EEEB253 - Chap1 To Chap9 - 20140911

ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES

EEEB 253
CHAPTER 1
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
Electromagnetic spectrum
Ker Pin Jern
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
Chapter 1: Vector algebra

Electromagnetics (EM) A branch of physics or electrical engineering where
electric and magnetic phenomena are studied
Applications:- microwave, antenna, electric machine, radar, remote sensing etc.
Eg. EM energy change vegetable taste by reducing its acidicity
1. Scalar and vector

2. Unit vector
3. Position vector
4. Vector multiplication
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1.1: Scalar and vector
EM concepts can be understood through vector analysis

Need to have strong vector analysis
Scalar quantity that only has magnitude
Vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction, identified
by an arrow above the symbols (or bold in typing)
EM theory study of a particular field
Field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in
a region. Eg. Gravitational field
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1.2: Unit vector
Magnitude of a vector A is A or |A|

A unit vector aA, is a vector with magnitude of unity and direction A
Vector A can be written as
or
Magnitude of a vector
Unit vector is given by
Vector addition / subtraction (revision)
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Examples / practice exercises

PE 1.3 (position vector)
Answers / solution will be done during lecture
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Example (unit vector)
What is the magnitude of unit vector ac???
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1.3: Position vector
Position vector (rp) also called the radius vector of a point P is the
distance directed from the origin to point P
Point (3, 4, 5) has a position vector
Distance vector displacement from one point to
another point
Prac. Exercise 1.1
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1.4: Vector multiplication

2 types of vector multiplication
Dot product
2 vectors are orthogonal or perpendicular if
Dot product commutative law
Dot product Distributive law
Dot product perpendicular vector
Dot product parallel vector
Cross product
, an is the unit vector normal to the
plane containing vectors A and B
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1.4: Vector multiplication

Cross product anticommutative
Not associative
Distributive
Special cases
Example 1.4 find the angle using dot product / cross product
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 2
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 2: Coordinate system

Physical quantities in EM are functions of time and space
To define all points accurately, use coordinate system
Orthogonal coordinate system the ones in which the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular. Eg. Cartesian, spherical, cylindrical, conical etc.
1. Cartesian coordinate
2. Cylindrical coordinate / transformation
3. Spherical coordinate / transformation
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12
2.1: Cartesian coordinate / 2.2

Circular cylindrical coordinate
13
A point P can be represented by (x, y, z)

Cartesian coordinate = rectangular coordinate
Vector A
Cylindrical coordinate convenient for problems
with cylindrical symmetry
is the radial distance from the z-axis; is called the azimuthal

angle measured from the x-axis on the xy-plane
z is the same as in Cartesian coordinate

Vector A can be written as
Magnitude of vector;
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Unit vectors
are all perpendicular
2.2 Circular cylindrical coordinate

Relationship between cylindrical and Cartesian coordinates
Relationship between
and
In matrix form
The unit vectors are related as below
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14
2.3 Spherical coordinate
15
Most appropriate when dealing with problems

having spherical symmetry
A point can be represented by
r is the distance from the origin to the point
is the angle between z-axis and position

vector P (Colatitude angle)
is measured from the x-axis (same as Azimuthal angle)
Vector A can be expressed as
and
The magnitude is
The unit vectors are all mutually orthogonal
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2.3 Spherical coordinate

Relationship between spherical and Cartesian coordinates
The unit vectors are related as follows:-
Components of vector
The magnitude MUST stay the same

after transformation to check answer
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16

Example 2.1
At point P,
Exclude Spherical!
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PE 2.1
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PE 2.1
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PE 2.2
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 3
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 3: Vector calculus

Deals with integration and differentiation of vectors (Calculus)
Learning the mathematical techniques in this chapter, which will be useful for the
EM applications in subsequent chapters
Differential normal area
1. Line integral
2. Surface and volume integral
3. Del, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian
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22
3.1: Line integral
23
Integration concept extension to an integrand which is a vector

Vector field A; Line integral
is the integral
of the tangential component of A along curve L
We can define the integral as
For a closed path abca, closed contour integral
Example 3.2
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PE 3.2
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3.2: Surface and volume integral

Vector A continuous in a region containing a
smooth surface S
Surface integral or flux of A through S
or
At any point on S, an is the unit vector normal to the surface S
For a closed surface that defining a volume,
The volume integral
, scalar
over volume v
Problem 3.2 (d)
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25
3.3: Del, Divergence, Curl, and

Lapacian
The Del operator
26
, also known as gradient operator
This operator is useful in defining:
in Cartesian coordinate
In cylindrical coordinate,
using transformation
In spherical coordinate,
Divergence of A at any given point P, is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks about P
Net outflow of flux of a vector field A from a closed surface is obtained
from the surface integral
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Lapacian
27
Divergence of A can be written as

, is the volume
enclosed by the closed surface where the P is located
Imagine divergence as a measure of how much the fields diverge or
emanate from a point P
+ve at a source point diverge
-ve at a sink point converge
Neither sink nor source Zero
Divergence of A at point P in a Cartesian system
In cylindrical coordinate
In spherical coordinate
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Lapacian
28
Properties of the divergence of a vector field:It is a scalar product; Divergence of a scalar makes no sense;
;
Divergence theorem:- the total outward flux of a vector field A through
a closed surface S is the same as the volume integral of the divergence
of A
Example 3.6
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PE 3.7
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Lapacian
30
Curl of vector A is an axial or rotational vector whose magnitude is

the maximum circulation of A per unit area as the area tends to zero and
whose direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is
oriented so as to make the circulation maximum
is the area bounded by curve L, is the unit vector normal to the

surface , determined by the right hand rule
is independent on the coordinate system
Cartesian
Cylindrical
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Lapacian
Properties of the curl:-
Stokes theorem
Example 3.8 Determine the curl vectors
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31

Lapacian
Example 3.8
Example 3.9
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Lapacian
Example 3.9
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Lapacian
34
Laplacian operator is the composite of the gradient and divergence

Definition: Laplacian of a scalar field is another scalar field
In Cartesian: In cylindrical: In spherical: A scalar field vector V is said to be harmonic in a given region if its
Laplacian vanishes in that region. i.e.
Laplacian of a vector NOT the divergence of the gradient of A but the
gradient of the divergence of A
In Cartesian only, it becomes
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Lapacian
Example 3.11
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Lapacian
P.E. 3.11
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Chapter 3 Conclusion
37
Line integral, surface and volume integrals

Del operator used in divergence, curl and Laplacian
Divergence of a vector results in a scalar quantity; total outward
flux through a closed surface (Dot)
Curl of a vector results in a rotational vector (Cross)
Laplacian of a scalar field results in another scalar; divergence of
a gradient of a vector
Tutorial questions: 3.1(a), 3.2(a, b), 3.3(a, b), 3.4, 3.10(a, b), 3.15, 3.16(a,
b), 3.17(a, b), 3.19, 3.24(a, b), 3.29(a, b), 3.31
Ker Pin Jern
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 4
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 4: Electrostatic fields

Static electric field time invariant; E field produced by static charge distribution
E field application Touch pad, capacitive keyboard, LCD
Industry E field used for paint spraying, electrodeposition, measure moisture
content of crops, speed baking of bread and smoking of meat
Coulombs law & Gausss law both for calculating electric field
1. Coulombs law
2. Electric fields
3. Electric flux density
4. Gausss law
5. Electric potential
6. Electric energy
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4.1: Coulombs law
40
Coulombs law:- deals with the force exerted by a point charge on

another point charge
The force F between two point charges Q1 and Q2 is:Along the line joining them
Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between them
With a proportionality constant, it can be expressed as

Coulombs constant, k, expressed in terms of the permittivity of free
space (in Farad per meter)
F12 force exerted on Q2 due to Q1, if Q1 and Q2 are located at position
vectors r1 and r2 respectively.
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4.1: Coulombs law
41
Using the formula for unit vector,
or
A few points to note:Opposing force with same magnitude

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
Distance R is much larger than the size of the charges i.e. point charges
All the charges must be in static i.e. not moving
Signs of the charges must be taken into account
For cases with more than two charges,
Electric field intensity (electric field strength), E force per unit

charge when placed in the electric field
E is in the direction of F in N/C or V/m
For E due to many charges
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4.1: Coulombs law
42
Example 4.1
P.E. 4.1
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4.2: Electric fields due to continuous

charge distribution
43
More realistic cases charges distributed along a line, surface or

volume with line
, surface and volume charge densities
The charge element dQ and the total charge Q
The electric field intensity = sum of the field contributed by the point
charges making up the charge distribution
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4.3: Electric flux density
44
Electric field intensity is dependent on the medium (free space)

Introduce a new vector field D that is independent on medium
Electric flux
, measured in SI unit Coulomb
Vector field D called the electric flux density; SI unit coulomb/m2

Can obtain D from E. Eg. For infinite sheet of charge
For a volume charge distribution,
Example 4.7
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4.3: Electric flux density

P.E. 4.7
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45
4.4: Gausss law
46
Gausss law states that the total electric flux through any closed
surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface. i.e.
Using the divergence theorem,
, therefore
1st of the 4 Maxwells equations the volume charge density is equal to

the divergence of the electric flux density
Gausss Law (GL) is an alternative statement of Coulombs Law
(CL);proper application of divergence theorem to CL results in GL
GL provides an easy way to determine E and D for symmetrical charge
distribution
Ker Pin Jern
4.4: Gausss law
47
Total net flux leaving surface v1 = 5 nC

Charges 20 nC and 15 nC do not affect
because net = 0; in = out
For surface v2, net flux = 0
Procedures to apply Gausss law to for calculation
Determine whether symmetric charge distribution exists
A closed surface (called the Gaussian surface) is chosen such that D is normal or
tangential to the surface
For a point charge Q, choose a spherical surface

D is everywhere normal to the surface
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4.4: Gausss law
48
For an infinite line charge, choose a cylindrical surf.

to satisfy the symmetry condition
GL: For top and bottom surface
ZERO;
For an infinite sheet of charge, choose a rectangular

box that is cut symmetrically by the sheet
GL: If the top and bottom have an area A,
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4.4: Gausss law
49
For a uniformly charged sphere, spherical surf.

For r a,
GL: For r => a,
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4.4: Gausss law
50
Try eg.4.8; P.E. 4.8
P.E. 4.9 (XX Need)
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4.5: Electric potential
51
Recap:- To calculate E, can use CL for all cases; GL only suits highly
symmetric charge distribution
Another way use electric scalar potential V;
easier to handle scalar than vector quantity
Case Moving a point charge Q from point A to B in an electric field E
. From CL,
, work done
-ve sign: indicates work done by external agent
Potential energy per unit charge potential difference between point
A and B
; A is the initial point, B is the final point
VAB ve:- loss in PE when moving Q from A to B, work done by field
VAB +ve:- gain in PE when moving Q from A to B, external agent
performs the work
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VAB is independent of the path taken
VAB is measured in Joules/C, commonly called as volt (V)
Equations: Always determine electric potential relative to another potential
Calculation for point charge relative to infinity
Using superposition principle
Note:- if electric field is known, use
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Example 4.10
P.E. 4.10
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Try xample 4.11
P.E. 4.11
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4.6: Electric energy
55
To calculate the energy present in an assembly of charges, need to first

determine the amount of work necessary to assemble them
Wish to move Q1,2,3 to the shaded region
Q1 no work required, E field = 0,no charge
Putting the charges in reverse order
Hence
; Generally,
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4.6: Electric energy
56
P.E. 4.14
Try to calculate the total work done using the formula

Compare the answers!
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 5
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 5: Electric fields in

materials
58
Previous chapter consider electric field in free space

Electric field in other mediums / materials most of the equations are similar as in
last chapter with little modification
Materials classified based on electrical properties conductor and non-conductor
(insulator or dielectric)
1. Properties of materials
2. Conductors
3. Dielectrics
4. Continuity equation
5. Boundary conditions
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5.1: Properties of material
59
Materials are categorized based on conductivity in the unit of mhos/m

or Siemens/m (S/m)
Conductivity is usually dependent on the temperature and frequency
High conductivity conductor / metal; low conductivity
insulator; in between semiconductor
Conductivity increases with decreasing temperature
Superconductor extremely high / infinite conductivity at very low
temperature (0-4 Kelvin) what degree celcius??
Ker Pin Jern
5.2: Conductors
60
Conductors many freely moving charges

An isolated conductor (top figure); external Efield is
applied +ve charges are pushed along Efield and -ve
charges move in opposite direction (charge migration
happens very quickly)
2 things are done by the free charges:They accumulate on the surface of the conductor (induced
surface charges)
Induced charges set up an internal induced field
A conductor is an equipotential body potential is the

same everywhere
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5.2: Conductors
61
According to GL, if E=0, then charge density=0

Under static condition,
What happens when the ends / terminals of a conductor are
maintained at a certain potential difference?
E=0??the conductor is no longer isolated but
wired to a source of electromotive force (battery)
Disrupt the electrostatic equilibrium by forcing free charges to move
There is an Efield to have current flows
; Efield, +ve charge,
current have the same direction; electrons flow in opposite direction
Electrons movement is opposed by a damping force
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Resistance
5.2: Conductors
62
To obtain the resistance, assume the conductor has

a cross section area, S; current density,
Ohms law,
Resistivity of material,
For conductor with non-uniform cross section,
Using power and energy equation,
P.E. 5.3
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5.3: Dielectrics
63
Charges in dielectric are bounded but can displace if a sufficiently

large external force is applied
When an Efield is applied, +ve charge is displaced in the direction of
Efield and ve charge is displaced in the opposite direction of Efield
Dipole separation of +ve and ve charges; Dipole is created
dielectric is said to be polarized
the
In a polarized state, the electrons are distorted; Distorted charge

distribution = original distribution + dipole moment (
), d is the
distance vector from Q to +Q
Total dipole moment
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5.3: Dielectrics
64
Calculate the field due to a polarized dielectric

Net effect of the dielectric on the electric field is to increase D by an
amount P. Polarization P will vary with E, usually as
is the electric susceptibility of material a measure of how

susceptible a dielectric is to electric fields
Dielectric constant
Permittivity of dielectric vs. permittivity of free space
Dielectric constant / relative permittivity
change at high frequencies > 1 GHz
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- ratio of
to
; may
5.3: Dielectrics
65
Try eg. 5.7; In class: P.E. 5.7
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5.4: Continuity equation
66
Principle of charge conservation time rate of decrease of charge =

net outward current flow through the closed surface of a volume
is the total charge enclosed by the surface
Using Divergence theorem,

Hence,
; Also,
Current continuity equation
For steady current,

or
i.e. total charge entering a
volume = total charge leaving the volume
Consider the effect of introducing charge at some interior point using
Ohms law and Gausss law
Relaxation time or rearrangement time =
- the time it takes a
charge placed in the interior of a material to drop to e-1 = 36.8% of its
initial value
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5.4: Continuity equation
67
Good conductor short Tr; Good dielectric long Tr

For copper,
, what is Tr?
For fused quartz,
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5.5: Boundary conditions
68
We considered Efield only in one medium

When it involves more than one medium, the conditions that the field
must satisfy at the interface separating the medium is called the
Boundary Conditions
Consider 3 cases 1) dielectric 1 and dielectric 2; 2) Conductor and
dielectric; 3) Conductor and free space
Use Maxwells equations: Decompose electric field intensity into 2 orthogonal components
tangential and
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normal components of E
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 6
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 6: Electrostatic boundary

value problems
70
Previous chapters charge distribution is known, use GL or CL to determine Efield

If the potential difference is known, use
Practical electrostatic problems:- only electrostatic conditions (Charge or potential
difference) at some boundaries are known need to find E and V throughout the
region Boundary value problems
Need to use Poissons or Laplaces equations derived from GL
1. Poissons equation
2. Laplaces equation
3. Procedures for solving Poissons
and Laplaces equations
4. Capacitance
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6.1: Poissons equation // 6.2

Laplaces equation
71
Poissons equation
Special case for a charge-free region
(Laplaces eqn)
Hence, the Laplaces equations in different coordinate systems are: Poissons equations in different coordinate systems are obtained by
replacing 0 with
Laplaces equations:- useful to solve electrostatic problems involving
a set of conductors maintained at different potentials. Eg. Capacitors,
vacuum tube diodes
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6.3: Procedures for solving Poissons

and Laplaces equations
Followings are the general procedures:-
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6.4: Capacitance
73
Capacitor must have 2 or more conductors carrying equal but

opposite charge; separated by free space or dielectric
Capacitance ratio of the magnitude of the charge on one of the plate
to the potential difference between the plates
Unit Farad (F); indicate how much charge can be stored
2 methods to calculate capacitance of 2 conductors
1) choose a suitable coordinate; 2) Plates carrying charge +Q and Q;
3) Calculate E using CL or GL, calculate
; 4)
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6.4: Capacitance
74
Parallel plate capacitor

Assume carrying charge +Q and Q; hence
Using Laplaces eqn. (Example 6.11)
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6.4: Capacitance
75
Using Laplaces eqn. (Example 6.11)
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6.4: Capacitance
Coaxial capacitor
76
coaxial cable
Length, L; inner radius, a; outer radius, b

Using GL for a < < b,

Capacitance of a coaxial cable

Using Laplaces eqn. (Example 6.8 with full cylinder)
Coaxial = full cylinder (inner and outer surfaces)
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6.4: Capacitance
77
Using Laplaces eqn. (Example 6.8 with full cylinder)
Q = s x surface area = s x 2L
C = Q/Vo = 2L / ln (b/a)
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6.5: Resistance
78
Resistance
1) Choose a suitable coordinate system; 2)Assume Vo as the potential
difference between the conductor terminals; 3) Solve Laplaces
equation to obtain V, then determine E and I from
; 4)
Obtain R from V0/I
Example 6.8
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6.5: Resistance
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6.5: Resistance
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6.5: Resistance
81
Example 6.9
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 7
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 7: Magnetostatic fields
83
Previous chapters concentrate on the electric field (E and D); this chapter
study the static magnetic field (B and H)
vs.
A few similarities between magnetic and electric fields
derived for Efield can be readily used for Mfield
Most of the equations
This chapter considers Mfield in free space due to the direct current
Development of motors, transformers, microphones, compasses, etc.
Biot-Savarts law
CL and Amperes law
GL
1. Biot-Savarts law
2. Amperes circuit law
3. Magnetic scalar and vector potentials
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7.1: Biot-Savarts law
84
Biot-Savarts law states that the magnetic field

intensity dH produced at a point P, by the
differential current, I dl, is proportional to the
product I dl and the sine of the angle between
the element and the line joining P to the element and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance R between P and the element
Use right-hand rule to determine the direction of dH

Represent the directions of I and H with cross and dot
Efield different charge distribution; Mfield different
current distribution
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Example of line current straight current carrying
conductor with length AB.
Hence,
This expression is applicable to any straight line. For an infinitely
long current carrying wire, point A (0, 0, -infinity), B(0, 0, infinity)
P.E. 7.1
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86
How to determine each parameter??

Angles (1, 2) follow the flow of current starting of current is 1
and end of current is 2
a UNIT VECTOR of the flow of current
a UNIT VECTOR pointing from the filament to the point
a = a x a
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Example 7.2
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Example 7.2
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7.2: Amperes circuit law
89
Amperes circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential
component of H around a closed path is the same as the net current
Ienc enclosed by the path
comparison
A special case of the Biot-Savarts law AL can be used to obtain H
only when symmetrical current distribution exists
Stokes theorem
Therefore,
, also,
3rd Maxwells equation
Infinite line current to determine H at point P

Assume an Amperian path through P
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7.3: Magnetic scalar and vector

potential
Relate electric field intensity to potential
Magnetic flux density B is related to magnetic field intensity H
Permeability of freespace
Magnetic scalar potential Vm (in amperes),
Vector magnetic potential, A (in Wb/m)
Example 7.7
Try to solve using Stokes theorem

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90
7.3: Magnetic scalar and vector

potential
Example 7.7
Try to solve using Stokes theorem
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91
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 8
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 8: Magnetic forces and

magnetic materials
93
Study the force exerted by the magnetic field on a charged particle, current element
and loop
Consider the magnetic field in different material media
1. Force due to magnetic fields

2. Magnetic torque and moment
3. Magnetization
4. Inductances and inductors
5. Magnetic energy
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8.1: Force due to magnetic field
94
3 ways a force can be experienced in a magnetic field:- 1) moving

charged particle in a B field; 2) current element in an external B
field; 3) between two current element
Magnetic force experienced by a charge Q moving with a velocity u
in a magnetic field B
; Fm perpendicular to u and B
Fm cannot perform work as it is normal to the velocity
For a moving charge in E and B fields
equation; With a mass m,
Lorentz force
Force on a current element current = flow of many charges
for a closed path L,
Note:- the B field produced by the current element does not exert
magnetic force on itself
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8.1: Force due to magnetic field

Example 8.3
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95
8.2: Magnetic torque and moment
96
Very important to understand the concept of a current loop

experiencing a torque in a magnetic field in order to understand d.c.
motors and generators
The torque on a loop is the vector product of the force and the
moment arm ,r
, unit N.m
A rectangular loop with length l and width w
Under a uniform B field
Along sides 12 and 34: dl parallel to B; Fm = 0
Therefore,
, but both forces acting at different point
If the normal to the plane makes an angle with B,

or
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8.2: Magnetic torque and moment

The magnetic dipole moment:is the product of the current
and area of the loop in the direction normal to the loop
Hence, from
When do we get maximum torque? When will it be minimum?
Example 8.5
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97
8.3: Magnetization
98
Magnetization, M in amperes/meter (A/m) is the magnetic dipole

moment per unit volume
Without an external B field, the sum of magnetic moments is zero
due to random orientation; when Bfield is applied, the magnetic
moments of the electrons align themselves with B
A material is said to be magnetized if M is not zero
Bound volume current density or magnetization volume
current density
Bound surface current density
vector normal to the surface
where
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is the unit
, M depends linearly on H such that

is the magnetic susceptibility - dimensionless
8.3: Magnetization
99
Hence,
is the permeability of the material in Henrys/m (H/m)
is the relative permeability
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8.4: Inductances and inductors

Circuit carrying current I
magnetic field B
100
causes flux
With N identical turns, flux linkages

Flux linkages is proportional to the current
L is the proportionality constant, called Inductance
Circuit that has inductance is called inductor
Inductance=ratio of magnetic flux linkage to current
Unit Henry (H): 1H = 1Wb/A
Usually called self-inductance since the flux linkages are produced
by the circuit itself
Capacitance measure of how much electric energy stored;
Inductance measure of how much magnetic energy stored
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8.4: Inductances and inductors

Magnetic energy stored in an inductor
101
or
Typical examples of inductor toroids, solenoids, coaxial

transmission line; parallel-wire transmission line
To find the self-inductance:-
In an inductor such as coaxial or parallel wire transmission lines,

inductance produced by the flux internal to the conductor is called
the internal inductance; inductance produced by flux external to it is
called the external inductance
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8.5: Magnetic energy
102
To express the magnetic energy in terms of B and H

Example 8.11
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8.5: Magnetic energy

Example 8.11
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103
What about L/length??
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 9
BEEE/BEPE
Chapter 9: Maxwells equation

Stationary charge
electrostatic fields; Steady currents
Time-varying current
105
magnetostatic fields
Electromagnetic fields (and waves)
2 major concepts electromotive force based on Faradays experiment;

displacement current resulted from Maxwells hypothesis
Maxwells equations:- summarize the laws of electromagnetism
1. Faradays law
2. Transformer emf
3. Motional emf
Ker Pin Jern
9.1: Faradays law
106
1831, Faraday and Henry discovered that a time-varying magnetic

field would produce an electric current
Static field no current; time-varying field produce an induced
voltage (called the electromotive force, emf)
Faradays law: Lenzs law: the ve sign the induced emf acts in such a way that
opposes the flux producing it; or the induced magnetic field by the
induced current will oppose the original field
Ker Pin Jern
9.2: Transformer emf
107
Consider a single turn (N=1) circuit,

In terms of E and B,
, flux is replaced by
where S is the surface area enclosed by the closed path L
3 ways to cause the variation of flux with time:Stationary loop in a time-varying B field
Time-varying loop area in a static B field
Time-varying loop area in a time-varying B field
1st case:
, emf is induced by a time-varying current
(producing a time-varying B field) Transformer emf
Applying Stokes theorem,
Maxwells eqn. for time-varying field;
Ker Pin Jern
9.3: Motional emf
108
2nd case: moving loop in static B field; Recall:-force exerted on a

charge moving at a velocity in a B field
Define the motional electric field
Emf induced
called the motional emf
Type of emf found in motors and generators

Example: voltage is generated when the coil
rotates within the magnetic field
Rod moving between a pair of rails
Perpendicular,
Ker Pin Jern
9.3: Motional emf
109
Be careful when using
Example 9.1
Transformer emf
Ker Pin Jern
9.3: Motional emf
110
Continue Eg. 9.1

Motional emf
It is easier to use
Ker Pin Jern
9.3: Motional emf
111
Problem 9.6
Ker Pin Jern
9.3: Motional emf
112
Problem 9.11
Ker Pin Jern

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ELECTROMAGNETIC

FIELDS & WAVES

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Chapter 1: Vector algebra

1. Scalar and vector

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

1.1: Scalar and vector

EM concepts can be understood through vector analysis

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

1.2: Unit vector

Magnitude of a vector A is A or |A|

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Examples / practice exercises

Answers / solution will be done during lecture

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Examples / practice exercises

What is the magnitude of unit vector ac???

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

1.3: Position vector

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

1.4: Vector multiplication

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

1.4: Vector multiplication

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Chapter 2: Coordinate system

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

2.1: Cartesian coordinate / 2.2

A point P can be represented by (x, y, z)

is the radial distance from the z-axis; is called the azimuthal

z is the same as in Cartesian coordinate

are all perpendicular

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

2.2 Circular cylindrical coordinate

The unit vectors are related as below

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

2.3 Spherical coordinate

Most appropriate when dealing with problems

is the angle between z-axis and position

Vector A can be expressed as

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

2.3 Spherical coordinate

The unit vectors are related as follows:-

The magnitude MUST stay the same

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Examples / practice exercises

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Examples / practice exercises

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power

Examples / practice exercises

Ker Pin Jern

Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power