Mecnica Quntica

Carlos Eduardo Aguiar

Programa de Ps-Graduao em Ensino de Fsica
Instituto de Fsica - UFRJ

1 perodo letivo, 2014

Ensino e aprendizagem de mecnica quntica

Dificuldades conceituais

Superposio quntica
Probabilidade subjetiva x objetiva
Complementaridade
O problema da medida
Realismo vs. localidade

Dificuldades matemticas

Vetores
Nmeros complexos
Espaos vetoriais complexos
Operadores, autovalores, autovetores
Dimenso infinita, operadores diferenciais, funes especiais

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de mecnica quntica

D. F. Styer, Common misconceptions regarding quantum mechanics, American Journal of Physics

64 , 31, 1996.
I. D. Johnston, K. Crawford, P. R. Fletcher, Student difficulties in learning quantum mechanics,
International Journal of Science Education 20 , 427, 1998.
S. Vokos, P. S. Shaffer, B. S. Ambrose, L. C. McDermott, Student understanding of the wave nature
of matter: Diffraction and interference of particles, American Journal of Physics 68, S42, 2000.
G. Ireson, The quantum understanding of pre-university physics students, Physics Education 35, 15,
2000.
M. A. Moreira, I. M. Greca, Uma reviso da literatura sobre estudos relativos ao ensino da
mecnica quntica introdutria, Investigaes em Ensino de Cincias 6, 29, 2001.
I. M. Greca, M. A. Moreira, V.E. Herscovitz, Uma proposta para o ensino de mecnica quntica,
Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fsica 33, 444, 2001.
C. Singh, Student understanding of quantum mechanics, American Journal of Physics 69, 885, 2001.
E. Cataloglu, R. W. Robinett, Testing the development of student conceptual and visualization
understanding in quantum mechanics through the undergraduate career, American Journal of
Physics 70, 238, 2002.
K. Mannila, I. T. Koponen, J. A. Niskanen, Building a picture of students conceptions of wave- and
particle-like properties of quantum entities, European Journal of Physics 23, 45, 2002.
R. Mller, H. Wiesner, Teaching quantum mechanics on an introductory level, American Journal of
Physics 70, 200, 2002; ver tambm Am. J. Phys. 70, 887, 2002.

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de mecnica quntica

I. M. Greca, O. Freire Jr, Does an emphasis on the concept of quantum states enhance students
understanding of quantum mechanics?, Science & Education 12 , 541, 2003.
F. Ostermann, T. F. Ricci, Construindo uma unidade didtica conceitual sobre mecnica quntica:
um estudo na formao de professores de fsica, Cincia & Educao 10, 235, 2004.
D. T. Brookes, E. Etkina, Using conceptual metaphor and functional grammar to explore how
language used in physics affects student learning, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics
Education Research 3, 010105, 2007.
S. B. McKagan, K. K. Perkins, C. E. Wieman, Why we should teach the Bohr model and how to
teach it effectively, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 4, 10103, 2008.
C. Singh, Student understanding of quantum mechanics at the beginning of graduate instruction,
American Journal of Physics 76, 277, 2008.
C. Singh, Interactive learning tutorials on quantum mechanics, American Journal of Physics 76,
400, 2008.
L. D. Carr, S. B. McKagan, Graduate quantum mechanics reform, American Journal of Physics 77,
308, 2009.
M. Dubson, S. Goldhaber, S. Pollock, K. Perkins, Faculty Disagreement about the Teaching of
Quantum Mechanics, 2009 Physics Education Research Conference, AIP Conference
Proceedings 1179, 137, 2009.
C. Baily, N. D. Finkelstein, Development of quantum perspectives in modern physics, Physical
Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 5, 10106, 2009.
C. Baily, N. D. Finkelstein, Teaching and understanding of quantum interpretations in modern
physics courses, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 6, 10101, 2010.
C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de mecnica quntica

S. B. McKagan, K. K. Perkins, C. E. Wieman, Design and validation of the Quantum Mechanics

Conceptual Survey, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 6, 020121, 2010.
L. Deslauriers, C. E. Wieman, Learning and retention of quantum concepts with different teaching
methods, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 7, 010101, 2011.
M. Ayene, J. Kriek, B. Damtie, Wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle: Phenomenographic
categories of description of tertiary physics students depictions, Physical Review Special Topics Physics Education Research 7, 020113, 2011.
G. Zhu, C. Singh, Improving students understanding of quantum mechanics via the SternGerlach
experiment, American Journal of Physics 79, 499, 2011.
G. Zhu, C. Singh, Improving students understanding of quantum measurement. I. Investigation of
difficulties, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 8, 101117, 2012.
G. Zhu, C. Singh, Improving students understanding of quantum measurement. II. Development of
research-based learning tools, Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research 8,
101118, 2012.
O. Levrini, P. Fantini, Encountering Productive Forms of Complexity in Learning Modern Physics,
Science & Education 22,1895, 2013.
A. Kohnle et al., A new introductory quantum mechanics curriculum, European Journal of Physics
35, 015001, 2014.
J. Castrillon, O. Freire Jr, B. Rodriguez, Mecnica cuntica fundamental, una propuesta didctica,
Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fsica 36, 1505, 2014.
C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Leituras recomendadas

R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, Lies de Fsica de Feynman, vol. III, Bookman, 2008.
R. P. Feynman, QED - A estranha teoria da luz e da matria, Gradiva, 1988.
H. M. Nussenzveig, Curso de Fsica Bsica: tica, Relatividade, Fsica Quntica, Blucher, 2002.
O. Pessoa Jr, Conceitos de Fsica Quntica, Livraria da Fsica, 2003.
A. Zeilinger, A Face Oculta da Natureza, Globo, 2005.
M. Le Bellac, The Quantum World, World Scientific, 2013.
T. Hey, P. Walters, The New Quantum Universe, Cambridge UP, 2003.
V. Scarani, Quantum physics: a first encounter, Oxford UP, 2006.
B. Rosenblum , F. Kuttner , Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness, Oxford UP,
2006.
L. Susskind, A. Friedman, Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum, Basic Books, 2014
A. Rae, Quantum Physics: Illusion or Reality?, Cambridge UP, 2012.
J. Polkinghorne, Quantum Theory: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford UP, 2002.
D. F. Styer, The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge UP, 2000.
D. McIntyre, C. A. Manogue, J. Tate, Quantum Mechanics: A Paradigms Approach, AddisonWesley, 2012.
M. Le Bellac, Quantum Physics, Cambridge UP, 2006.

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Simulaes

Interfermetro de Mach-Zehnder (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)

http://www.if.ufrgs.br/~fernanda/
Experincia de Stern-Gerlach (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)
http://www.if.ufrgs.br/~betz/quantum/SGtexto.htm
QuantumLab (Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg)
http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html
PhET (University of Colorado)
http://phet.colorado.edu/pt_BR/simulations/category/physics/quantumphenomena
SPINS (Oregon State University)
http://www.physics.orst.edu/~mcintyre/ph425/spins/index_SPINS_OSP.html
Quantum physics (cole Polytechnique)
http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/index.html

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Internet

Quantum Physics (IoP)

http://quantumphysics.iop.org/

Quantum Mechanics (Leonard Susskind)

http://theoreticalminimum.com/courses/quantum-mechanics/2012/winter

Quantum Entanglement (Leonard Susskind)

http://theoreticalminimum.com/courses/quantum-entanglement/2006/fall

Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Leonard Susskind)

http://theoreticalminimum.com/courses/advanced-quantum-mechanics/2013/fall

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014

Sumrio
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Fenmenos qunticos
Princpios da mecnica quntica
Sistemas qunticos simples: aplicaes
Realismo, contextualidade e no-localidade
Partculas idnticas
Operadores, autovalores e autovetores
no esto
Simetrias
nestas notas
Posio e momentum
Partcula em uma dimenso

C.E. Aguiar / Mecnica Quntica / 2014