatsmen'spositions.[26]
Abatsmanmayretirefromaninningswithoutbeingdismissed,usuallyafterreachingamilestonelikea
hundredruns(acentury).
Adismissedbatsmanleavesthefield,tobereplacedbyanotherbatsmanfromthebattingteam.
However,eventhoughthewicketmayhavebeenputdown,ortheballcaught,thebatsmanisnot
actuallydismisseduntilthefieldingteamappealtotheumpiresforadecision,traditionallyusingthe
expression"How'sthat"(or"Howzat").Insomematches,particularlytestmatches,eitherteammay
requestareviewbyathirdumpirewhocanuseaDecisionReviewSystem(DRS),whichincludesTV
replaysandotherelectronicequipmentsuchashawkeye,hotspotandthesnickometer.
Afterabowlerhasbowledsixtimes(anover),anothermemberofthefieldingteamisdesignatedasthe
newbowler,theoldbowlertakingupafieldingposition.Thebatsmenstayinplace,andthenewbowler
bowlstotheoppositewicket,sotheroleofstrikerandnonstrikerreverse.Thewicketkeeperandthe
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twoumpiresalwayschangepositions,asdomanyofthefielders,andplaycontinues.Fieldingteam
membersmaybowlmultipletimesduringaninnings,butmaynotbowltwooversinsuccession.
Theinningsiscompletewhen10ofthe11membersofthebattingteamhavebeendismissed(allout
althoughonealwaysremaining"notout"),whenasetnumberofovershasbeenplayed,orwhenthe
battingteamdeclaresthattheyhaveenoughruns.
Thenumberofinningsandthenumberofoversperinningsvarydependingontheformatofthematch.
Inamatchwhichisnotalimitedoversformattheumpireswillusuallyspecifythatthelastsessionofthe
lastinningswillhaveaspecifiednumberofovers.
Thematchalwaysendswhenallinningshavebeencompleted.Theumpirescanalsocallanendtothe
matchincaseofbadlightorweather.Butinmanycasesthematchendsimmediatelywhenthefirst
teamtobathasplayedallofitsinnings,andthelastteamtobathasmoreruns.Infourinningsgames
thelastteammaynotevenneedtoplayitssecondinnings:thisteamissaidtowinbyaninnings.Ifthis
winningteamhasnotcompleteditslastinnings,andstillhas,forexample,fivebatsmenwhoarenot
outorhavenotevenbatted,thentheyaresaidto"winbyfivewickets".Ifthelastteamtobatislosing,
isallout,andhas10fewerrunsthantheotherteam,thenthewinningteam"winsby10runs".Ifthe
twoteamsbothplayalltheirinningsandtheyhavethesamenumberofruns,thenitisatie.
Infourinningsmatchesthereisalsothepossibilityofadraw:theteamwithfewerrunsstillhas
batsmenonthefieldwhenthegameends.Thishasamajoreffectonstrategy:ateamwilloftendeclare
aninningswhentheyhaveaccumulatedenoughruns,inthehopethattheywillhaveenoughtimeleftto
dismisstheotherteamandthusavoidadraw,butriskingalossiftheotherteamscoresenoughruns.
Pitch,wicketsandcreases
Playingsurface
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Cricketisplayedonagrassyfield.[27]TheLawsofCricketdonot
specifythesizeorshapeofthefield,[28]butitisoftenoval.Inthe
centreofthefieldisarectangularstrip,knownasthepitch.[27]
Thepitchisaflatsurface10feet(3.0m)wide,withveryshortgrass
thattendstobewornawayasthegameprogresses.[29]Ateitherend
ofthepitch,22yards(20m)apart,areplacedwoodentargets,known
asthewickets.Theseserveasatargetforthebowling(alsoknownas
thefielding)sideandaredefendedbythebattingside,whichseeksto
accumulateruns.
Stumps,bailsandcreases
Atypicalcricketfield.
Eachwicketonthepitchconsistsofthreewoodenstumpsplaced
vertically,inlinewithoneanother.Theyaresurmountedbytwowoodencrosspiecescalledbailsthe
totalheightofthewicketincludingbailsis28.5inches(720mm)andthecombinedwidthofthethree
stumps,includingsmallgapsbetweenthemis9inches(230mm).
Fourlines,knownascreases,arepaintedontothepitcharoundthewicketareastodefinethe
batsman's"safeterritory"andtodeterminethelimitofthebowler'sapproach.Thesearecalledthe
"popping"(orbatting)crease,thebowlingcreaseandtwo"return"creases.
Thestumpsareplacedinlineonthebowlingcreasesandsothesecreasesmustbe22yards(20m)
apart.Abowlingcreaseis8feet8inches(2.64m)long,withthemiddlestumpplaceddeadcentre.The
poppingcreasehasthesamelength,isparalleltothebowlingcreaseandis4feet(1.2m)infrontof
thewicket.Thereturncreasesareperpendiculartotheothertwotheyareadjoinedtotheendsofthe
poppingcreaseandaredrawnthroughtheendsofthebowlingcreasetoalengthofatleast8feet
(2.4m).
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Whenbowlingtheball,thebowler'sbackfootinhis"deliverystride"mustlandwithinthe
tworeturncreaseswhileatleastsomepartofhisfrontfootmustlandonorbehindthe
poppingcrease.Ifthebowlerbreaksthisrule,theumpirecalls"Noball".
Theimportanceofthepoppingcreasetothebatsmanisthatitmarksthelimitofhis
safeterritory.Hecanbedismissedstumpedorrunout(seeDismissalsbelow)ifthe
wicketisbrokenwhileheis"outofhisground".
Awicket
consistsof
three
stumpsthat
are
hammered
intothe
ground,and
toppedwith
twobails.
Batandball
Theessenceofthesportisthatabowler
deliverstheballfromhisendofthepitch
towardsthebatsmanwho,armedwitha
batis"onstrike"attheotherend.
Thebatismadeofwood(usuallyWhite
Willow)andhastheshapeofablade
toppedbyacylindricalhandle.Theblade
mustnotbemorethan4.25inches
(108mm)wideandthetotallengthofthebatnotmore
than38inches(970mm).
Twodifferenttypesofcricketballs:
i)Ausedwhiteball.Whiteballsaremainly
utilisedinlimitedoverscricket,especiallyin
matchesplayedatnight,underfloodlights
(left).
ii)Ausedredball,Redballsareutilisedin
Testcricketandfirstclasscricketandsome
otherformsofcricket(right).
Theballisahardleatherseamedspheroid,witha
circumferenceof9inches(230mm).Thehardnessofthe
ball,whichcanbedeliveredatspeedsofmorethan90
NBBothballsarethesamesize.
milesperhour(140km/h),isamatterforconcernand
batsmenwearprotectiveclothingincludingpads
(designedtoprotectthekneesandshins),battingglovesforthehands,ahelmetfortheheadandabox
insidethetrousers(toprotectthecrotcharea).Somebatsmenwearadditionalpaddinginsidetheir
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shirtsandtrouserssuchasthighpads,armpads,ribprotectorsandshoulderpads.Theballhasa
"seam":sixrowsofstitchesattachingtheleathershelloftheballtothestringandcorkinterior.The
seamonanewballisprominent,andhelpsthebowlerpropelitinalesspredictablemanner.During
cricketmatches,thequalityoftheballchangestoapointwhereitisnolongerusable,andduringthis
declineitspropertiesalterandthusinfluencethematch.
Umpiresandscorers
Thegameonthefieldisregulatedbytwoumpires,oneofwhomstands
behindthewicketatthebowler'send,theotherinapositioncalled
"squareleg",aposition1520metrestothesideofthe"onstrike"
batsman.Themainroleoftheumpiresistoadjudicateonwhetheraballis
correctlybowled(notanoballorawide),whenarunisscored,and
whetherabatsmanisout(thefieldingsidemustappealtotheumpire,
usuallywiththephraseHow'sThat?).Umpiresalsodeterminewhen
Anumpire
intervalsstartandend,decideonthesuitabilityoftheplayingconditions
andcaninterruptorevenabandonthematchduetocircumstanceslikely
toendangertheplayers,suchasadamppitchordeteriorationofthelight.
Offthefieldandintelevisedmatches,thereisoftenathirdumpirewhocanmakedecisionsoncertain
incidentswiththeaidofvideoevidence.Thethirdumpireismandatoryundertheplayingconditionsfor
TestmatchesandlimitedoversinternationalsplayedbetweentwoICCfullmembers.Thesematches
alsohaveamatchrefereewhosejobistoensurethatplayiswithintheLawsofcricketandthespiritof
thegame.
Thematchdetails,includingrunsanddismissals,arerecordedbytwoofficialscorers,onerepresenting
eachteam.Thescorersaredirectedbythehandsignalsofanumpire.Forexample,theumpireraises
aforefingertosignalthatthebatsmanisout(hasbeendismissed)heraisesbotharmsabovehishead
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ifthebatsmanhashittheballforsixruns.ThescorersarerequiredbytheLawsofcrickettorecordall
runsscored,wicketstakenandoversbowledinpractice,theyalsonotesignificantamountsof
additionaldatarelatingtothegame.
Innings
Theinnings(endingwith's'inbothsingularandpluralform)isthetermusedforthecollective
performanceofthebattingside.[30]Intheory,allelevenmembersofthebattingsidetakeaturntobat
but,forvariousreasons,aninningscanendbeforetheyalldoso.Dependingonthetypeofmatch
beingplayed,eachteamhasoneortwoinningsapiece.
Themainaimofthebowler,supportedbyhisfielders,istodismissthebatsman.Abatsmanwhen
dismissedissaidtobe"out"andthatmeanshemustleavethefieldofplayandbereplacedbythenext
batsmanonhisteam.Whentenbatsmenhavebeendismissed(i.e.,areout),thenthewholeteamis
dismissedandtheinningsisover.Thelastbatsman,theonewhohasnotbeendismissed,isnot
allowedtocontinuealoneastheremustalwaysbetwobatsmen"in".Thisbatsmanistermed"notout".
Aninningscanendearlyforthreereasons:becausethebattingside'scaptainhaschosento"declare"
theinningsclosed(whichisatacticaldecision),orbecausethebattingsidehasachieveditstargetand
wonthegame,orbecausethegamehasendedprematurelyduetobadweatherorrunningoutoftime.
Ineachofthesecasestheteam'sinningsendswithtwo"notout"batsmen,unlesstheinningsis
declaredclosedatthefallofawicketandthenextbatsmanhasnotjoinedintheplay.
Inlimitedoverscricket,theremightbetwobatsmenstill"notout"whenthelastoftheallottedovershas
beenbowled.
Overs
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Thebowlerbowlstheballinsetsofsixdeliveries(or"balls")andeachsetofsixballsiscalledanover.
Thisnamecameaboutbecausetheumpirecalls"Over!"whensixballshavebeenbowled.Atthis
point,anotherbowlerisdeployedattheotherend,andthefieldingsidechangesendswhilethe
batsmendonot.Abowlercannotbowltwosuccessiveovers,althoughabowlercanbowlunchangedat
thesameendforseveralovers.Thebatsmendonotchangeendsandsotheonewhowasnonstriker
isnowthestrikerandviceversa.Theumpiresalsochangepositionssothattheonewhowasatsquare
legnowstandsbehindthewicketatthenonstriker'sendandviceversa.
Teamstructure
Ateamconsistsofelevenplayers.Dependingonhisorherprimaryskills,aplayermaybeclassifiedas
aspecialistbatsmanorbowler.Awellbalancedteamusuallyhasfiveorsixspecialistbatsmenandfour
orfivespecialistbowlers.Teamsnearlyalwaysincludeaspecialistwicketkeeperbecauseofthe
importanceofthisfieldingposition.Eachteamisheadedbyacaptainwhoisresponsibleformaking
tacticaldecisionssuchasdeterminingthebattingorder,theplacementoffieldersandtherotationof
bowlers.
Aplayerwhoexcelsinbothbattingandbowlingisknownasanallrounder.Onewhoexcelsasa
batsmanandwicketkeeperisknownasa"wicketkeeper/batsman",sometimesregardedasatypeof
allrounder.Trueallroundersarerareasmostplayersfocusoneitherbattingorbowlingskills.
Bowling
Thebowlerreacheshisdeliverystridebymeansofa"runup",althoughsomebowlerswithaveryslow
deliverytakenomorethanacoupleofstepsbeforebowling.Afastbowlerneedsmomentumandtakes
quitealongrunup,runningveryfastashedoesso.
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Thefastestbowlerscandelivertheballataspeedofover90milesperhour(140km/h)andthey
sometimesrelyonsheerspeedtotryanddefeatthebatsman,whoisforcedtoreactveryquickly.Other
fastbowlersrelyonamixtureofspeedandguile.Somefastbowlersmakeuseoftheseamoftheball
sothatit"curves"or"swings"inflight.Thistypeofdeliverycandeceiveabatsmanintomistiminghis
shotsothattheballtouchestheedgeofthebatandcanthenbe"caughtbehind"bythewicketkeeper
oraslipfielder.
Attheotherendofthebowlingscaleisthe"spinner"whobowlsatarelatively
slowpaceandreliesentirelyonguiletodeceivethebatsman.Aspinnerwilloften
"buyhiswicket"by"tossingoneup"(inaslower,higherparabolicpath)tolurethe
batsmanintomakingapoorshot.Thebatsmanhastobeverywaryofsuch
deliveriesastheyareoften"flighted"orspunsothattheballwillnotbehavequite
asheexpectsandhecouldbe"trapped"intogettinghimselfout.
Inbetweenthepacemenandthespinnersarethe"mediumpacers"whorelyon
persistentaccuracytotryandcontaintherateofscoringandweardownthe
batsman'sconcentration.
Allbowlersareclassifiedaccordingtotheirlooksorstyle.Theclassifications,as
withmuchcricketterminology,canbeveryconfusing.Hence,abowlercouldbe
classifiedasLF,meaningheisaleftarmfastbowlerorasLBG,meaningheisa
rightarmspinbowlerwhobowlsdeliveriesthatarecalleda"legbreak"anda
"Googly".
ShoaibAkhtarof
Pakistanholdsthe
worldrecordfor
deliveringthe
fastestball(161.3
km/h).[31]
Duringthebowlingactiontheelbowmaybeheldatanyangleandmaybend
further,butmaynotstraightenout.Iftheelbowstraightensillegallythenthe
squarelegumpiremaycallnoball:thisisknownas"throwing"or"chucking",andcanbedifficultto
detect.Thecurrentlawsallowabowlertostraightenhisarm15degreesorless.
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Fielding
Allelevenplayersonthefieldingsidetakethefieldtogether.Oneof
themisthewicketkeeperaka"keeper"whooperatesbehindthewicket
beingdefendedbythebatsmanonstrike.Wicketkeepingisnormallya
specialistoccupationandhisprimaryjobistogatherdeliveriesthatthe
batsmandoesnothit,sothatthebatsmencannotrunbyes.Hewears
specialgloves(heistheonlyfielderallowedtodoso),aboxoverthe
groin,andpadstocoverhislowerlegs.Owingtohispositiondirectly
behindthestriker,thewicketkeeperhasagoodchanceofgettinga
batsmanoutcaughtoffafineedgefromthebat.Heistheonlyplayer
whocangetabatsmanoutstumped.
Apartfromtheonecurrentlybowling,theotherninefieldersare
tacticallydeployedbytheteamcaptaininchosenpositionsaroundthe
field.Thesepositionsarenotfixedbuttheyareknownbyspecificand
sometimescolourfulnamessuchas"slip","thirdman","sillymidon"and
"longleg".Therearealwaysmanyunprotectedareas.
Fieldingpositionsincricket
forarighthandedbatsman
Thecaptainisthemostimportantmemberofthefieldingsideashe
determinesallthetacticsincludingwhoshouldbowl(andhow)andheisresponsiblefor"settingthe
field",thoughusuallyinconsultationwiththebowler.
Inallformsofcricket,ifafieldergetsinjuredorbecomesillduringamatch,asubstituteisallowedto
fieldinsteadofhim.Thesubstitutecannotbowl,actasacaptainorkeepwicket.Thesubstituteleaves
thefieldwhentheinjuredplayerisfittoreturn.
Batting
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Atanyonetime,therearetwobatsmenintheplayingarea.Onetakesstationat
thestriker'sendtodefendthewicketasaboveandtoscorerunsifpossible.His
partner,thenonstriker,isattheendwherethebowlerisoperating.
Batsmencomeintobatinabattingorder,decidedbytheteamcaptain.The
firsttwobatsmenthe"openers"usuallyfacethehostilebowlingfromfresh
fastbowlerswithanewball.Thetopbattingpositionsareusuallygiventothe
mostcompetentbatsmenintheteam,andtheteam'sbowlerswhoare
typically,butnotalways,lessskilledasbatsmentypicallybatlast.Thepre
announcedbattingorderisnotmandatorywhenawicketfallsanyplayerwho
hasnotyetbattedmaybesentinnext.
Englishcricketer
W.G.Grace"taking
guard"in1883.His
padsandbatare
verysimilartothose
usedtoday.The
gloveshaveevolved
somewhat.Many
modernplayers
utilisemore
defensiveequipment
thanwasavailableto
Grace,notably
helmetsandarm
guards.
Ifabatsman"retires"(usuallyduetoinjury)andcannotreturn,heisactually
"notout"andhisretirementdoesnotcountasadismissal,thoughineffecthe
hasbeendismissedbecausehisinningsisover.Substitutebatsmenarenot
allowed.
Askilledbatsmancanuseawidearrayof"shots"or"strokes"inbothdefensive
andattackingmode.Theideaistohittheballtobesteffectwiththeflatsurface
ofthebat'sblade.Iftheballtouchesthesideofthebatitiscalledan"edge".
Batsmendonotalwaysseektohittheballashardaspossible,andagood
playercanscorerunsjustbymakingadeftstrokewithaturnofthewristsorby
simply"blocking"theballbutdirectingitawayfromfielderssothathehastime
totakearun.
Thereisawidevarietyofshotsplayedincricket.Thebatsman'srepertoire
includesstrokesnamedaccordingtothestyleofswingandthedirectionaimed:
e.g.,"cut","drive","hook","pull".
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Abatsmanisnotrequiredtoplayashotintheeventthathebelievestheballwillnothithiswicketand
thereisnoopportunitytoscoreruns,hecan"leave"theballtogothroughtothewicketkeeper.Equally,
hedoesnothavetoattemptarunwhenhehitstheballwithhisbat.Hecandeliberatelyusehislegto
blocktheballandthereby"paditaway"butthisisriskybecauseofthelegbeforewicketrule.
Intheeventofaninjuredbatsmanbeingfittobatbutnottorun,the
umpiresandthefieldingcaptainwerepreviouslyabletoallowanother
memberofthebattingsidetobearunner.Therunner'sonlytaskwasto
runbetweenthewicketsinsteadoftheincapacitatedbatsman,andhewas
requiredtowearandcarryexactlythesameequipmentasthebatsman.
Asof2011theICCoutlawedtheuseofrunnersastheyfeltthiswasbeing
abused.[32]
Runs
Aniconicimageof
Australia'sVictorTrumper
steppingouttodrive
Theprimaryconcernofthebatsmanonstrike(i.e.,the"striker")isto
preventtheballhittingthewicketandsecondarilytoscorerunsbyhitting
theballwithhisbatsothatheandhispartnerhavetimetorunfromoneendofthepitchtotheother
beforethefieldingsidecanreturntheball.Toregisterarun,bothrunnersmusttouchtheground
behindthecreasewitheithertheirbatsortheirbodies(thebatsmencarrytheirbatsastheyrun).Each
completedrunincrementsthescore.
Morethanoneruncanbescoredfromasinglehitbut,whilehitsworthonetothreerunsarecommon,
thesizeofthefieldissuchthatitisusuallydifficulttorunfourormore.Tocompensateforthis,hitsthat
reachtheboundaryofthefieldareautomaticallyawardedfourrunsiftheballtouchesthegrounden
routetotheboundaryorsixrunsiftheballclearstheboundarywithouttouchingthegroundwithinthe
boundary.Thebatsmendonotneedtoruniftheballreachesorcrossestheboundary.
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Hitsforfiveareunusualandgenerallyrelyonthe
helpof"overthrows"byafielderreturningtheball.If
anoddnumberofrunsisscoredbythestriker,the
twobatsmenhavechangedends,andtheonewho
wasnonstrikerisnowthestriker.Onlythestriker
canscoreindividualruns,butallrunsareaddedto
theteam'stotal.
Thedirectionsin
whicharight
handedbatsman
intendstosend
theballwhen
playingvarious
cricketingshots.
Thediagramfora
lefthanded
batsmanisa
mirrorimageof
thisone.
Thedecisiontoattemptarunisideallymadebythe
batsmanwhohasthebetterviewoftheball's
progress,andthisiscommunicatedbycalling:"yes",
"no"and"wait"areoftenheard.
BrianLaraoftheWest
Indiesholdstherecordfor
highestscoreinbothTests
andfirstclasscricket.
Runningisacalculatedriskbecauseifafielderbreaksthewicketwiththeball
whilethenearestbatsmanisoutofhisground(i.e.,hedoesnothavepartofhis
bodyorbatincontactwiththegroundbehindthepoppingcrease),thebatsmanis
runout.
Ateam'sscoreisreportedintermsofthenumberofrunsscoredandthenumber
ofbatsmenthathavebeendismissed.Forexample,iffivebatsmenareoutand
theteamhasscored224runs,theyaresaidtohavescored224forthelossof5
wickets(commonlyshortenedto"224forfive"andwritten224/5or,inAustralia,
"fivefor224"and5/224).
Extras
Additionalrunscanbegainedbythebattingteamasextras(called"sundries"inAustralia)duetoerrors
madebythefieldingside.Thisisachievedinfourways:
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1. Noball:apenaltyofoneextrathatisconcededbythebowlerifhebreakstherulesofbowling
eitherby(a)usinganinappropriatearmaction(b)oversteppingthepoppingcrease(c)havinga
footoutsidethereturncrease.Inaddition,thebowlerhastorebowltheball.Inlimitedovers
matches,anoballiscalledifthebowlingteam'sfieldsettingfailstocomplywiththerestrictions.In
shorterformatsofthegame(2020,ODI)thefreehitrulehasbeenintroduced.Theballfollowinga
frontfootnoballwillbeafreehitforthebatsman,wherebyheissafefromlosinghiswicketexcept
forbeingrunout.
2. Wide:apenaltyofoneextrathatisconcededbythebowlerifhebowlssothattheballisoutofthe
batsman'sreachaswithanoball,awidemustberebowled.Ifawideballcrossestheboundary,
fiverunsareawardedtothebattingside(onerunforthewide,andfourfortheboundary).
3. Bye:extra(s)awardedifthebatsmanmissestheballanditgoespastthewicketkeepertogivethe
batsmentimetorunintheconventionalway(notethatonemarkofagoodwicketkeeperisone
whorestrictsthetallyofbyestoaminimum).
4. Legbye:extra(s)awardediftheballhitsthebatsman'sbody,butnothisbat,whileattemptinga
legitimateshot,anditgoesawayfromthefielderstogivethebatsmentimetoruninthe
conventionalway.
Whenthebowlerhasbowledanoballorawide,histeamincursanadditionalpenaltybecausethatball
(i.e.,delivery)hastobebowledagainandhencethebattingsidehastheopportunitytoscoremore
runsfromthisextraball.Thebatsmenhavetorun(i.e.,unlesstheballgoestotheboundaryforfour)to
claimbyesandlegbyesbuttheseonlycounttowardstheteamtotal,nottothestriker'sindividualtotal
forwhichrunsmustbescoredoffthebat.
Dismissals
Thereareelevenwaysinwhichabatsmancanbedismissedfiverelativelycommonandsixextremely
rare.Thecommonformsofdismissalare"bowled","caught","legbeforewicket"(lbw),"runout",and
"stumped".Lesscommonmethodsare"hitwicket","hittheballtwice","obstructedthefield","handled
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theball"and"timedout"thesearealmostunknownintheprofessionalgame.Theeleventhretired
outisnottreatedasanonfielddismissalbutratheraretrospectiveoneforwhichnofielderis
credited.
Ifthedismissalisobvious(forexamplewhen"bowled"andinmostcasesof"caught")thebatsmanwill
voluntarilyleavethefieldwithouttheumpireneedingtodismissthem.Otherwisebeforetheumpirewill
awardadismissalanddeclarethebatsmantobeout,amemberofthefieldingside(generallythe
bowler)must"appeal".Thisisinvariablydonebyasking(orshouting)"how'sthat?"normallyreduced
tohowzat?Iftheumpireagreeswiththeappeal,hewillraiseaforefingerandsay"Out!".Otherwisehe
willshakehisheadandsay"Notout".Appealsareparticularlyloudwhenthecircumstancesofthe
claimeddismissalareunclear,asisalwaysthecasewithlbwandoftenwithrunoutsandstumpings.
1. Bowled:thebowlerhashitthewicketwiththedeliveryandthewickethas"broken"withatleast
onebailbeingdislodged(notethatiftheballhitsthewicketwithoutdislodgingabailitisnot
out).[33]
2. Caught:thebatsmanhashittheballwithhisbat,orwithhishandwhichwasholdingthebat,and
theballhasbeencaughtbeforeithastouchedthegroundbyamemberofthefieldingside.[34]
3. Legbeforewicket(lbw):theballhashitthebatsman'sbody(includinghisclothing,padsetc.but
notthebat,orahandholdingthebat)whenitwouldhavegoneontohitthestumps.Thisrule
existsmainlytopreventthebatsmanfromguardinghiswicketwithhislegsinsteadofthebat.To
begivenoutlbw,theballmustnotbounceoutsidelegstumporstrikethebatsmenoutsidetheline
oflegstump.Itmaybounceoutsideoffstump.Thebatsmanmayonlybedismissedlbwbyaball
strikinghimoutsidethelineofoffstumpifhehasnotmadeagenuineattempttoplaytheballwith
hisbat.[35]
4. Runout:amemberofthefieldingsidehasbrokenor"putdown"thewicketwiththeballwhilethe
nearestbatsmanwasoutofhisgroundthisusuallyoccursbymeansofanaccuratethrowtothe
wicketwhilethebatsmenareattemptingarun,althoughabatsmancanbegivenoutRunouteven
whenheisnotattemptingarunhemerelyneedstobeoutofhisground.[36]
5. Stumpedissimilarexceptthatitisdonebythewicketkeeperafterthebatsmanhasmissedthe
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bowledballandhassteppedoutofhisground,andisnotattemptingarun.[37]
6. Hitwicket:abatsmanisouthitwicketifhedislodgesoneorbothbailswithhisbat,person,
clothingorequipmentintheactofreceivingaball,orinsettingoffforarunhavingjustreceiveda
ball.[38]
7. Hittheballtwiceisveryunusualandwasintroducedasasafetymeasuretocounterdangerous
playandprotectthefielders.Thebatsmanmaylegallyplaytheballasecondtimeonlytostopthe
ballhittingthewicketafterhehasalreadyplayedit."Hit"doesnotnecessarilyrefertothe
batsman'sbat.[39]
8. Obstructingthefield:anotherunusualdismissalwhichtendstoinvolveabatsmandeliberately
gettingintheway(physicallyand/orverbally)ofafielder.[40]
9. Handledtheball:abatsmanmustnotdeliberatelytouchtheballwithhishand,forexampleto
protecthiswicket.Notethatthebatsman'shandorglovecountsaspartofthebatwhilethehandis
holdingthebat,sobatsmenarefrequentlycaughtofftheirgloves(i.e.theballhits,andisdeflected
by,thegloveandcanthenbecaught).[41]
10. Timedoutusuallymeansthatthenextbatsmanwasnotreadytoreceiveadeliverywithinthree
minutesofthepreviousonebeingdismissed.[42]
Inthevastmajorityofcases,itisthestrikerwhoisoutwhenadismissaloccurs.Ifthenonstrikeris
dismisseditisusuallybybeingrunout,buthecouldalsobedismissedforobstructingthefield,
handlingtheballorbeingtimedout.
Abatsmanmayleavethefieldwithoutbeingdismissed.Ifinjuredortakenillthebatsmanmay
temporarilyretire,andbereplacedbythenextbatsman.Thisisrecordedasretiredhurtorretiredill.
Theretiringbatsmanisnotout,andmayresumetheinningslater.Anunimpairedbatsmanmayretire,
andthisistreatedasbeingdismissedretiredoutnoplayeriscreditedwiththedismissal.Batsmen
cannotbeoutbowled,caught,legbeforewicket,stumpedorhitwicketoffanoball.Theycannotbeout
bowled,caught,legbeforewicket,orhittheballtwiceoffawide.Someofthesemodesofdismissalcan
occurwithoutthebowlerbowlingadelivery.Thebatsmanwhoisnotonstrikemayberunoutbythe
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bowlerifheleaveshiscreasebeforethebowlerbowls,andabatsmancanbeoutobstructingthefield
orretiredoutatanytime.Timedoutis,byitsnature,adismissalwithoutadelivery.Withallother
modesofdismissal,onlyonebatsmancanbedismissedperballbowled.
Inningsclosed
Aninningsisclosedwhen:
1. Tenoftheelevenbatsmenareout(havebeendismissed)inthiscase,theteamissaidtobe"all
out"
2. Theteamhasonlyonebatsmanleftwhocanbat,oneormoreoftheremainingplayersbeing
unavailableowingtoinjury,illnessorabsenceagain,theteamissaidtobe"allout"
3. Theteambattinglastreachesthescorerequiredtowinthematch
4. Thepredeterminednumberofovershasbeenbowled(inaonedaymatchonly,commonly50
oversor20inTwenty20)
5. Acaptaindeclareshisteam'sinningsclosedwhileatleasttwoofhisbatsmenarenotout(this
doesnotapplyinonedaylimitedovermatches)
Results
Iftheteamthatbatslastisallouthavingscoredfewerrunsthantheiropponents,theteamissaidto
have"lostbynruns"(wherenisthedifferencebetweenthenumberofrunsscoredbytheteams).Ifthe
teamthatbatslastscoresenoughrunstowin,itissaidtohave"wonbynwickets",wherenisthe
numberofwicketslefttofall.Forinstanceateamthatpassesitsopponents'scorehavingonlylostsix
wicketswouldhavewon"byfourwickets".
Inatwoinningsasidematch,oneteam'scombinedfirstandsecondinningstotalmaybelessthanthe
otherside'sfirstinningstotal.Theteamwiththegreaterscoreisthensaidtohavewonbyaninnings
andnruns,anddoesnotneedtobatagain:nisthedifferencebetweenthetwoteams'aggregate
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scores.
Iftheteambattinglastisallout,andbothsideshavescoredthesamenumberofruns,thenthematch
isatiethisresultisquiterareinmatchesoftwoinningsaside.Inthetraditionalformofthegame,if
thetimeallottedforthematchexpiresbeforeeithersidecanwin,thenthegameisdeclaredadraw.
Ifthematchhasonlyasingleinningsperside,thenamaximumnumberofdeliveriesforeachinningsis
oftenimposed.Suchamatchiscalleda"limitedovers"or"oneday"match,andthesidescoringmore
runswinsregardlessofthenumberofwicketslost,sothatadrawcannotoccur.Ifthiskindofmatchis
temporarilyinterruptedbybadweather,thenacomplexmathematicalformula,knownasthe
DuckworthLewismethodafteritsdevelopers,isoftenusedtorecalculateanewtargetscore.Aone
daymatchcanalsobedeclareda"noresult"iffewerthanapreviouslyagreednumberofovershave
beenbowledbyeitherteam,incircumstancesthatmakenormalresumptionofplayimpossiblefor
example,wetweather.
Distinctiveelements
Individualfocus
Forateamsport,cricketplacesindividualplayersunderunusualscrutinyandpressure.Bowler,
batsman,andfielderallactessentiallyindependentlyofeachother.Whileteammanagementscan
signalbowlerorbatsmantopursuecertaintactics,theexecutionoftheplayitselfisaseriesofsolitary
acts.Cricketismoresimilartobaseballthanmanyotherteamsportsinthisregard:whiletheindividual
focusincricketisslightlymitigatedbytheimportanceofthebattingpartnershipandthepracticalitiesof
running,itisenhancedbythefactthatabatsmanmayoccupythewicketforalongtime.
SpiritoftheGame
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Cricketisauniquegamewhereinadditiontothelaws,theplayersmustabidebythe"Spiritofthe
Game".[43]Thestandardofsportsmanshiphashistoricallybeenconsideredsohighthatthephrase"it's
justnotcricket"wascoinedinthe19thcenturytodescribeunfairorunderhandedbehaviourinanywalk
oflife.Inthelastfewdecadesthough,crickethasbecomeincreasinglyfastpacedandcompetitive,
increasingtheuseofappealingandsledging,althoughplayersarestillexpectedtoabidebythe
umpires'rulingswithoutargument,andforthemostparttheydo.Beginningin2001,theMCChasheld
anannuallecturenamedafterColinCowdreyonthespiritofthegame.[44]Eveninthemoderngame
fieldersareknowntosignaltotheumpirethataboundarywashit,despitewhatcouldhavebeen
consideredaspectacularsave(thoughtheymightbefoundoutbytheTVreplaysanyway).Inaddition
tothis,somebatsmenhavebeenknownto"walk"whentheythinktheyareouteveniftheumpiredoes
notdeclarethemout.Thisisahighlevelofsportsmanship,asabatsmancaneasilytakeadvantageof
incorrectumpiringdecisions.
Influenceofweather
Cricketisasportplayedpredominantlyinthedrierperiodsoftheyear.
But,evenso,theweatherisamajorfactorinallcricketmatches.
Ascheduledgameofcricketcannotbeplayedinwetweather.Dampness
affectsthebounceoftheballonthewicketandisarisktoallplayers
involvedinthegame.Manygroundshavefacilitiestocoverthecricket
pitch(orthewicket).Coverscanbeintheformoftarpaulinsbeinglaid
overthewickettoelevatedcoversonwheels(usingthesameconceptas
anumbrella)toevenhovercoverswhichformanairtightsealaroundthe
wicket.However,mostgroundsdonothavethefacilitiestocoverthe
outfield.Thismeansthatintheeventofheavyboutsofbadweather,
gamesmaybecancelled,abandonedorsuspendedduetoanunsafe
outfield.
FloodlightatM.A.
ChidambaramStadium,
Chennai
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Anotherfactorincricketistheamountoflightavailable.Atgroundswithoutfloodlights(oringame
formatswhichdisallowtheuseoffloodlights),umpirescanstopplayintheeventofbadlightasit
becomestoodifficultforthebatsmentobeabletoseetheballcomingatthem,(andinextremecases,
membersofthefieldingteam).
Ontheotherhand,ininstancesofgoodlight,batsmencanutilisesightscreenswhichenablebatsmen
tohaveawhitebackgroundagainstwhichtheycanpickouttheredball(orblackbackgroundforwhite
ball)withgreaterease.
Theumpiresalwayshavethefinaldecisiononweatherrelatedissues.
Uniquenessofeachfield
Unlikethoseofmostsports,cricketplayingfieldscanvarysignificantlyinsizeandshape.Whilethe
dimensionsofthepitchandinfieldarespecificallyregulated,theLawsofCricketdonotspecifythesize
orshapeofthefield.[28]Thefieldboundariesaresometimespaintedandsometimesmarkedbyarope.
Pitchandoutfieldvariationscanhaveasignificanteffectonhowballsbehaveandarefieldedaswellas
onbatting.Pitchesvaryinconsistency,andthusintheamountofbounce,spin,andseammovement
availabletothebowler.Hardpitchesareusuallygoodtobatonbecauseofhighbutevenbounce.Dry
pitchestendtodeteriorateforbattingascracksoftenappear,andwhenthishappenstothepitch,
spinnerscanplayamajorrole.Damppitches,orpitchescoveredingrass(termed"green"pitches),
allowgoodfastbowlerstoextractextrabounce.Suchpitchestendtoofferhelptofastbowlers
throughoutthematch,butbecomebetterforbattingasthegamegoeson.Whileplayersofother
outdoorsportsdealwithsimilarvariationsoffieldsurfaceandstadiumcovering,thesizeandshapeof
theirfieldsaremuchmorestandardised.Otherlocalfactors,suchasaltitudeandclimate,canalso
significantlyaffectplay.Thesephysicalvariationscreateadistinctivesetofplayingconditionsateach
ground.Agivengroundmayacquireareputationasbatsmanfriendlyorbowlerfriendlyifoneorthe
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otherdisciplinenotablybenefitsfromitsuniquemixofelements.Theabsenceofastandardisedfield
affectsnotonlyhowparticulargamesplayout,butthenatureofteammakeupandplayers'statistical
records.
Typesofmatches
Cricketisamultifacetedsportwithmultipleformatsbasedaroundplayingstandardandlevelof
formalityandthedesiredtimethatthematchshouldlast.Apertinentdivisionintermsofprofessional
cricketisbetweenmatcheslimitedbytimeinwhichtheteamshavetwoinningsapiece,andthose
limitedbynumberofovers,inwhichtheyhaveasingleinningseach.Theformer,knownasfirstclass
cricket,hasadurationofthreetofivedays(therehavebeenexamplesof"timeless"matchestoo)the
latter,knownaslimitedoverscricketbecauseeachteambowlsalimitoftypically50or20overs,hasa
planneddurationofonedayonly(amatchcanbeextendedifnecessaryduetobadweather,etc.).
Typically,twoinningsmatcheshaveatleastsixhoursofplayingtimeeachday.Limitedoversmatches
oftenlastsixhoursormore.Thereareusuallyformalintervalsoneachdayforlunchandteawithbrief
informalbreaksfordrinks.Thereisalsoashortintervalbetweeninnings.
Amateurcricketersrarelyplaymatchesthatlastlongerthanasingledaythesemaylooselybedivided
intodeclarationmatches,inwhichaspecifiedmaximumtimeornumberofoversisassignedtothe
gameintotalandtheteamsswaprolesonlywhenthebattingteamiseithercompletelydismissedor
declaresandlimitedoversmatches,inwhichaspecifiedmaximumnumberofoversisassignedfor
eachteam'sinningsindividually.Thesewillvaryinlengthbetween30and60overspersideatthe
weekendandtheeverpopular20overformatduringtheevenings.Otherformsofcricket,suchas
indoorcricketandgardencricketremainpopular.
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Historically,aformofcricketknownassinglewickethadbeenextremelysuccessfulandmanyofthese
contestsinthe18thand19thcenturiesqualifyasmajorcricketmatches.Inthisform,althougheach
teammayhavefromonetosixplayers,thereisonlyonebatsmanatatimeandhemustfaceevery
deliverybowledwhilehisinningslasts.Singlewickethasrarelybeenplayedsincelimitedoverscricket
began.
Testcricket
Testcricketisthehigheststandardoffirstclasscricket.ATestmatchis
aninternationalfixturebetweenteamsrepresentingthosecountriesthat
areFullMembersoftheICC.
Althoughtheterm"Testmatch"wasnotcoineduntilmuchlater,Test
cricketisdeemedtohavebegunwithtwomatchesbetweenAustraliaand
Englandinthe187677Australianseason.Subsequently,eightother
nationalteamshaveachievedTeststatus:SouthAfrica(1889),West
Indies(1928),NewZealand(1929),India(1932),Pakistan(1952),Sri
Lanka(1982),Zimbabwe(1992)andBangladesh(2000).Zimbabwe
suspendeditsTeststatusin2006duetoitsinabilitytocompeteagainst
otherTestteams,[45]andreturnedin2011.[46]
WelshplayersareeligibletoplayforEngland,whichisineffectan
EnglandandWalesteam.TheWestIndiesteamcomprisesplayersfrom
numerousstatesintheCaribbean,notablyBarbados,Guyana,Jamaica,
Trinidad&Tobago,theLeewardIslandsandtheWindwardIslands.
ATestmatchbetween
SouthAfricaandEngland
inJanuary2005.Themen
wearingblacktrousersare
theumpires.TeamsinTest
cricket,firstclasscricket
andclubcricketwear
traditionalwhiteuniforms
anduseredcricketballs.
Testmatchesbetweentwoteamsareusuallyplayedinagroupofmatchescalleda"series".Matches
lastuptofivedaysandaseriesnormallyconsistsofthreetofivematches.Testmatchesthatarenot
finishedwithintheallottedtimearedrawn.InthecaseofTestandfirstclasscricket:thepossibilityofa
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drawoftenencouragesateamthatisbattinglastandwellbehindtobatdefensively,givingupanyfaint
chanceatawintoavoidaloss.[47]
Since1882,mostTestseriesbetweenEnglandandAustraliahavebeenplayedforatrophyknownas
TheAshes.Someotherbilateralserieshaveindividualtrophiestoo:forexample,theWisdenTrophyis
contestedbyEnglandandWestIndiestheFrankWorrellTrophybyAustraliaandWestIndiesandthe
BorderGavaskarTrophybetweenIndiaandAustralia.
Limitedovers
StandardlimitedoverscricketwasintroducedinEnglandinthe1963seasonin
theformofaknockoutcupcontestedbythefirstclasscountyclubs.In1969,a
nationalleaguecompetitionwasestablished.Theconceptwasgradually
introducedtotheothermajorcricketcountriesandthefirstlimitedovers
internationalwasplayedin1971.In1975,thefirstCricketWorldCuptookplace
inEngland.Limitedoverscrickethasseenvariousinnovationsincludingtheuse
ofmulticolouredkitandfloodlitmatchesusingawhiteball.A"onedaymatch",
namedsobecauseeachmatchisscheduledforcompletioninasingleday,is
thecommonformoflimitedoverscricketplayedonaninternationallevel.In
practice,matchessometimescontinueonaseconddayiftheyhavebeen
interruptedorpostponedbybadweather.Themainobjectiveofalimitedovers
matchistoproduceadefiniteresultandsoaconventionaldrawisnotpossible,
butmatchescanbeundecidedifthescoresaretiedorifbadweatherprevents
aresult.Eachteamplaysoneinningsonlyandfacesalimitednumberofovers,
usuallyamaximumof50.TheCricketWorldCupisheldinonedayformatand
thelastWorldCupin2011waswonbythecohosts,India.ThenextWorldCup
willhostedbyAustraliaandNewZealandin2015.
SirVivRichardsof
theWestIndieswas
votedbyWisdenas
thegreatestOne
DayInternational
batsmanofalltime.
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Twenty20isanewvariantoflimitedoversitselfwiththepurposebeingtocompletethematchwithin
aboutthreehours,usuallyinaneveningsession.Theoriginalidea,whentheconceptwasintroducedin
Englandin2003,wastoprovideworkerswithaneveningentertainment.Itwascommerciallysuccessful
andhasbeenadoptedinternationally.TheinauguralTwenty20WorldChampionshipwasheldin2007
andwonbyIndia,threesubsequenteventshavebeenheldwhichwerewonbyPakistan,Englandand
WestIndiesrespectively.Thenexttournamentisscheduledtobeheldin2014.AftertheinauguralICC
WorldTwenty20manydomesticTwenty20leagueswereborn.FirstofthemwasIndianCricketLeague
whichwasarebelleaguesinceitwasnotauthorizedbyBCCI.BCCIthenformeditsofficialleague
calledtheIndianPremierLeague.Theofficialleaguewentontobecomeasuccessfulannualaffairthat
attractedplayersandaudiencearoundtheglobe,whiletheIndianCricketLeaguehasbeendisbanded.
AfterthesuccessofIndianpremierleaguemanyotherdomesticleagueswereformedinallmajor
cricketingnations.RecentlyTwenty20ChampionsLeaguewasformedasatournamentfordomestic
clubsofvariouscountries.Inthisleaguecompetitionplayedbetweenthetopdomesticteamsfrommajor
cricketingnations.
Nationalchampionships
FirstclasscricketincludesTestcricketbutthetermisgenerallyusedtorefertothehighestlevelof
domesticcricketinthosecountrieswithfullICCmembership,althoughthereareexceptionstothis.
FirstclasscricketinEnglandisplayedforthemostpartbythe18countyclubswhichcontestthe
CountyChampionship.Theconceptofachampioncountyhasexistedsincethe18thcenturybutthe
officialcompetitionwasnotestablisheduntil1890.ThemostsuccessfulclubhasbeenYorkshire
CountyCricketClubwith30officialtitles.
Australiaestablisheditsnationalfirstclasschampionshipin189293whentheSheffieldShieldwas
introduced.InAustralia,thefirstclassteamsrepresentthevariousstates.NewSouthWaleshaswon
themaximumnumberoftitleswith45to2008.
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Nationalchampionshiptrophiestobeestablishedelsewhereincludedthe
RanjiTrophy(India),PlunketShield(NewZealand),CurrieCup(South
Africa)andShellShield(WestIndies).Someofthesecompetitionshave
beenupdatedandrenamedinrecentyears.
DomesticlimitedoverscompetitionsbeganwithEngland'sGilletteCup
knockoutin1963.Countriesusuallystageseasonallimitedovers
competitionsinbothknockoutandleagueformat.Inrecentyears,national
Twenty20competitionshavebeenintroduced,usuallyinknockoutform
thoughsomeincorporateminileagues.
Clubcricket
Clubcricketisamainlyamateur,butstillformal,formofthesportof
cricket,usuallyinvolvingteamsplayingincompetitionsatweekendsorin
theevening.Thereisagreatdealofvariationingameformatalthoughthe
LawsofCricketarealwaysobserved.
Clubcricketisfrequentlyorganisedinaleagueorcupformat.Gamesare
limitedbyeithertimeorovers.Limitedoversgamesusuallylastbetween
20and60oversperinnings.Alesscommon,butmoretraditional,format
islimitingthegamebytimeonly.Gamescanrangefromafewhoursin
theeveningtotwodayslong.Amoderninnovationistheintroductionof
Twenty20competitions,bothasaformatintheexistingleaguesandnew
leaguessolelybasedonTwenty20,suchasLastManStanding.
YorkshireCountyCricket
Clubin1895.Theteam
firstbecameCounty
Championshipchampions
in1893.
Atypicalclubcricketmatch
inEngland.
Standardsofplaycanvaryfromsemiprofessionaltooccasional
recreationallevelandclubcricketisoftenenjoyedasmuchforthesocialelementasforthe
competition.Mostclubshavetheirowngroundtoplayonregularly,oftenincludingafieldandpavilion
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orclubhouse.Anexceptionbeing'WanderingSides'whouseother'sgrounds.
Manyleagueshavebeenformedaroundtheworldofvaryingdegreesofprofessionalism,theoldest
beingtheBirmingham&DistrictPremierLeagueinaroundtheBirminghamareaofEngland,foundedin
1888.
Othertypesofmatches
Therearenumerousvariationsofthesportplayedthroughouttheworld
thatincludeindoorcricket,Frenchcricket,beachcricket,Kwikcricketand
allsortsofcardgamesandboardgamesthathavebeeninspiredby
cricket.Inthesevariants,therulesareoftenchangedtomakethegame
playablewithlimitedresourcesortorenderitmoreconvenientand
enjoyablefortheparticipants.
IndoorCricketwasfirstinventedin1970.[48]Itissimilartooutdoorcricket
AgameofFrenchcricketin
exceptthatisplayedinanindoorsportshallwith6playersperteam.Itis
progressinJervisBay,
extremelypopularintheUKwithnationalchampionshipsandmultiple
Australia
independentleagues.Anotherlessformalversionofindoorcricketis
playedinasmallerarenawithasoftballandwithoutpadswasinvented
someyearslaterandiscommonlyplayedintheSouthernHemisphere,andevenhasitsownnominal
internationalchampionships,includingWorldCups.
IntheUK,gardencricketisapopularversionofthesport,playedingardensandonrecreationgrounds
aroundthecountrybyadultsandchildrenalike.Althoughacricketbatandballaregenerallyused,
otherequipmentsuchaspadsandglovesarenot.Theexactruleswillvarybasedonthenumberof
participantsandtheavailablespace.
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Familiesandteenagersplaybackyardcricketortennisballcricketinsuburbanyardsordriveways,and
thecitiesofIndiaandPakistanplayhosttocountlessgamesof"GullyCricket"or"tapeball"intheirlong
narrowstreets.Sometimestherulesareimprovised:e.g.itmaybeagreedthatfielderscancatchthe
ballwithonehandafteronebounceandclaimawicketorifonlyafewpeopleareavailablethen
everyonemayfieldwhiletheplayerstakeitinturnstobatandbowl.Tennisballsandhomemadebats
areoftenused,andavarietyofobjectsmayserveaswickets:forexample,thebatter'slegsasin
Frenchcricket,whichdidnotinfactoriginateinFrance,andisusuallyplayedbysmallchildren.
InKwikcricket,thebowlerdoesnothavetowaitforthebatsmantobereadybeforeadelivery,leading
toafaster,moreexhaustinggamedesignedtoappealtochildren,whichisoftenusedinphysical
educationlessonsatUKschools.Anothermodificationtoincreasethepaceofthegameisthe"Tipand
Run","Tipity"Run,"TipsyRun"or"TippyGo"rule,inwhichthebattermustrunwhentheballtouches
thebat,evenifitthecontactisunintentionalorminor.Thisrule,seenonlyinimpromptugames,speeds
thematchupbyremovingthebatsman'srighttoblocktheball.
InSamoaaformofcricketcalledKilikitiisplayedinwhichhockeystickshapedbatsareused.In
originalEnglishcricket,thehockeystickshapewasreplacedbythemodernstraightbatinthe1760s
afterbowlersbegantopitchtheballinsteadofrollingorskimmingit.InEstonia,teamsgatheroverthe
winterfortheannualIceCrickettournament.Thegamejuxtaposesthenormalsummerpursuitwith
harsh,wintryconditions.Rulesareotherwisesimilartothoseforthesixasidegame.
Internationalstructure
TheInternationalCricketCouncil(ICC),whichhasitsheadquartersinDubai,istheinternational
governingbodyofcricket.ItwasfoundedastheImperialCricketConferencein1909byrepresentatives
fromEngland,AustraliaandSouthAfrica,renamedtheInternationalCricketConferencein1965,and
tookupitscurrentnamein1989.
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TheICChas104members:10FullMembersthatplayofficialTestmatches,34AssociateMembers,
and60AffiliateMembers.[49]TheICCisresponsiblefortheorganisationandgovernanceofcricket's
majorinternationaltournaments,notablytheCricketWorldCup.Italsoappointstheumpiresand
refereesthatofficiateatallsanctionedTestmatches,OneDayInternationalandTwenty20
Internationals.Eachnationhasanationalcricketboardwhichregulatescricketmatchesplayedinits
country.Thecricketboardalsoselectsthenationalsquadand
organiseshomeandawaytoursforthenationalteam.IntheWest
IndiesthesemattersareaddressedbytheWestIndiesCricket
Boardwhichconsistsofmembersappointedbyfournationalboards
andtwomultinationalboards.
Members
FullMembers
ICCmembernations.The
(highestlevel)Testplaying
nationsareshowninorangethe
associatemembernationsare
showninyellowtheaffiliate
membernationsareshownin
purple.
FullMembersarethegoverningbodiesforcricketinacountryor
associatedcountries.FullMembersmayalsorepresenta
geographicalarea.AllFullMembershavearighttosendone
representativeteamtoplayofficialTestmatches.Also,allFull
MembernationsareautomaticallyqualifiedtoplayODIsandTwenty20Internationals.[50]WestIndies
cricketteamdoesnotrepresentonecountryinsteadanamalgamationofover20countriesfromthe
Caribbean.TheEnglishCricketteamrepresentsbothEnglandandWales.
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Nation
Governingbody
Current
Test
Rankings
Membersince
Current
ODI
Rankings
CurrentT20
Rankings
Australia CricketAustralia
15July1909[50] 2
BangladeshCricket
Bangladesh Board
26June2000[50] 9
10
England
EnglandandWales
CricketBoard
15July1909[50] 3
India
BoardofControlfor
CricketinIndia
31May1926[50] 7
NewZealandCricket
31May1926[50] 5
Pakistan PakistanCricketBoard 28July1953[50] 4
New
Zealand
South
Africa
CricketSouthAfrica
15July1909A[50] 1
Sri
Lanka
SriLankaCricket
21July1981[50] 6
West
Indies
WestIndiesCricket
Board
31May1926[50] 8
ZimbabweCricket
6July1992[50]
10
Zimbabwe
10
*LastUpdated:8March2015|AResignedMay1961,readmitted10July1991.
TopAssociateandAffiliateMembers
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AlltheassociateandaffiliatemembersarenotqualifiedtoplayTestCricket,howeverICCgrantsOne
DayInternationalstatustoitsassociateandaffiliatemembersbasedontheirsuccessintheWorld
CricketLeague.ThetopsixteamswillbeawardedOnedayinternationalandTwenty20International
status,whichwillallowtheassociateandaffiliateteamstobeeligibletoplaythefullmembersandplay
officialODIcricket.
TheassociateandaffiliateteamswhocurrentlyholdODIandT20Istatus:
Nation
Membersince
CurrentODIRankings
Afghanistan AfghanistanCricketBoard
2001[51]
14
Canada
CricketCanada
1968[50]
16
Ireland
CricketIreland
1993[50]
11
Kenya
CricketKenya
1981[50]
13
Netherlands KoninklijkeNederlandseCricketBond 1966[50]
12
1994[50]
15
Scotland
Governingbody
CricketScotland
Statistics
Organizedcricketlendsitselftostatisticstoagreaterdegreethanmanyothersports.Eachplayis
discreteandhasarelativelysmallnumberofpossibleoutcomes.Attheprofessionallevel,statisticsfor
Testcricket,onedayinternationals,andfirstclasscricketarerecordedseparately.However,sinceTest
matchesareaformoffirstclasscricket,aplayer'sfirstclassstatisticswillincludehisTestmatch
statisticsbutnotviceversa.TheGuidetoCricketerswasacricketannualeditedbyFredLillywhite
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between1849andhisdeathin1866.WisdenCricketers'Almanackwasfoundedin1864bytheEnglish
cricketerJohnWisden(18261884)asacompetitortoTheGuidetoCricketers.Itsannualpublication
hascontinueduninterruptedtothepresentday,makingitthelongestrunningsportsannualinhistory.
Certaintraditionalstatisticsarefamiliartomostcricketfans.Thebasicbattingstatisticsinclude:
Innings(I):Thenumberofinningsinwhichthebatsmanactuallybatted.
Notouts(NO):Thenumberoftimesthebatsmanwasnotoutattheconclusionofaninningsthey
battedin.
Runs(R):Thenumberofrunsscored.
Highestscore(HS/Best):Thehighestscoreevermadebythebatsman.
Battingaverage(Ave):Thetotalnumberofrunsdividedbythetotalnumberofinningsinwhichthe
batsmanwasout.Ave=Runs/[INO](alsoAvgeorAvg.)
Centuries(100):Thenumberofinningsinwhichthebatsmanscoredonehundredrunsormore.
Halfcenturies(50):Thenumberofinningsinwhichthebatsmanscoredfiftytoninetynineruns
(centuriesdonotcountashalfcenturiesaswell).
Ballsfaced(BF):Thetotalnumberofballsreceived,includingnoballsbutnotincludingwides.
Strikerate(SR):Thenumberofrunsscoredper100ballsfaced.(SR=[100*Runs]/BF)
Runrate(RR):Isthenumberofrunsabatsman(orthebattingside)scoresinanoverofsixballs.
Thebasicbowlingstatisticsinclude:
Overs(O):Thenumberofoversbowled.
Balls(B):Thenumberofballsbowled.Oversismoretraditional,butballsisamoreusefulstatistic
becausethenumberofballsperoverhasvariedhistorically.
Maidenovers(M):Thenumberofmaidenovers(oversinwhichthebowlerconcededzeroruns)
bowled.
Runs(R):Thenumberofrunsconceded.
Wickets(W):Thenumberofwicketstaken.
Noballs(Nb):Thenumberofnoballsbowled.
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Wides(Wd):Thenumberofwidesbowled.
Bowlingaverage(Ave):Theaveragenumberofrunsconcededperwicket.(Ave=Runs/W)
Strikerate(SR):Theaveragenumberofballsbowledperwicket.(SR=Balls/W)
Economyrate(Econ):Theaveragenumberofrunsconcededperover.(Econ=Runs/overs
bowled).
Scorecards
Amatch'sstatisticsaresummarisedonascorecard.Priortothepopularisationofscorecards,most
scoringwasdonebymensittingonvantagepointscuttingsnotchesontallysticks.Theearliestknown
scorecardswereprintedin1776byPratt,scorertotheSevenoaksVineCricketClub,butitwasmany
yearsbeforehisinventionwaswidelyadopted.[52]ScorecardswereprintedandsoldatLord'sforthe
firsttimein1846.[53]
Theintroductionofscoreboardsrevolutionisedcricketbyallowingspectatorstokeeptrackoftheday's
play.In1848,FredLillywhiteusedaportableprintingpressatgroundstoprintupdatedscorecards.In
1858,theKenningtonOvalintroducedthefirstmobilescorebox,"ahouseonrollerswithfiguresfor
telegraphingoneachside".In1881,theMelbourneCricketGrounderectedthefirstcricketscoreboard.
Thescoreboard,locatedatthewesternendoftheground,gavethebatsman'snameandmethodof
dismissal.[52]
Inpopularculture
Influenceoneverydaylife
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Crickethashadabroadimpactonpopularculture,bothintheCommonwealthofNationsand
elsewhere.Crickethashadaninfluenceonthelexiconofthesenations,especiallytheEnglish
language,withsuchphrasesas"that'snotcricket"(unfair),"hadagood
innings","stickywicket",and"bowledover".Therehavebeenmanycricket
films.Theterm"Bradmanesque"fromDonBradman'snamehasbecome
agenerictermforoutstandingexcellence,bothwithincricketandinthe
widerworld.[54]
Theamateurgamehasalsobeenspreadfurtherafieldbyexpatriatesfrom
theTestplayingnations.
Booksandgames
Impromptugamesof
cricketinthestreetare
commonthroughoutIndia.
C.L.R.James'sBeyondaBoundaryisapopularbookaboutthesport.In
fiction,thereisEnglishAuthorP.G.Wodehouse's1909novel,Mike.
Cricketisapopularmotifinsportsrelatedvideogames.ExamplesincludeCricketLife1forthePC.
SeealsolistofCricketvideogames.
Influenceonothersports
CrickethasacloserelationshipwithAustralianrulesfootballandmanyplayershavecompetedattop
levelsinbothsports.[55]In1858,prominentAustraliancricketerTomWillscalledfortheformationofa
"footballclub"with"acodeoflaws"tokeepcricketersfitduringtheoffseason.Thefollowingyear,
WillsandotherVictoriancricketersfoundedtheMelbourneFootballClubandcodifiedthefirstlawsof
thegame.[56]Itistypicallyplayedonmodifiedcricketfieldsandborrowsterminologyfromcricket,such
as"umpire"and"sledging".
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Inthelate19thcentury,aformercricketplayer,EnglishbornHenryChadwickofBrooklyn,NewYork,
wasresponsibleforthe"developmentoftheboxscore,tabularstandings,theannualbaseballguide,
thebattingaverage,andmostofthecommonstatisticsandtablesusedtodescribebaseball".[57]The
statisticalrecordissocentraltothegame's"historicalessence"thatChadwickcametobeknownas
FatherofBaseball.[57][58]
Seealso
ICCODIChampionship
ICCPlayerRankings
ICCTestChampionship
Listofcricketterms
ICCT20Championship
ICCCricketWorldCup
ListofTestcricketrecords
ListofOneDay
Internationalcricket
records
ListofTwenty20
Internationalrecords
Blind
Cricket
Comparison
ofcricket
and
baseball
Outlineof
cricket
Women's
cricket
Table
Cricket
TomWills,cricketer
andcofounderof
Australianfootball
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3. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/169462mostpopularteamsportssoccercricketbasketballbaseball
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