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1975
0W1
I
Grumman Research Department Report RE- 506
I
ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT EVASION STRATEGIES
IN AIR-TO-AIR MISSILE EFFECTIVENESS MODELS
by
System Sciences
?a
'$-
August 1975
Approved by:
'.
t
L
......
'
.
.(
Charles E. Mack, Jr.
Director of Research
--
UCLLS m
Seruntv Classlfcation
Oft
2S.
REPORT SECUNITY
t Es CIS*atiet d)
CLASSIrICA TION
Unclassified
;rummn Aerospace Corporation
I
NEPOA'
RoU
N/A
?LE
IVE
*40TS
'Type of repct and incfu.seve dote)
Research Report
Au
.ORSo
.
s.TOTAL
REPORT DATE
August 1975
041
Ia.
CONIRAC T On GRANT NO
II. POROJECT
PAG
ES
No
"ors
IPE-506
.40
NIA
N IA
*b.
(Any 0fl
None
d.
sc
37
OISTR"RUTION STATEMENT
SUPPLCkE*NTAN NOTES
None
None
DD Nov 1473
lUNCISTFIE
/securftv Cl,
;tiftcstinn
,I
1i
1 IThis
I !missile
ABSTRACT
nates.
11
The effectiveness/
1J
seeker sensor.
Ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.
II.
..
.00...
.....
..........
.........
.......
10
12
..................
II.
15
.........................
Computational Approach
Learning Phase ......
..................
. . .
15
15
16
Strategy Modification
17
Statistics Phase
IV.
13
. ........
.................
............ ................
18
21
Summary ....................................
21
26
V.
VI.
Appendix-
.....................
38
42
46
Conclusions
References
.....................................
53
........................
........
56
55
Precdinlg pp ink
LIST OF ILIIJSTRATIONS
4R
"-
Page
Figure
2-1
2-2
2-3
Coordinate Nomenclacure
2-4
3-1
4-1
21
4-2
25
4-3
4-4
.........................
.............
14
...
.......
....
19
26
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
27
29
32
33
34
35
36
37
vii
LI1ST OF TrABU.S
Pg
Table
4-1
4-2
,1-3
Sample Results
Trajectories
...
..
..
..
. ...
..
..
. ...
22
........
. ...
..
. ..
24
.....
ix
.....
. ....
...
......
...
30
4 I
LIST OF SYMBOLS
CD
CD
%'LIM
Maneuvering
ap
Guidance gain
g
m
Missile mass
n yc
PK
P
Kill probability
Missile-to-aircraft range
RA
Rmin
RS
r sSeeker
r SL!M
Thrust
tDL
xi
I
LC
Total guidance
u.
v.1
VA
Aircraft velocity
time
VS
:Aircraft
V% V
Relative veto-
X.
xA? Y.
Y1
steady--
te .neuver
velocity
.y components
LIM
.. (:)
P
Seeker gimbal angle
linit
Learning algorithm reinforcement weights
Atmospheric density
ap
"
xii
I.
INTRODUCTION
2) determining
However,
1)
model that simulates in detail missile trajectory, warhead detonation, and associated aircraft structure damage to determine aircraft survivability.
"g"
turns
striction is that the payoff function must be a continuously diff.-rentiable function of the relative coordinates.
This mathematical
diffi-ulty implies a computational problem in solving for the optimal feedback control for the aircraft over all relative coordinates.
Thus, only an open loop control maneuver can be computed for the
aircraft for each launch condition.
The approach taken in this report provides a new methodology
uith which to consider the effectiveness/vulnerability quantification problem.
The first
2 and offer
at the same time a means of accounting for the real world vrs
--
- -
t'iw
-he
of th. effecdiveness
determination.
Sresnt'.1ive
port
air- :.ft
in
its
lavach
Oth per-
,,
r.has been
The choice
of model was quite arbitrary as the methodology -an easily accommodate radar guided missiles, counterweasures strategy analysis, and
three dimensional flight. In the last case, computer running times
with the saturation of the missi.le seeker field of view for very
close targ(
ranges.
I
by the track crossing angle between the missile/aircraft trajectories.
II.
The
(w)
(R)
In the
could
'I
and
u5
correspond to maximum performanse turns that decelerate Lhe aircraft to a low steady-state velocity;
u2
and
u4
are maximum
u3
is a
_7=r,4V'
----
- -
-t-
00
Angle-Off w
0120
1500
2100
Fig. 2-1
v 2 - illuminate arc-lamp
V3 - jettison and ignite fuel charge
v 4 - no countermeasures deployment
In this illustration the aircraft would select a pair of controls
The specification of a
(u, v)
pair
DYNAMICAL MODEL
The dynamical equations for a representatiw air-to-air infrared guided missile in its postlaunch maneuvering phase is presented
in ihis section.
guidance constraints, aerodynamic constraints, and warhead properties as incorporated in the model are explained.
The coordinate nomenclature employed with the trajectory dynami, s description is given in Fig. 2-3.
!A
'
F,.
2-3
Coordinate nomenclature
Im
Cos
=V
VM sin;
YM
=r
-- , .
VM
VCD
SC
2
(ny)
2m
2
ISVWDI
Y
D0
m
T
xA
YA
VA cos
RRA
A
" "
.
.
A
=
velocity
u1
u2
Left Turn
Deceleration
to Low V
Maneuver
Left Turn
High
Sustainable
u3
u4
u5
Dash
Right Turn
High
Sustainable
Right Turn
Deceleration
to Low V
Control
VS
-I
VT I
-1
VD
VT
+1
VT
+1
VT
parameter,
a,
is de-
Determine
VSS
ui
2)
w-
if
VA > VSS
VA < VSS
VA
a-
VSS
which are
The aircraft
R and
a) for
R !(
(xA
+ (YA
-)
YM)
Y)2
37r
2
where
)
" YM
nY1 (
tanN(xA - xM)
Missile Guidance Considerations
10
- VA sin
VM cos
VA cos
VM sin ,
r
with
(V x sin V - V
1 -
cos
R
as computed on page 10.
and
The equations corresponding to the seeker and autopilot response and associated constraints are:
Seeker line of sight rate response
(r - rS)
r
irs
- r SLI M
(Kapnyc
_I
ap
where
Kr VM
r)
M
is th~e commanded acceleration.
limit required by
structural considerations.
is imposed.
Other guidance constraints are considered in the model:
*
nyc -0
t > tDL.
11
when
0 < t
tDL;
tDL
nyc
secor'-s.
as
which-
tG
seconds after
yc = 0
tion- nyc = 0
LLols.
In this
the cor-
P
a lower limit angle value at
LIML
launch, and
a higher value of flight.
LIMF
The thrust (T)- and burn raze (in) are specified :as funcrions
employed:
of time "in the model, and data for the representative problem considered are given in:Section IV. Along with this the aerodynamic
dra coffiiens
drag coefficients
C0
C
adCI C-and
Mach number and the air density computed from an exponential atmosphere model.
Ts)
Line of
sight rate errors due to detector signal/noise properties at various ranges, atmospheric properties, multiple sources, countermeasures, etc. can easily be incorporated in the model in a straight
forward manner without any alteration of the basic solution methodology.
12
I.
4
L.
This proba-
-fragment
Ittarget
aircraft.
As this report
is concerned with aircraft evasive tactic metbodology, the kill determination phase is much simplified in scope, but sufficiently
realistic to be representative of -the lethality data typically associated with small close-range infrared-missile warheads detonated
near current fighter aircraft.
t y "kill" one assumes at least to disable the aircraft so- that its
primary mission capability is eliminated, but not necessarily torender catastfophic -destruction.
-
13
relative- range Rmin (from the equation-onpage 10) between thecenters of mass for- any -missile/airc-rat ~aetr
ar
The
minimum range value is ,useJ to de-termine akill--probability -from- a-
Llethalit~y
plot, as shown in Fig.- 2m4. -This -typical :function represents $$average" -data over all missile/aircraft orien-tations-andre!.ative velocities at detonation.
It -is-assumed -that detonationoccurs -at prec isely the minimum relative- -range point.i The -numerical
1Kvalue Is utilized to specify the k*-lln-nkll -outcome -distribution- employed subsequently in the -learning
_ and statistics, phases of
the computational approach.
rh
-14
In--
'U
III.
[-
COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH
a "learn-
ing" phase, which is associated with the optimal strategy development for the aircraft, and a statistics phase associated with the
determination of the aircraft vulnerability and missile effectiveness measures.
LEARNING PHASE
Strategy Initialization
A stochastic learning algorithm has been developed for strategy
resolution in two-player, one-on-one duels in Ref. 1.
That method-
Section II
The
15
U.
"ij
x,
where Lhe
1,
...
u., j= 1, ..., 5
Pij
ith
table begins
0.2
i = 1,
for all
...
represent
Initially Lhe
and
j = I,
x.
outcome determination,
R, angle-off
.,
being chosen
A control :hoice
The missile and aircraft trajectories are then integrated until the
next aircraft threshold is crossed and a new aircraft control deThis process continues until one of the follcwing
cision sele-ted.
or
t > tG .
(Rmin)
is obtained,
For a given
If
Rmin
PK
R " 43,000
classified as a miss.
16
given as a function of
or
to,
Rmin'
the outcome is
Strategy Modification
For each of the two outcomes
weightings
it(-T)
learning phase.
Outcome
Kill
(-I)
Miss
aircraft is in region
using control
modifying
I:i
pij
to
pij
ij
uk
and outcome
pij
to
pij
If the
-, occurs,
by first
where
(' )p i j
k
*k
Pij = Pij
The
pij
pij
i
P
Pij
pairs temporarily
17
U.
.3
xi
Approximately
"Pij"
100
lected at random within each region are sini:lated to obtain a converged decision table that represents the "optimized" survival
strategy for the aircraft.
STATISTICS PHASE
The statistics phase of the computat'ons now fixes the converged decision table and computes the aircraft vulnerability and
missile effecti.'eness measures in Monte Carlo fashion.
vulnerability data approximately
100
For the
trajectory computations
(R)
and
angle-off (,)
() t
(R)
/2
at
launch; otherwise the aIrcraft heading relative to missile boresight axis nomen-!lature on each effectiveness chart should be
1f+'; - w/2.
18
7700
00
1~120
Fir,. 3-1
PK
value represents an average of all launches that satisfy the offboresight requirements
-LIM
= t 200.
I
20
IV.
COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS
SUMMARY
T
-
The main ingredient in this methodology development, when com-pared to other missile effectiveness analyses, is the evading. arcraft's employment of i maneuvering and/or countermeasures feedback
control policy that minimizes the kill
over-all launch initial
treated in
this report.)
conditi ,ns.
probability of =the--missile
(Only the maneuvering. case is
_some
The specific missile and target aircraft data given- -in Table 4-1
and Fig. 4-1 and employed to obtain the results pre-sentedoare -representative of current-day IR missile systems deployed for close-.in air
-II
TimeC( ee )
Fig.
TABLE 4-1
MISSILE DATA
Aerodynamic Data
Reference Area
Zero-Lift Drag Coefficient
S
CD
(ft2 )
C0.0
0.01614
0.8 for M<1
for M< 1
C1I
Engine Data
T
tB
T'o
(ib)
(sec)
(slugs)
(slugs/sec)
2820.0
5.2
6.211
-0.3584
Seeker Data
Field of View
Gimbal Limits
(deg)
(deg)
(deg)
(deg/sec)
during flight
at launch
Gimbal Rate Limit
Seeker Output Gain
(1/sec)
2.5
40.0
20.0
20.0
4.0
0.0
tDL
Kap
Tap
nycVM
(sec)
tG
(sec)
(1/sec)
2.0
1.0
0.1
30.0 g's
20.0
AIRCRAFT DATA
Mneuver Data
Dash Velocity
VD
(fps)
900.0
VT 1
(fps)
900.0
VT
(fps)
500.0
2
RTI
(ft)
5000.0
RT
(ft)
3555.0
Longitudinal Acceleration
Longitudinal Deceleration
a+
a
(ft/sec 2 )
(ft/sec 2 )
+22.0
see Fig. 4-1
22
i'
f
The
15,000 ft alti-
tude with the target and launch aircraft flying at the initial speed
of
900 ft/sec.
The results obtained in this report, which illustrate the
field
where the sensor field of view becomes saturated at a nominal relative range
Rs = 1000 ft
In this
PK
Rmin
to
value of
0.7
PK = 0
,k ft,
at a distance of
20 ft.
Rs
Study 2 considers
In this case,
This particular
Rs
versus
relation-
The
21.
2000 ft
The
Rs =
value
'The methodology is not limited to these simplified saturation effect cases as presented in this section, and, in fact, if extensive
model detail in terms of seeker characteristics is available it can
be easily incorporated.
23
cr.
7
s.~
__
24C
e)
'0
--
we'
Study 3 deals with quantifying the off-boresight laun::h angle impact on aircraft vulnerability.
in this study:
15-20
off-boresight
envelope.
In this study,
The ef-
fectiveness and vulnerability results are g~iven for both the nonmaneuver and "optimal" learned maneuver cases.
25
F
STUDY NO. 1
-CONSTANT
Three levels of
PK
The actual
PK
in
the launch
ef-
3-1,
*.. . ...
. ,p
.:
..
. . .,
.,
................................
*
Note
{ ..
.......
. ........
..
*
'.
. ......
. ....
..
*:*"
\.
112.2
"26
.
......
-.
..
. . . . . . ...
...
..
-
L '.'.."
"4-:-..:'.:
..
ll
....
.
::::/
..
...
.........
*..
.
.
..
26
of
PK < 0.1.
IL
R < 5000 ft
in
and was implemented only for the purpose of reducing the com-
--
ditions.
(0 = 600)
(0 = 120
to
_7
LK
t
- :.:.
. - ......"
.. .
-i
. . . .. . . . .
, ..
,.:
..
R,...
K%.'
= 1000
,-Ft
0._
"_ .:/ .r;ZD;,.._.
--
rh Tur :-,
5 r, ._.1_
, ~~~~~~~. ..
..................
tianeuver
;Aircraft
r,Rig'ht Turn
S-5
Fig.
h-h4
'
".
.,Tunv.
Optimal)
.. . .3
0
" . - "..
<
Fi. 4 --,_-issileEffecitivns
. .
.0.....
. .
:
.
a e v
:..::..........::"'
.
.......... Cosat Satuatio
'~~03Maneuvering-
27
5 g
The
maneuvering
1800,
- 00
PK< 0.3
PK > 0.3
< 0.3
for the
5g
> 0.1
.
0.1
On the
5 g
0.09
and
0.1,
while the
In these
data are given with respect to the aircraft observable stae description in Fig. 2-1. one can see the marked
cases, the
PK
PK
28
,.
".
/...
F
....
'
,
..,- ...
.,
.:...S:
..
.. ..-.
: --- ".
A%..;
*,,r
".
0.7
r~ari
uv~ *r n~
0 .3 < PK
n~n!:aeuv_:.in,
0 .5
CO.!
Fi
<
0.3
.; -. ; S"
L a r~
Lanedrh
Mnueip
_. ,,-5
Aircraft Vulnerability Results, Constant Saturation
Ran.-e = 1000 Feet
Two
presented for each result in its entirety (viz, with regard all
-,,
regions in Fig. 2-1) because the general characteristics of the derived strategies are more- easily inferred from selected sample trajectories. Table 4-3 supplies
an outline for the S-azole results
21
29
E,
(n
4i U-4~
(nO
ul
CNI3-t
e'i
04
r-
1 %C
Ct*
U)
4 O-CO r-4 14
C4
w.41
-7-~
V)IV)IU
4
0
S4
U)
(n
04
$.04$4a
0w5-
'0
0
t~~~
4.j
0
-r4
V1
-4
tl.(n-
-r
U)ci
Co
0--
l0
'4N4A
0 $4C
00l
0
-r
0)
0-
0j
0 4c
zcJ
V"i
Co4
-4*r4
0)~4C
'S.
0j.'
0
.4LnLllt
-- IZ-4r
30
C:vt
Co
For
and
23 ft
Figs. 4-8 and 4-9, depicts the case "head-on" initial conditions
for the nonmaneuvering and learned maneuvering comparisons.
Fig--
ure 4-8 again shows the weaving maneuver developed by the learning
technique in re.ative coordinates, and Fig. 4-9 shows the maneuvering comparison in absolute :oordinates.
-of a steady
5 g
the turn into the missile approach heading, and the solid trajectory
shows the turn away for the counterpart initial c3ndition.
These
typify the kinds of "open loop" maneuvering control given the evading- aircraft in most effectiveness evaluVtions (see Ref. 1 and 2).
One can see f'om the difference in the miss distance results of
6.7
and
47 ft
turn or
straight flight) may not furnish the evading aircraft with its best
defensive policy when compared to closed loop control over all
relative coordinates. The effectivene3s results associated with
the open loop cases tend to overestimate missile capability.
31
EVRS I VE STRATEGIES
PARAMETRI C-CASE : >
STUDY NO I1
INITIAL CONDITIONS
Mnw,
110ANGLE-OFFx
SCALE
*ORSIGHT=
3S00 FT.
AND TRAJECTORIES
100.0-
RE'S4LT 1A
Tao.
Ir
PEIE
C.
0.0 DEC.
MEIN z
11ME'IE
0MN: w
E
A.0aT
E*
. 13 e.
it.? FT.
[i
RESUJT IA
TIME"I,4.3
'TtME
RMMt~
4A~SC.,
7?.
.9Sc.
It.? FT.
NOW
STRIGH
IA
dolt-
xw
WE
f.
I3
,Rsl
n rjcois
kAslt)
Vj
STUDY NO I
INITIAL CMWOTIONS:
RANGE
m 20000.0 FT.
McO DEG.
VANGLE-OFF=
BL)RESIGHT=
0.0 MEG.
WCALE 3000 FT.
Fig-. 4-8
RESULT 18
TIME
MIN
TIME
RMIN
9 .S SEc.
1..2 FT.
6.9 SEC.
24.9 FT.
"MM I I
STUDY NO I
INITIAL CONDITIONS
= 20000.0 FT.
RANGE
170.0 DEG.
HEADING =
0.0 DEG.
BORESIGHT=
SCALE 3000 FT.
RESULT 18
TIME
RMIN
TIME
RMIN
STRAIGHT
MANEUVER
=
a
=
u
6.6
2.3
6. 9
24.9
SEC...
FT.
SEC.
FT.
EVASIVE
IltEUVER
I!
IL
I.. -.. ,.
. .
..
.,,,.,
Fig. 4-9
..
.. .,=
= :. =;
..=
. .
. .
STUDY HO t
INITIAL C09VITINS,
RAWG
14000. 0 FT.
255.0 DEC.
ANGLE-OVF=
BWES t 4T r
0.0 DEG.
INITIAL CONDITIONS :TIEa
*14000.0
FT.
RANGE
WA
BMCALE
~
0.0 DEG.
E-FF
FT..uN*105.0
Fig. 4-10
RESULT IC
TIMlE x
WuIN z
10.1 SEC.
47-.0 FT.
TtE=
S
KC
S69C
**
T.
-"
'.
- - --
[.PARA'ETRIC
CASE
:>
STUDY NO I
INITIAL CONCITIONS:
RANGE
= 14000.0 FT.
HEADING =
iORESIGHT=
SCALE
-75.0 DEG.
0.0 DEG.
3000 FT.
RESULT IC
TIME a
10. 1 KC
Rlfr
4?.0 FT.
a
TIME a
WIN
.6
6
B.?
50 RIGHT TIIN
ANW.
4S MIGHT TIN
1,1ont
Fig. 4-11
37
o...
orientations in the
on capability in the
5-16 K ft
to
16
ranges.
48 K ft
~A
.
.-
...
".
~Y
...
5 <
PK0.5
.<F
_3
honmaneuvering
03
<
0.5
0.3
Learned
Maneuvers
38
UL
-0
..-.
maevrn
fo
in
Fis
std
4-4ad41
se
th
Sml
eut2
ie
lutaephennaevrn/aevr
ai
htinta
aevrn
hard~~~~~~~
obai
a.ba
to.
by
FA
2/seTbe43.
comparisons fo
One~
can
-7
trn evrsa
:~Qar~u~eiT~-
oniin
taeyo
sturtin
icati
otr
.elne7
eaiv
seta
th
tmdumrne
39P
rng
.~
agsfloe
thesoldof
200
re
TRAJECTORIES
EVA SIE STRATEGIES AND
PARAMETRIC CASE :>
STUDY NO 2
INITIAL CONDITIONS
RANGE
15000.0 FT.
ANGLE-OFF=
145.0 DEC.
BORESIGHT=
0.0 DEG.
SCALE 3000 FT.
RESULT 2A
TIME
RMIN
TIME
RMIN
a
x
x
=
11.S
EC-*,mi
0.9 FT.
10.? IEC..
26.5 FT.
Ai
LL
Fig. 4-14
40
STUDY NO 2
INITIAL CONDITIONS
RANGE
= 15000.0 FT.
HEROING =
35.0 DEG.
BORESIGHT=
0.0 DEG.
SCALE 3000 FT.
RESULT 2A
TlME
IRMIN
TIME
RIIN
a
=
a
=
11.5
0.1
10.?
26.5
I
JI
/EVASIVE
STIAWIGlT
W4EUJE R
MAEUVER
I
I
II
Fig. 4-15
StC.,.
FT.
SEC.
FT.
It
is
This criterion,
20 ft
and
2500 ft
Figs. 4-16 and 4-17 for both the nonmaneuvering and learned maneuver cases.
tDL
is a particularly
to
+200
boresight error spread as shown in the right hand plot oE Fig. 4-13.
The comparison shows the vulnerability to be basically the same for
tail aspect launches and slightly reduced in the beam and head-on
situations for the on-boresight launch case.
can be compared with data for the
15'
to
+15
These vulnerabilities
200
to
off-boresight er+200
edge of bore-
sight condition; therefore the right half plane depicts results for
42
STUDY No 2
RESULT 29
INITIAL CONDITIONS:
--
ANQLE-OFF=
WUESIGNT=
110.6 DEC.
10.0 DEC.
MNa
T Ea
1.
91SC
II-
Fig. 4-16
43
---
1
471
STUOY NO 2
INITIAL CONDITIONS :.
MAO
7509.0 FT.
.AEING10.0
IKSI
CHT=
DGWIN
10.0 DEG.
RESULT 20
TIME ',
# STRAIGHTEVSE
MWUER
UER
44
2400.0 M
Fig. 4-17
WO-,,mm
11.4
S 1 FT. "KC
TIME
WIN
.4
-NE
. ....---
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a~
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to
with
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20
LaunchI
totre
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ie
ethlfpaea
-ad
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9.
to th/nbrsgtd
launchtcauch Sapl
httela
trjetoie
depicting1
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fet
theevasive
_. J in:r 1,
a
a,- Initial
ji,-.
,-9
>c:d/La,
inlvi
al ?ordiion .o
enlature
Figures 4-22
and 4-23 show the "edge" of boresight launch conditions and subsequent maneuvering representing the lead and lag cases.
STUDY No. 4
-WARHEAD
LETHALITY SENSITIVITY
PK (18,6)
The improved
Figure 4-24 shows the vulnerability results for the baseline and improved warhead fir both the nonmaneuvering and learned maneuvering
46
EVASIVE STRIATEGIES
PARAiIETR I C CASE
:>
AND TRAJECTORIES
STUDY NO 3
INITIAL CONDITIONS :
s 15000.0 FT.
RANGE
ANGLE-OFF
-40.0 DEG.
SC
9WRESIGHT=
E 3000 FT.
L
RESULT 3A
"I'ME a
R(.,IN =
5.6 SEC.
1.5 FT.
0.0 DEG.
!
'--
Fig. 4-20
47
:>
STUDY NO 3
INITIAL CONDITIONS :
RANX
a
HEADING
9MqS IGH T"
SCALE
15000.0 FT.
226.0
O. 0OEG.
IDEQ.
RESULT 3A
TMlE s
M1IN w
5.6 WC.
7.5 FT.
3000 FT.
EVASIVE
Fig. 4-22
RESULT 30
FT.
DEC.
IDEG;.
TIME
AtIIN
FT.
DEG.
TIME *
RrnN a
DEC.
S.0 SEC.Mmm
23.61 FT.
S.? SEC
?.4 MT
AND TRAJECTORIES
EVASIVE STRATEGIES
STUDY NO 3
INITIAL CONDITIONS :
a 15000.0 FT.
ANGE
202.0 DEG.
HEADING =
-16.0 DEG.
mORESIGHT,
INITIAL CONDITIONS :
rIlE a
MIEN =
TIIE -
a 1500.0 FT.
WINCE
IIN a
233.0 DEC.
1O.0 DEG.
HEADING x
l*0R1SIGHT.
SCALE 3000 FT.
RESULT 3S
5.O SEC.,..u
23.6 FT
5.? KC.
4 fi.
I
T
EYCM I
4-23
Eto
*
L+
W+
t44
50
Study~~~~
:!i
+ ' +.
[.S
LS
-1I
No
ndTaecois
taege
Fi.423Eaiv
~~SNo5,ReutB Ablte
,Rsut3uAboue
~+
III
0.5
<\
-0.
t<P
0.
(38,60) Warhead
onaneuverinLandlaeurin
Learn05c..c04
Firn42kneuvew
'g0.
0.3cieesReutWrei
Ltafy-td
cases.
tactics analyst would perhaps divert more of his effort into the
countermeasures policy area ratner than rely upon maneuvering to
achieve vulnerability reductions.
This study concludes the computational results portion of this
report.
sampling of the type of result that is available to the system designer and tactics analyst in system effectiveness studies using
the described methodology.
52
V.
CONCLUSIONS
mal maneuvering can achieve considerable reductions in missile effectiveness at close ranges when launch off-boresight angle lags
the line of sight.
It indicates
that the major burden of the evasion problem should be placed in the
domain of countermeasures deployment.
(particularly in the first three result sets for the baseline missile
warhead lethality) when averaged over all of the launch coordinates
corresponds numerically to those statistical levels achieved in
actual combat firings.
quiring one-half hour for the complete solution set for the 2-D problem with projected running times of two hours for comparably detailed
3-D models on IBM 370/168 type computers.
53
-A
sis of missile effectiveness to be achieved with in-flight alteration of missile guidance or counter-countermeasures policies.
This
--
I--8II
.5
I-
S[
"4
VI.
7-1.
REFERENCES
G. Jr.,
Capt.,
"A Digital
Vol.
LIMC-TP-74-39,
4.
55
Ai
APPENDIX
COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING
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