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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 18, NO. 2, MAY 2003

Classification of Publications and Models on

Transmission Expansion Planning
Gerardo Latorre, Rubn Daro Cruz, Student Member, IEEE, Jorge Mauricio Areiza, and Andrs Villegas

AbstractIn this paper, the transmission planning

state-of-the-art, which was obtained from the review of the
most interesting models found in the international technical
literature, is presented. The classification of publications was
made, keeping in mind the solution methods, the treatment of the
planning horizon, and the consideration of the new competitive
schemes in the power sector. A discussion about the available tools
for development of transmission planning models is also included.
Index TermsBibliography review, deregulation, heuristic optimization, mathematical programming, modeling tools, synthesis
algorithms, transmission planning state-of-the-art.

I. INTRODUCTION

N a few words, a synthesis transmission planning model is

any calculation tool that, taking some input information as
a starting point, combines by itself different predefined transmission expansion options in order to provide one or more quasioptimal transmission plans. These models can interact with the
planner, but usually this interaction is limited to settings adjustments while the model is running.
In the last few years, research in the area of synthesis transmission planning models experienced an expansion. Many
papers and reports about new models have been published in
the technical literature due mostly to the improvement of the
computer power availability, new optimization algorithms, and
the greater uncertainty level introduced by the power sector
deregulation. Several publications skillfully describe the general planning problem, see [1][3]. The classical transmission
planning problem has been also studied in detail, for example,
[4] shows an overview and comprehensive qualitative analysis of the major publications on transmission planning using
mathematical optimization models and sensitivity analysis. In
this paper, an updated review is presented of the most relevant
publications concerning transmission planning considering the
solution method, and the considerations of both the planning
horizon and the new competitive schemes in the power sector.
The analysis and discussion about those publications contributes significantly in the data preparation for the synthesis
Manuscript received May 16, 2002; revised December 14, 2002. This work
was supported in part by COLCIENCIAS, Inter-American Development Bank,
and ISA under Contracts COLCIENCIAS-ISA-UPB \CF -261-2002, ISA-UPB
4500013513, and ISA-UPB-UIS 4500015340.
G. Latorre is with Grupo de Investigacin en Sistemas de Energa Elctrica,
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia (e-mail:
glatorre@uis.edu.co).
R. D. Cruz is with Instituto de Energa y Termodinmica, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medelln, Colombia (e-mail: rdcruz@ieee.org).
J. M. Areiza and A. Villegas are with Interconexin Elctrica S.A., Medelln,
Colombia (e-mail: jmareiza@isa.com.co; avillegas@isa.com.co).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2003.811168

planning models, the interpretation of their results, and it provides relevant information that allows us to understand the effect
of the deregulation on the transmission planning function. This
paper also tries to provide a starting point for an open exchange
of information among transmission planning experts.
Due mostly to space constraints, mainly technical papers
about synthesis transmission planning models were considered
for inclusion in this work. Only a few doctoral and master theses
were included, since the task of searching for a representative
list was beyond the available resources. The paper also does not
include all of the topics related to transmission planning. Some
readers may feel that citations within this paper do not include
analysis models, transmission pricing, transmission access,
merchant transmission, transmission regulatory schemes, input
data issues (e.g., databases) and other important issues closely
related to transmission planning models. However, it was the
decision of the authors to exclude all of this material because it
is far too numerous to exhaustively document in a single paper.
Although this paper was designed to be as complete as possible,
the authors welcome discussion about providing missing items.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II deals with publications that propose different synthesis algorithms to solve the
transmission planning problem. Section III reviews the models
according to the handling of the planning horizon (multiyear
planning). Section IV presents the works that consider the electric sector deregulation on the transmission planning problem.
Later on, some of the features of the available tools for development of transmission planning models are discussed. Final
remarks about the bibliography review and the transmission
planning state-of-the-art close the paper.
II. SOLUTION METHODS
According to the procedure that was followed to obtain the
expansion plan, the synthesis planning models can be classified
into two types: heuristic and mathematical optimization. However, there are tools that have characteristics of both types of
models, and they are termed meta-heuristic.
A. Mathematical Optimization Models
The mathematical optimization models find an optimum
expansion plan by using a calculation procedure that solves a
mathematical formulation of the problem. Due to the impossibility of considering all aspects of the transmission planning
problem, the plan obtained is the optimum only under large
simplifications and should be technically, financially, and
environmentally verified, among other examinations, before
the planner makes a decision.

0885-8950/03$17.00 2003 IEEE

LATORRE et al.: CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS AND MODELS ON TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING

In the formulation of these models, the transmission planning

is posed like an optimization problem with an objective function
(a criterion to measure in the same way the goodness of each expansion option), subject to a set of constraints. These constraints
try to model great part of the technical, economic, and reliability
criteria imposed to the power system expansion.
Several methods have been proposed to obtain the optimum
solution for the transmission expansion problem, mostly using
classical optimization techniques like linear programming
[5][9], dynamic programming [10], nonlinear programming
[11], and mixed integer programming [12][18]. Optimization
techniques like Benders [19][27] and hierarchical [28] decomposition have been also used, as well as the combination of
decomposition techniques with other approaches, solving the
problem with a branch and bound algorithm [31].
Usually, big practical obstacles appear to obtain the optimal
solution when mathematical optimization techniques are used
for solving the transmission planning problem, which is nonlinear and nonconvex in nature. This is mostly due to the intrinsic limitation of the optimization process itself, for example,
convergence problems when dc load flow network model or a
more detailed model is used, unreasonably large computational
times when discrete variables are used for modeling the investments and when stochastic modeling is used for planning under
uncertainty.
B. Heuristic Models
The heuristic methods are the current alternative to the mathematical optimization models. The term heuristic (to invent,
to create) is used to describe all those techniques that, instead
of using a classical optimization approach, go step-by-step generating, evaluating, and selecting expansion options, with or
without the users help (interactive or noninteractive). To do
this, the heuristic models perform local searches with the guidance of logical or empirical rules and/or sensitivities (heuristic
rules). These rules are used to generate and classify the options
during the search. The heuristic process is carried out until the
plan generation algorithm is not able to find anymore a better
plan considering the assessment criteria that were settled down.
These criteria usually include investment-operation costs, overloads, and unserved power.
One of the first heuristic approaches that tried to solve the
transmission expansion problem was proposed by Fischl et al.
[29]. Fischl introduced the adjoin network concept combined
with dc power flow model to produce the necessary continuous
susceptance change to minimize the investment cost. A procedure called nearest neighbor method was used to find the
closest discrete value of the susceptances.
A common heuristic procedure is to allocate the additional
circuits using a sensitivity analysis [31][39]. Some of these
models deal with purely electric sensitivities, see Bennon et al.
[36], with procedures to remove overloads. Others, use the sensitivity with respect the load curtailment or other index of the
system behavior, for example, the least effort criterion used
by Monticelli et al. [35], with respect to susceptance reinforcement, when the dc load flow is used, see Pereira et al. [32], and
Dechamps et al. [38]. All of them start from an initial plan and
after successive evaluations, they improve it until obtain a quasioptimal plan.

939

Procedures based on the flow through fictitious lines of unlimited capacity have been also proposed. Those lines form the
overload network used by Villasana et al. [7], Garver [8], and
Levi et al. [30]. The flow through this network is penalized using
the guide numbers, to assure that the mathematical model
uses all the real circuit capacity first. These procedures combine heuristic rules with mathematical optimization algorithms
(linear programming) to solve the problem. They go forming
step-by-step the transmission expansion plan, installing a single
new circuit at a time. This new circuit is added in the corridor
with the largest flow through the corresponding corridor of the
overload network.
Latorre et al. [40] proposed a heuristic method that took
advantage of the natural decomposition of the transmission
expansion problem in operation and investment subproblems.
The investment subproblem is solved using a heuristic search
procedure. The search was organized using a tree format and
started from an initial solution provided by the user. The
proposed model is very efficient computationally; this fact was
verified on the planning of the Spanish transmission system.
The use of heuristic algorithms is very attractive because
good feasible solutions can be found, that is, very competitive
economically, with a small computational effort. However, they
cannot guarantee in an absolute way, mathematically speaking,
the optimal transmission expansion.
Computer developments in the area of parallel processing
have originated a lot of interest in the researchers that work with
optimization algorithms to solve large scale problems. Parallel
processing allows to solve complex problems in smaller computational times. There are a great variety of algorithms appropriate for parallel processing (e.g., Rudnick et al. [41]) propose
a transmission planning model using genetic algorithms (GAs),
suitable for parallel implementation. Other applications about
GA applied in transmission expansion planning can be found in
[42][49].
The GA has been used to solve the transmission expansion
planning problem using both the probabilistic choice1 PC
paradigm and the risk analysis (RA) paradigm2 [50]. These
paradigms are currently the two different tendencies for transmission expansion planning.
The transmission expansion planning problem has been
also solved using object-oriented models [51], game theory
[52][55], simulated annealing (SA) [56], [57], expert systems
[58][61], fuzzy set theory [62], and greedy randomized
adaptive search procedure (GRASP) [63].
Gallego et al. [64] compare the main features of three nonconvex optimization methods for transmission planning: SA,
GA, and TS algorithms [65][69] and presents an integrate view
of these methodologies [70]. A hybrid approach was proposed
to solve the transmission expansion planning problem that is extended in Escobar [71].
1. The problem formulated by the probabilistic choice paradigm can be described as follows: admit that one has defined a welfare function that measures
the goodness of a solution (we refer as welfare any criterion that may be transformed into an objective of optimization); given a set of futures, each one with
a probability assigned, the optimal solution should be chosen among those that
maximize the expected welfare over the set of futures considered.
2The RA paradigm indicates a preferred solution as one that minimizes the
regret felt by the planner after verifying that the decisions they had made were
not optimal, given the future that in fact has occurred.

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III. TREATMENT OF THE PLANNING HORIZON

Transmission planning can be classified as static or dynamic
according the treatment of the study period [4]. The planning is
static if the planner seeks the optimal circuit additional set for
a single year on the planning horizon, that is, the planner is not
interested in determining when the circuits should be installed
but in finding the final optimal network state for a future single
definite situation (static situation) [24].
On the other hand, if multiple years are considered and
an optimal expansion strategy is outlined along the whole
planning period, the planning is classified as dynamic. In this
case, the mathematical model has time restrictions to consider
the coupling among the years so that the net present value of
the considered costs along the planning horizon is minimized
while the imposed restrictions are observed [72]. The dynamic
models are currently in an underdeveloped status and they have
excessive limitations concerning the system size and the system
modeling complexity level. The dynamic planning problem is
very complex and very large because it must take into account
not only sizing and placement, but also timing considerations.
This results in a large number of variables and restrictions
to consider, and requires an enormous computational effort
to get the optimal solution, especially in real power systems.
Few works about dynamic models for real world transmission
planning problems can be found in the technical literature. In
[6], [9][11], [16], [17], and [72][75] are presented some of
the dynamic models that have been developed.
Considering the size of the dynamic problem, it has to be
simplified to achieve reasonable computational times. One of
the simplest ways to figure out the problem is solving a sequence
of static subproblems (pseudodynamic procedures) [27], [30],
[35], [37][39], [61], [76] and [77].
Two methods are very natural to be applied with the pseudodynamic transmission planning. The first one is the forward
procedure, that consists in solving the static expansion problems
sequentially for all years (starting from the first one) considering
in the next years the additions implemented in the past [76]. The
second natural way is the backward procedure that consists in
solving the static planning problem for the last year first, and
then tries to anticipate these additions to solve violations on intermediate years [78]. If the additions for the last year do not
eliminate all operational violations on intermediate years, the
procedure seeks additional circuits from all options. Since the
last year usually stresses most the network and it is solved first,
the solutions produced by backward procedure are generally
better than those produced by forward procedure [79].
By taking as a starting point, the above-mentioned procedures, Binato et al. [76] proposed the backward-forward
procedure to solve the multiyear transmission planning. This
method consists in a systematic use of the backward and
forward procedures to produce a more consistent and economic transmission plan. The basic idea is to subdivide the
whole multiyear planning process in movements, on forward
or backward directions, besides, with comparison steps.
As previously mentioned, the computational effort to solve
the dynamic (or pseudodynamic) transmission expansion

problem is very large. So the use of heuristic procedures seems

to be the only way to obtain feasible solution for large-scale
dynamic transmission expansion problems.
IV. CONSIDERATION OF THE ELECTRIC SECTOR
RESTRUCTURING
During the past ten years, there has been an increasing interest
and investigation in the area of transmission planning. This interest is mostly due to the worldwide restructuring of the electric
industry. The pioneering theoretical work of the National Grid
Company [80] and the experience obtained from both the English [81] and Chilean systems have promoted the interest about
the transmission planning issues in a deregulated environment
and consequently the number of publication in the area have increased, see [82]. Works like those presented in [83][89] have
provided some key factors to understand how the electric sector
restructuring has affected the transmission planning function.
As the new regulatory frameworks were established, the
necessity of reviewing the transmission planning function has
become notorious. This review must include both models and
algorithms [90], as well as the emerging problems caused
by the very special characteristics of the power transmission
activity in a competitive environment [91][99].
Several countries have drawn up some guidelines and rules
which seek to promote a harmonic development of the transmission system. These guidelines, like the economic adaptation concept in Chile and Peru and the minimum network
utilized until some time ago in Colombia [100], have been also
used for transmission pricing. All of this has been done due to
the necessity to stimulate efficient investments and to optimize
the transmission system development so that the transmission
service can be provided at minimum social cost.
However, not much has been said about specific models for
transmission planning in a deregulated environment, as well as
about the related software tools. You can affirm, without fear to
be wrong, that the theory and tools for transmission planning are
still below the practical requirements of the new power markets.
This is particularly true in aspects such as
The definition of the objective function or attribute used
to measure the goodness of a solution for each considered
scenario (e.g., minimum operation cost, maximum benefit/cost ratio, maximum global welfare, etc.).
The definition of the decision criterion used to choose
a transmission expansion plan (maximax-minimim, maximin-minimax, equally likely, minimax of regret, coefficient of optimism, maximum probability, expected value,
etc.).
The flexibility3 and dynamics requirements of the transmission planning process.
The interrelationship between the transmission planning
and the generation expansion (who leads the way to who?).
The greatest uncertainty level (particularly with respect to
generation expansion).

3Flexibility is the ability to adapt the planned development of the transmission

system, quickly and at a reasonable cost, to any change, foreseen or not, in the
conditions that were considered at the time it was planned.

LATORRE et al.: CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS AND MODELS ON TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING

The difficulty to assess the cost of the expansion options.

The interrelationship between transmission planning and
transmission pricing.
The consideration of the special issues of developing systems or systems in transition to a deregulated scheme.
The optimization of the existent network use.
The need for an integrated analysis of investment and financing decision in the context of transmission planning.
The introduction of flexible technologies (e.g., FACTS,
etc.).
The review of the reliability, security, and quality criteria
imposed and their economic implications.
The study of the issues mentioned before is very difficult because of the following aspects: the development of transmission is seen in a different way by each of the market agents
in a deregulated environment; the expansion decision are now
taken by several market agents that can and will affect decisions taken by other agents; the difficulty to assess the influence
of the transmission payment allocation rules on the generation
expansion; the greatest uncertainty level in a competitive power
market; the necessity to take into consideration a great variety of
scenarios (hydrological conditions, demand, fuel cost, unserved
power cost, entrance date of new facilities, availability of the
systems elements, power prices, etc).
Transmission planning in a competitive economic environment is an emerging complex issue, which does not have
received the appropriate attention until now.
Pereira et al. [86] presented a glance at the generation-transmission expansion problem in a competitive environment
starting from the classic approach to optimal generation-transmission expansion in a regulated environment. That work
proposes a methodology to evaluate transmission pricing
schemes by means of the analysis of the decentralized generation expansion results. However, the main objective of this
work was not to develop a transmission planning model.
Styczynski [55] proposed a new approach for transmission
planning using a multiple-objective optimization algorithm. The
main motivation of that development was the current electric
sector restructuring. Although it clarifies some issues related
to the transmission planning in a deregulated environment, that
work mostly deals with distribution expansion planning considering the particular conditions of the European power systems
(usually, close to be optimal expanded and exploited, and with
low demand growth rates).
Sun et al. [62] proposes another multiple-objective optimization model for transmission planning in a competitive
environment. By applying the fuzzy set theory, the above
model is converted into a regular single-objective optimization problem.
Contreras et al. [52][54] has developed a decentralized
framework using cooperative game theory to model strategic
interactions in a competitive environment and study the transmission expansion problem.
Several relevant works has been developed in the context of
the SIEPAC project for the electric interconnection of Central
America [101], [102]. These works deal mostly with the consid-

941

eration of the uncertainty and risk in the transmission planning

in a competitive environment.
Pereira et al. [103] describe in a comprehensive way how the
risk in the competitive and deregulated electric power business
can be measured and how it can be hedged or reduced (risk
management).
Cruz et al. [104] implemented a transmission planning
method for the application in deregulated environments. This
methodology was developed by starting from a qualitative
analysis of the planning schemes implemented throughout the
world [100]. By taking the most promising developments as a
starting point, a new planning tool was developed, which combines powerfully a heuristic planning model, a pseudodynamic
investment scheduling scheme, and a decision-sensitivity
analysis module. This methodology allows us to determine
the best expansion options and provide the planner all of the
necessary elements to identify and manage the risk in the new
competitive power markets.
[52][54], [86], [101][105] are practically the most relevant
works among the few researches that deal specifically with the
modifications that should be made to adapt the transmission
planning function for application in competitive environments.
V. TOOLS FOR DEVELOPING PLANNING MODELS
The main options available nowadays to develop transmission
planning models (optimization) are [107], [108]:
A. General Purpose Programming Languages
In this case, the planning model is developed using a general purpose programming language (like Fortran, C, etc.) and
commonly the algorithm calls an optimization dynamic library
(*.dll). Using this option makes sense when the execution time
is critical, the model must run very often (multiple scenarios),
when made-to-measure interfaces are needed or when the model
has to be integrated to another application. That is usually the
case of planning models for real world power systems.
Some of the generic features required for development of real
world transmission planning models are:
highly optimized code, efficient mathematics, and robustness that allow maximal speed of execution;
easy interaction with optimization packages and other external tools;
availability of comprehensive diagnostic messages.
As programmers who are equally comfortable working with
several computer languages and with no intention of depreciating the features of C or any other language for numerical
calculations, the authors want to clarify why Fortran is still a
good option for high performance scientific and engineering
applications. Contrary to popular belief, Fortran is not a dead
language yet. For instance, Fortran 95 is better suited for
numerical computation than most current programming languages and it is expected to further improve in this respect.
The current Fortran compilers allow Windows-based application development and include libraries to access databases and
easily take advantage of the features of the current Windows

942

data-oriented technologies (e.g., open database connectivity

(ODBC) 4 , ActiveX Database Objects ADO5 ).
There is a high quality vast body of existing Fortran
code (most of which is publicly available). In particular,
many commercial optimization packages have been implemented in Fortran and distributed as source code (e.g.,
MINOS www.sbsi-sol-optimize.com/Minos.htm, CONOPT
www.conopt.com). Some others can be acquired as Fortran
libraries (e.g., XPRESS www.dash.co.uk) and using the
current Fortran development systems that allow mixed-language programming (e.g., Compaq Visual Fortran V6.6
www.compaq.com/fortran, Lahey-Fujitsu Fortran 95 V5.7
www.lahey.com) it is possible to use almost all the commercial
optimization packages as dynamic link libraries (*.dll).
The design of Fortran allows maximal speed of execution and
makes numerical computation robust and well-defined. In this
sense, the relative simplicity and rigidity of Fortran has been
one of its main assets. Besides, Fortran compilers usually emit
much better diagnostic messages.
In addition to Fortran and C, there are other powerful
and free languages that could also be considered: functional programming languages as Haskell (www.haskell.org);
concurrent programming languages as Erlang (www.erlang.org); and constraint programming languages as Mozart
(www.mozart-oz.org).
B. Languages or Environments for Numerical/Symbolic
Calculations
This option includes spreadsheets (e.g., Excel www.microsoft.com), or environments for technical computing
(e.g.,
MATLAB
http://www.mathworks.com,
Scilab
http://www-rocq.inria.fr/scilab/, etc.), or symbolic computation (e.g., MAPLE http://www.maplesoft.com, Mathematica
http://www.wolfram.com,
Fermat
http://www.bway.net/
~lewis/, etc.).
Spreadsheets have several advantages for building optimization models. All of its powerful facilities allow us to create,
modify, format, and audit models. It is easy to handle data already saved in this format and add charts and graphics to present
results. And since the spreadsheets are very common and wellknown applications, it is easier to communicate results to others
and the learning curve is reduced to a minimum. When a model
becomes larger, however, the spreadsheet approach runs into
problems. When there are hundreds or thousands of formulas
copied into different cells on a spreadsheet, it becomes increasingly difficult to track down errors. It is also hard for others to
understand the model and extend it.
The environments for numerical or symbolic computation,
for instance MATLAB, were not specially designed to solve
4ODBC is a widely accepted application programming interface (API) for
database access. It is based on the call-level interface (CLI) specifications
from X/Open and ISO/IEC for database APIs and uses structured query
language (SQL) as its database access language. Additional information
about accessing databases using Fortran applications can be found on
www.canaimasoft.com (F90SQL, F90ADO, and F90VB).
5ADO is a high level object oriented interface to all kinds of data in
native format and constitutes the latest standard for Microsoft Windows
database connectivity. It allows access to ODBC and OLE-DB databases.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 18, NO. 2, MAY 2003

optimization problems, but make easy to deal with matrices

or vectors. All of these alternatives can be used for prototype
quick development since they have great graphic visualization
features but it is very hard to use them to solve very large
optimization problems as transmission planning for real world
power systems.
Despite MATLABs useful features for doing numerical calculations and exchanging algorithms, programming languages
as Fortran or C have not become obsolete because of MATLAB
yet. The computational speed of MATLAB is lower than using
Fortran or C because MATLAB has to pay for its great programming features (see prologue of [109]).
C. Modeling Systems
Modeling systems are designed to help modelers formulate
optimization problems and analyze their solutions. A modeling
system takes as input a description of an optimization problem
in a form that modeler finds reasonably natural and convenient,
and allows the solution output to be viewed in similar terms;
conversion to the forms required by optimization algorithms is
done automatically.
The modeling systems are especially useful with large,
complex problems (usually a single scenario), which may
require many revisions to establish an accurate model, because
they allow the user to concentrate on the modeling problem by
making the setup simple. The modeler can change the formulation quickly and easily, can pinpoint the location and type
of errors before a solution is attempted, can change from one
solver to another, and can even convert from linear to nonlinear
with little trouble. Some of the most popular modeling systems,
among others, are GAMS [110]), AMPL [111]), LINGO
(http://www.lindo.com), AIMMS (http://www.parangon.nl),
and XPRESS (http://www.dash.co.uk). Most modeling
systems support a variety of algorithmic optimization
codes (solvers), while the more popular solvers can be
used with many different modeling systems. Some of
the solvers provided by most of the modeling systems
are: CPLEX (http://www.cplex.com), OSL (http://www3.ibm.com/software/data/bi/osl/index.html),
FORTMP
(http://www.optirisk-systems.com), and LAMPS (http://wwwfp.mcs.anl.gov/otc/Guide/SoftwareGuide/Blurbs/lamps.html)
for linear programming and mixed integer programming;
MINOS (http://www.sbsi-sol-optimize.com) and CONOPT
(http://www.conopt.com) for nonlinear programming; MILES
(http://www.cs.wisc.edu/cpnet/cpnetsoftware/#MILES)
and
PATH (http://www.cs.wisc.edu/cpnet/cpnetsoftware/)
for
mixed complementarity problems.
Although modeling systems are powerful tools, they are not
appropriate if it is necessary to solve many different variations
of an optimization problem in the same run (e.g., multiple
scenarios) or solution time is a critical factor. Besides, they
usually do not use heuristic solvers (appropriate for very hard
problems).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have presented a classified list of major publication on transmission expansion planning (synthesis models).

LATORRE et al.: CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS AND MODELS ON TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING

This list is by no means complete. They are, however, essential

guidelines and a succinct account for anyone entering this research field.
Transmission planning researchers have worked and set their
interest mostly on static planning models. The dynamic and
pseudodynamic planning models are still in an undeveloped
status and they have some limitations for their application to
real power systems.
In general, regardless of the approach used to solve the
problem, the models developed until now have one or more of
these drawbacks.
The network modeling does not consider the ohmic losses.
The operation, reliability, security, and quality costs are
not taken into account by the planning algorithm (i.e., usually these costs are calculated a posteriori considering a set
of alternative plans that were selected minimizing only the
investment and load curtailment costs).
The demand change in each year in the planning horizon
is neglected.
Hydrological scenarios are not considered.
Multiple contingencies are not considered (failure of more
than one system element).
The treatment of the highest uncertainty level introduced
by the electric sector deregulation is limited (e.g., generation expansion).
Usually, the models are not interested in establishing when
the circuits should be installed, that is, they only seek the
optimal addition set for a single year (static planning).
The change in the load curtailment cost according its
magnitude is neglected. In some other cases the same
load curtailment cost is considered for the entire power
system.
Alternative options like redesigning, rearranging,
upgrading, etc., are not considered by the planning
algorithm.
In addition to the limitations mentioned before and given the
current state-of-the-art, the mathematical optimization models
have intrinsic limitations (no guarantee regarding their convergence when dc load flow is used, unreasonable large computational times when discrete variables are used).
The heuristic models proposed until now have also limitation
about the expansion options selection process itself. In some
other cases, the limitations of the heuristic models are due to
the use of particularized approaches to specific cases in which
the operation costs are neglected or relate the model to specific
characteristics of a particular power system.
In short, an integral heuristic model does not exist yet.
The models proposed until now have some limitations for its
application to solve real world transmission planning problems.
However, the heuristic methods have proven to be a viable
alternative for the solution of this problem.
[40], [45], [52], [56], [62], [63], [65], and [104] present some
of the most interesting heuristic models proposed. However, the
transmission planning tools do not satisfy yet the practical requirements of the new power markets. Nowadays, the transmission planning problem is a matter of decision making and not
solely of optimization [106].

943

A transmission planning model can be developed used

several different tools, from spreadsheets to custom-written
programs. Transmission planning for real world power systems
requires analyzing many different operation-contingencyuncertainty scenarios in the same run and as a consequence
of this, solution time is a critical factor. Besides, a custom
user interface must be required in order to import/export data
from/to other applications (e.g., hydrothermal coordination
model, etc.). That is why using a general purpose programming
language (like Fortran, C, etc.) seems to be the best way to
develop a transmission planning model for a real world power
system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the entire professional staff
of the Gerencia Servicio Transporte de Energa and the Direccin Desarrollo STE of Interconexin Elctrica S.A. E.S.P.
ISA (Medelln, Colombia). The technical contributions of R. A.
Gallego and A. Escobar from the Universidad Tecnolgica de
Pereira are also gratefully acknowledged.
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Gerardo Latorre was born in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 1958. He received

the Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Pontificia Comillas,
Madrid, Spain, and the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Industrial de Santander, (UIS) Bucaramanga, Colombia.
He joined UIS in 1985 and he is presently Titular Professor of Electrical Engineering, founder-member of the Grupo de Investigacin en Sistemas de Energa Elctrica GISEL, and Director of the Escuela de Ingenieras Elctrica,
Electrnica y de Telecomunicaciones -E3T. He has participated in several consultancy and research projects concerning transmission planning and pricing,
ancillary services, generation feasibility, etc.
Dr. Latorre is the author of several technical papers in the above mentioned
areas.

Rubn Daro Cruz (S98) was born in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 1972. He

received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 2000, and the B.Sc. degree
in electrical engineering from the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS),
Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 1996.
He was a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) of the University of Texas at Austin. He held a
teaching fellowship at the UIS as professor of electrical engineering. He
was also Assistant Professor at the Unidades Tecnolgicas de Santander
(TS), Bucaramanga, Colombia. His employment experience also includes
the Empresa Colombiana de Petrleos (ECOPETROL), Barrancabermeja and
Cartagena, Colombia. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) Medelln,
Colombia, sponsored by Interconexin Elctrica S.A. E.S.P. (ISA).

946

Jorge Mauricio Areiza was born in Medelln, Colombia, in 1968. He received

the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 1991 from the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Medelln, Colombia, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical
power system planning in 1997 from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis, Brazil.
He has been with Interconexin Elctrica S.A. E.S.P. (ISA) in Colombia since
1993 where he is currently a specialist engineer at the Network DevelopmentOptimization Team. He has published several technical papers in power systems
planning methods.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 18, NO. 2, MAY 2003

Andrs Villegas received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 1987

from the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Medelln, Colombia, and
the M.Sc. degree in electrical power engineering in 1997 from the University of
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) Manchester, U.K.
He has been with Interconexin Elctrica S.A. E.S.P. (ISA) in Colombia since
1988 where he is currently the Director of Power Transmission Service Development. His technical concerns include transmission expansion planning and
pricing and also the public policy and regulatory issues associated with electric
transmission under deregulation.