3

LM2585
SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A Flyback Regulator

General Description
Features
The LM2585 series of regulators are monolithic integrated

circuits specifically designed for flyback, step-up (boost), and
forward converter applications. The device is available in 4
different output voltage versions: 3.3V, 5.0V, 12V, and adjustable.
Requiring a minimum number of external components, these
regulators are cost effective, and simple to use. Included in
the datasheet are typical circuits of boost and flyback regulators. Also listed are selector guides for diodes and capacitors
and a family of standard inductors and flyback transformers
designed to work with these switching regulators.
The power switch is a 3.0A NPN device that can stand-off
65V. Protecting the power switch are current and thermal
limiting circuits, and an undervoltage lockout circuit. This IC
contains a 100 kHz fixed-frequency internal oscillator that
permits the use of small magnetics. Other features include
soft start mode to reduce in-rush current during start up, current mode control for improved rejection of input voltage and
output load transients and cycle-by-cycle current limiting. An
output voltage tolerance of 4%, within specified input voltages and output load conditions, is guaranteed for the power
supply system.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Requires few external components

Family of standard inductors and transformers
NPN output switches 3.0A, can stand off 65V
Wide input voltage range: 4V to 40V
Current-mode operation for improved transient
response, line regulation, and current limit
100 kHz switching frequency
Internal soft-start function reduces in-rush current during
start-up
Output transistor protected by current limit, under
voltage lockout, and thermal shutdown
System Output Voltage Tolerance of 4% max over line
and load conditions
Typical Applications
n
n
n
n
Flyback regulator
Multiple-output regulator
Simple boost regulator
Forward converter
Flyback Regulator
DS012515-1
Ordering Information
Package Type
NSC Package
Order Number
Drawing
5-Lead TO-220 Bent, Staggered Leads
T05D
5-Lead TO-263
TS5B
LM2585T-3.3, LM2585T-5.0, LM2585T-12, LM2585T-ADJ

LM2585S-3.3, LM2585S-5.0, LM2585S-12, LM2585S-ADJ
5-Lead TO-263 Tape and Reel
TS5B
LM2585SX-3.3, LM2585SX-5.0, LM2585SX-12,

LM2585SX-ADJ
SIMPLE SWITCHER and Switchers Made Simple are registered trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation.
1999 National Semiconductor Corporation
DS012515
www.national.com
LM2585 SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A Flyback Regulator
March 1998
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
Maximum Junction Temperature

(Note 3)
Power Dissipation (Note 3)
Minimum ESD Rating
(C = 100 pF, R = 1.5 k)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Input Voltage
Switch Voltage
Switch Current (Note 2)
Compensation Pin Voltage
Feedback Pin Voltage
Storage Temperature Range
Lead Temperature
(Soldering, 10 sec.)
0.4V VIN 45V

0.4V VSW 65V
Internally Limited
0.4V VCOMP 2.4V
0.4V VFB 2 VOUT
65C to +150C
150C
Internally Limited
2 kV
Operating Ratings
Supply Voltage
Output Switch Voltage
Output Switch Current
Junction Temperature Range
260C
4V VIN 40V
0V VSW 60V
ISW 3.0A
40C TJ +125C
Electrical Characteristics
LM2585-3.3
Specifications with standard type face are for TJ = 25C, and those in bold type face apply over full Operating Temperature
Range. Unless otherwise specified, VIN = 5V.
Symbol
Parameters
Conditions
SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 2 (Note 4)

VOUT
Output Voltage
VIN = 4V to 12V
VOUT/
Line Regulation
VIN
VOUT/
Load Regulation
ILOAD
Efficiency
ILOAD = 0.3A to 1.2A

VIN = 4V to 12V
ILOAD = 0.3A
VIN = 12V
VIN = 5V, ILOAD = 0.3A
Typical
Min
Max
Units
3.3
3.17/3.14
3.43/3.46
20
50/100
mV
20
50/100
mV
%
76
UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

VREF
Output Reference
Measured at Feedback Pin

VCOMP = 1.0V
VIN = 4V to 40V
3.3
1.193
0.678
Error Amp
ICOMP = 30 A to +30 A
VCOMP = 1.0V
VCOMP = 0.5V to 1.6V
260
151/75
Voltage Gain
RCOMP = 1.0 M (Note 6)
Typical
Min
Max
Units
5.0
4.80/4.75
5.20/5.25
20
50/100
mV
20
50/100
mV
Voltage
VREF
Reference Voltage
3.242/3.234
3.358/3.366
2.0
V
mV
Line Regulation
GM
Error Amp
Transconductance
AVOL
2.259
mmho
V/V
LM2585-5.0
Symbol
Parameters
Conditions

VOUT
Output Voltage
VIN = 4V to 12V
VOUT/
Line Regulation
VIN
VOUT/
Load Regulation
ILOAD
Efficiency

VIN = 4V to 12V
ILOAD = 0.3A
VIN = 12V
80

VREF
VREF
Output Reference

VCOMP = 1.0V
5.0
Voltage
Reference Voltage
VIN = 4V to 40V
3.3
Line Regulation
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4.913/4.900
5.088/5.100
V
mV
LM2585-5.0
Symbol
(Continued)
Parameters
Conditions
Typical
Min
Max
Units
0.750
0.447
1.491
mmho
165
99/49
Typical
Min
Max
Units
12.0
11.52/11.40
12.48/12.60
20
100/200
mV
20
100/200
mV

GM
Error Amp
VCOMP = 1.0V
Voltage Gain
Error Amp
Transconductance
AVOL
V/V
LM2585-12
Symbol
Parameters
Conditions

VOUT
Output Voltage
VIN = 4V to 10V
VOUT/
Line Regulation
VIN
VOUT/
Load Regulation
ILOAD
Efficiency

VIN = 4V to 10V
ILOAD = 0.2A
VIN = 10V
93

VREF
Output Reference

VCOMP = 1.0V
VIN = 4V to 40V
12.0
0.328
0.186
Error Amp
VCOMP = 1.0V
70
41/21
Voltage Gain
Voltage
VREF
Reference Voltage
11.79/11.76
12.21/12.24
7.8
V
mV
Line Regulation
GM
Error Amp
Transconductance
AVOL
0.621
mmho
V/V
LM2585-ADJ
Symbol
Parameters
Conditions

VOUT
Output Voltage
VIN = 4V to 10V
VOUT/
Line Regulation
VIN
VOUT/
Load Regulation
ILOAD
Efficiency

VIN = 4V to 10V
ILOAD = 0.2A
VIN = 10V
Typical
Min
Max
Units
12.0
11.52/11.40
12.48/12.60
20
100/200
mV
20
100/200
mV
%
93

VREF
Output Reference
Voltage
VREF
Reference Voltage

VCOMP = 1.0V
VIN = 4V to 40V
1.230
1.208/1.205
VCOMP = 1.0V
3.200
1.800
670
400/200
1.252/1.255
1.5
V
mV
Line Regulation
GM
Error Amp
Transconductance
AVOL
Error Amp
Voltage Gain
IB
Error Amp

VCOMP = 1.0V
125
6.000
mmho
V/V
425/600
nA
Input Bias Current
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Electrical Characteristics (All Versions)

Symbol
Parameters
Conditions
Typical
Min
Max
Units
15.5/16.5
mA
COMMON DEVICE PARAMETERS for all versions (Note 5)

IS
VUV
Input Supply
(Switch Off)
Current
(Note 8)
11
ISWITCH = 1.8A
RLOAD = 100
100/115
mA
Input Supply
3.30
3.05
3.75
Measured at Switch Pin

RLOAD = 100
100
85/75
115/125
kHz
50
Undervoltage
Lockout
fO
Oscillator Frequency
VCOMP = 1.0V
fSC
Short-Circuit
Measured at Switch Pin

RLOAD = 100
VFEEDBACK = 1.15V
25
Error Amplifier
Upper Limit
2.8
Output Swing
(Note 7)
Frequency
VEAO
Lower Limit
kHz
2.6/2.4
0.25
V
0.40/0.55
(Note 8)
IEAO
Error Amp
(Note 9)
Output Current
165
110/70
260/320
11.0
8.0/7.0
17.0/19.0
98
93/90
(Source or Sink)
ISS
Soft Start Current
Maximum Duty
VFEEDBACK = 0.92V
VCOMP = 1.0V
RLOAD = 100
Cycle
(Note 7)
Switch Leakage
Switch Off
VSWITCH = 60V
dV/dT = 1.5V/ns
IL
Current
VSUS
Switch Sustaining
15
%
300/600
65
A
V
Voltage
VSAT
Switch Saturation
ISWITCH = 3.0A
0.45
0.65/0.9
7.0
Voltage
ICL
NPN Switch
4.0
3.0
Current Limit
JA
Thermal Resistance
T Package, Junction to
Ambient (Note 10)
65
JA
Ambient (Note 11)
45
JC
Case
JA
S Package, Junction to
Ambient (Note 12)
56
JA
Ambient (Note 13)
35
JA
Ambient (Note 14)
26
JC
Case
C/W
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating ratings indicate conditions the device is intended to
be functional, but device parameter specifications may not be guaranteed under these conditions. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical
Characteristics.
Note 2: Note that switch current and output current are not identical in a step-up regulator. Output current cannot be internally limited when the LM2585 is used as
a step-up regulator. To prevent damage to the switch, the output current must be externally limited to 3A. However, output current is internally limited when the
LM2585 is used as a flyback regulator (see the Application Hints section for more information).
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Electrical Characteristics (All Versions)
(Continued)
Note 3: The junction temperature of the device (TJ) is a function of the ambient temperature (TA), the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (JA), and the power
dissipation of the device (PD). A thermal shutdown will occur if the temperature exceeds the maximum junction temperature of the device: PD x JA + TA(MAX) TJ(MAX). For a safe thermal design, check that the maximum power dissipated by the device is less than: PD [TJ(MAX) TA(MAX))]/JA. When calculating the maximum
allowable power dissipation, derate the maximum junction temperature this ensures a margin of safety in the thermal design.
Note 4: External components such as the diode, inductor, input and output capacitors can affect switching regulator performance. When the LM2585 is used as
shown in Figures Figure 2 and Figure 3 , system performance will be as specified by the system parameters.
Note 5: All room temperature limits are 100% production tested, and all limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
Note 6: A 1.0 M resistor is connected to the compensation pin (which is the error amplifier output) to ensure accuracy in measuring AVOL.
Note 7: To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a low value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error amplifier output high.
Adj: VFB = 1.05V; 3.3V: VFB = 2.81V; 5.0V: VFB = 4.25V; 12V: VFB = 10.20V.
Note 8: To measure this parameter, the feedback voltage is set to a high value, depending on the output version of the device, to force the error amplifier output low.
Adj: VFB = 1.41V; 3.3V: VFB = 3.80V; 5.0V: VFB = 5.75V; 12V: VFB = 13.80V.
Note 9: To measure the worst-case error amplifier output current, the LM2585 is tested with the feedback voltage set to its low value (specified in (Note 7) and at
its high value (specified in (Note 8) .
Note 10: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 5 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with 12 inch leads in a socket, or on a PC
board with minimum copper area.
Note 11: Junction to ambient thermal resistance (no external heat sink) for the 5 lead TO-220 package mounted vertically, with 12 inch leads soldered to a PC board
containing approximately 4 square inches of (1oz.) copper area surrounding the leads.
Note 12: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 5 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.136 square inches (the same size as the
TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
Note 13: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 5 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board area of 0.4896 square inches (3.6 times the area
of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper.
Note 14: Junction to ambient thermal resistance for the 5 lead TO-263 mounted horizontally against a PC board copper area of 1.0064 square inches (7.4 times the
area of the TO-263 package) of 1 oz. (0.0014 in. thick) copper. Additional copper area will reduce thermal resistance further. See the thermal model in Switchers Made
Simple software.
Typical Performance Characteristics

Supply Current
vs Temperature
Reference Voltage
vs Supply Voltage
Reference Voltage
vs Temperature
DS012515-2
Supply Current
vs Switch Current
DS012515-4
DS012515-3
Current Limit
vs Temperature
Feedback Pin Bias

Current vs Temperature
DS012515-5
DS012515-6
DS012515-7
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Typical Performance Characteristics

Switch Saturation
Voltage vs Temperature
(Continued)
Switch Transconductance
vs Temperature
DS012515-8
Oscillator Frequency
vs Temperature
DS012515-9
Error Amp Transconductance

vs Temperature
DS012515-10
Error Amp Voltage

Gain vs Temperature
DS012515-11
Short Circuit Frequency

vs Temperature
DS012515-12
DS012515-13
Connection Diagrams
Bent, Staggered Leads
5-Lead TO-220 (T)
Top View
Bent, Staggered Leads

5-Lead TO-220 (T)
Side View
DS012515-15
DS012515-14
Order Number LM2585T-3.3, LM2585T-5.0,

LM2585T-12 or LM2585T-ADJ
See NS Package Number T05D
5-Lead TO-263 (S)
Top View
5-Lead TO-263 (S)

Side View
DS012515-17
DS012515-16
Order Number LM2585S-3.3, LM2585S-5.0,

LM2585S-12 or LM2585S-ADJ
See NS Package Number TS5B
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Block Diagram
DS012515-18
For Fixed Versions

3.3V, R1 = 3.4k, R2 = 2k
5V, R1 = 6.15k, R2 = 2k
12V, R1 = 8.73k, R2 = 1k
For Adj. Version
R1 = Short (0), R2 = Open
FIGURE 1.
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Test Circuits
DS012515-19
CIN1 100 F, 25V Aluminum Electrolytic

CIN2 0.1 F Ceramic
T 22 H, 1:1 Schott #67141450
D 1N5820
COUT 680 F, 16V Aluminum Electrolytic
CC 0.47 F Ceramic
RC 2k
FIGURE 2. LM2585-3.3 and LM2585-5.0
DS012515-20
CIN1 100 F, 25V Aluminum Electrolytic

CIN2 0.1 F Ceramic
L 15 H, Renco #RL-5472-5
D 1N5820
COUT 680 F, 16V Aluminum Electrolytic
CC 0.47 F Ceramic
RC 2k
For 12V Devices: R1 = Short (0) and R2 = Open
For ADJ Devices: R1 = 48.75k, 0.1% and R2 = 5.62k, 1%
FIGURE 3. LM2585-12 and LM2585-ADJ
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Flyback Regulator Operation

lapses, reversing the voltage polarity of the primary and secondary windings. Now rectifier D1 is forward biased and
current flows through it, releasing the energy stored in the
transformer. This produces voltage at the output.
The output voltage is controlled by modulating the peak
switch current. This is done by feeding back a portion of the
output voltage to the error amp, which amplifies the difference between the feedback voltage and a 1.230V reference.
The error amp output voltage is compared to a ramp voltage
proportional to the switch current (i.e., inductor current during the switch on time). The comparator terminates the
switch on time when the two voltages are equal, thereby
controlling the peak switch current to maintain a constant
output voltage.
The LM2585 is ideally suited for use in the flyback regulator

topology. The flyback regulator can produce a single output
voltage, such as the one shown in Figure 4, or multiple output voltages. In Figure 4, the flyback regulator generates an
output voltage that is inside the range of the input voltage.
This feature is unique to flyback regulators and cannot be
duplicated with buck or boost regulators.
The operation of a flyback regulator is as follows (refer to
Figure 4): when the switch is on, current flows through the
primary winding of the transformer, T1, storing energy in the
magnetic field of the transformer. Note that the primary and
secondary windings are out of phase, so no current flows
through the secondary when current flows through the primary. When the switch turns off, the magnetic field col-
DS012515-21
As shown in Figure 4, the LM2585 can be used as a flyback regulator by using a minimum number of external components. The switching waveforms of this
regulator are shown in Figure 5. Typical Performance Characteristics observed during the operation of this circuit are shown in Figure 6.
FIGURE 4. 12V Flyback Regulator Design Example
DS012515-22
A: Switch Voltage, 20 V/div

B: Switch Current, 2 A/div
C: Output Rectifier Current, 2 A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage, 50 mV/div
AC-Coupled
Horizontal: 2 s/div
FIGURE 5. Switching Waveforms
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Flyback Regulator Operation
(Continued)
DS012515-23
FIGURE 6. VOUT Load Current Step Response
Typical Flyback Regulator Applications

Figure 7 through Figure 12 show six typical flyback applications, varying from single output to triple output. Each drawing contains the part number(s) and manufacturer(s) for every component except the transformer. For the transformer
part numbers and manufacturers names, see the table in
Figure 13. For applications with different output

voltages requiring the LM2585-ADJ or different output
configurations that do not match the standard configurations,
refer to the Switchers Made Simple software.
DS012515-24
FIGURE 7. Single-Output Flyback Regulator
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10
(Continued)
DS012515-25
DS012515-26
11
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(Continued)
DS012515-27
FIGURE 10. Dual-Output Flyback Regulator
DS012515-28
FIGURE 11. Dual-Output Flyback Regulator
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12
(Continued)
DS012515-29
FIGURE 12. Triple-Output Flyback Regulator
13
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(Continued)
Transformer Selection (T)
Figure 13 lists the standard transformers available for flyback regulator applications. Included in the table are the turns ratio(s) for
each transformer, as well as the output voltages, input voltage ranges, and the maximum load currents for each circuit.
Applications
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Transformers
T7
T7
T7
T6
T6
T5
4V6V
4V6V
8V16V
4V6V
18V36V
18V36V
VOUT1
3.3V
5V
12V
12V
12V
5V
IOUT1 (Max)
1.4A
1A
0.8A
0.15A
0.6A
1.8A
VIN
N1
Figure 12
1.2
1.2
0.5
VOUT2
12V
12V
12V
IOUT2 (Max)
0.15A
0.6A
0.25A
1.2
1.2
N2
1.15
VOUT3
12V
IOUT3 (Max)
0.25A
N3
1.15
FIGURE 13. Transformer Selection Table
Transformer
Type
Coilcraft
Coilcraft
Pulse
Pulse
Renco
Schott
(Note 15)
(Note 15)
(Note 16)
(Note 16)
(Note 17)
(Note 18)
Surface Mount
Surface Mount
T5
Q4338-B
Q4437-B
PE-68413
RL-5532
67140890
T6
Q4339-B
Q4438-B
PE-68414
RL-5533
67140900
T7
S6000-A
S6057-A
PE-68482
RL-5751
26606
Note 15: Coilcraft Inc.
Manufacturers Part Numbers
Phone: (800) 322-2645
1102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013:

Note 16: Pulse Engineering Inc.
Fax: (708) 639-1469
Phone: (619) 674-8100
12220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128:

Note 17: Renco Electronics Inc.
60 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729:

Note 18: Schott Corp.
Fax: (619) 674-8262
Phone: (800) 645-5828

Fax: (516) 586-5562
Phone: (612) 475-1173
1000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391:
Fax: (612) 475-1786
FIGURE 14. Transformer Manufacturer Guide
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14
(Continued)
Transformer Footprints
Figure 15 through Figure 29 show the footprints of each transformer, listed in Figure 14.
T7
T7
DS012515-30
Top View
DS012515-34
FIGURE 15. Coilcraft S6000-A

Top View
FIGURE 19. Coilcraft S6057-A
(Surface Mount)
T6
T6
DS012515-31
Top View
FIGURE 16. Coilcraft Q4339-B
DS012515-35
Top View
T5

(Surface Mount)
T7
DS012515-36
DS012515-32
Top View
Top View

(Surface Mount)
FIGURE 21. Pulse PE-68482

T6
T5
DS012515-37
Top View
DS012515-33

(Surface Mount)
Top View
15
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Typical Flyback Regulator

Applications (Continued)
T7
T5
DS012515-44
FIGURE 27. Top View

Schott 26606
T6
DS012515-39
Top View
(Surface Mount)
DS012515-46
T7
Top View
FIGURE 28. Schott 67140900
T5
DS012515-40
Top View
FIGURE 24. Renco RL-5751
T6
DS012515-47
Top View
FIGURE 29. Schott 67140890
DS012515-42
Top View
T5
DS012515-43
Top View
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16
Step-Up (Boost) Regulator Operation

Figure 30 shows the LM2585 used as a step-up (boost)
regulator. This is a switching regulator that produces an output voltage greater than the input supply voltage.
off, the lower end of the inductor flies above VIN, discharging
its current through diode (D) into the output capacitor (COUT)
at a rate of (VOUT VIN)/L. Thus, energy stored in the inductor during the switch on time is transferred to the output during the switch off time. The output voltage is controlled by
adjusting the peak switch current, as described in the flyback
regulator section.
A brief explanation of how the LM2585 Boost Regulator

works is as follows (refer to Figure 30). When the NPN
switch turns on, the inductor current ramps up at the rate of
VIN/L, storing energy in the inductor. When the switch turns
DS012515-48
By adding a small number of external components (as shown in Figure 30), the LM2585 can be used to produce a regulated output voltage that is greater than
the applied input voltage. The switching waveforms observed during the operation of this circuit are shown in Figure 31. Typical performance of this regulator is
shown in Figure 32.
FIGURE 30. 12V Boost Regulator
DS012515-49
A: Switch Voltage, 10 V/div

B: Switch Current, 2 A/div
C: Inductor Current, 2 A/div
D: Output Ripple Voltage,
100 mV/div, AC-Coupled
Horizontal: 2 s/div
FIGURE 31. Switching Waveforms
DS012515-50
FIGURE 32. VOUT Response to Load Current Step

17
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Typical Boost Regulator Applications

Figure 33 and Figure 35 through Figure 37 show four typical
boost applications) one fixed and three using the adjustable version of the LM2585. Each drawing contains the part
number(s) and manufacturer(s) for every component. For
the fixed 12V output application, the part numbers and

manufacturers names for the inductor are listed in a table in
Figure 34. For applications with different output voltages, refer to the Switchers Made Simple software.
DS012515-51
FIGURE 33. +5V to +12V Boost Regulator
Figure 34 contains a table of standard inductors, by part number and corresponding manufacturer, for the fixed output regulator
of Figure 33.
Coilcraft
Pulse
Renco
Schott
Schott (Note 22)
(Note 19)
(Note 20)
(Note 21)
(Note 22)
(Surface Mount)
D03316-153
PE-53898
RL-5471-7
67146510
67146540
Note 19: Coilcraft Inc.
Phone: (800) 322-2645
1102 Silver Lake Road, Cary, IL 60013

Note 20: Pulse Engineering Inc.
Fax: (708) 639-1469
Phone: (619) 674-8100
12220 World Trade Drive, San Diego, CA 92128

Note 21: Renco Electronics Inc.
60 Jeffryn Blvd. East, Deer Park, NY 11729

Note 22: Schott Corp.
Fax: (619) 674-8262
Phone (800) 645-5828

Fax: (516) 586-5562
Phone: (612) 475-1173
1000 Parkers Lane Road, Wayzata, MN 55391
Fax: (612) 475-1786
FIGURE 34. Inductor Selection Table
DS012515-52
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18
Typical Boost Regulator Applications
(Continued)
DS012515-53
DS012515-54
*The LM2585 will require a heat sink in these applications. The size of the heat sink will depend on the maximum ambient temperature. To calculate the thermal
resistance of the IC and the size of the heat sink needed, see the Heat Sink/Thermal Considerations section in the Application Hints.
19
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Application Hints
DS012515-55
FIGURE 38. Boost Regulator

passing the switch. The current limit of the switch does not
limit the output current for the entire circuit. To protect the
load and prevent damage to the switch, the current must be
externally limited, either by the input supply or at the output
with an external current limit circuit. The external limit should
be set to the maximum switch current of the device, which is
3A.
In a flyback regulator application (Figure 39), using the standard transformers, the LM2585 will survive a short circuit to
the main output. When the output voltage drops to 80% of its
nominal value, the frequency will drop to 25 kHz. With a
lower frequency, off times are larger. With the longer off
times, the transformer can release all of its stored energy before the switch turns back on. Hence, the switch turns on initially with zero current at its collector. In this condition, the
switch current limit will limit the peak current, saving the
device.
PROGRAMMING OUTPUT VOLTAGE

(SELECTING R1 AND R2)
Referring to the adjustable regulator in Figure 38, the output
voltage is programmed by the resistors R1 and R2 by the following formula:
VOUT = VREF (1 + R1/R2)
where VREF = 1.23V
Resistors R1 and R2 divide the output voltage down so that
it can be compared with the 1.23V internal reference. With
R2 between 1k and 5k, R1 is:
where VREF = 1.23V
R1 = R2 (VOUT/VREF 1)
For best temperature coefficient and stability with time, use
1% metal film resistors.
SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION
Due to the inherent nature of boost regulators, when the output is shorted (see Figure 38), current flows directly from the
input, through the inductor and the diode, to the output, by-
DS012515-56
FIGURE 39. Flyback Regulator
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20
Application Hints
also shown in Figure 39. This prevents the voltage at pin 4

from dropping below 0.4V. The reverse voltage rating of the
diode must be greater than the switch off voltage.
(Continued)
FLYBACK REGULATOR INPUT CAPACITORS

A flyback regulator draws discontinuous pulses of current
from the input supply. Therefore, there are two input capacitors needed in a flyback regulator; one for energy storage
and one for filtering (see Figure 39). Both are required due to
the inherent operation of a flyback regulator. To keep a
stable or constant voltage supply to the LM2585, a storage
capacitor (100 F) is required. If the input source is a rectified DC supply and/or the application has a wide temperature range, the required rms current rating of the capacitor
might be very large. This means a larger value of capacitance or a higher voltage rating will be needed of the input
capacitor. The storage capacitor will also attenuate noise
which may interfere with other circuits connected to the
same input supply voltage.
In addition, a small bypass capacitor is required due to the
noise generated by the input current pulses. To eliminate the
noise, insert a 1.0 F ceramic capacitor between VIN and
ground as close as possible to the device.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE LIMITATIONS

The maximum output voltage of a boost regulator is the
maximum switch voltage minus a diode drop. In a flyback
regulator, the maximum output voltage is determined by the
turns ratio, N, and the duty cycle, D, by the equation:
VOUT N x VIN x D/(1 D)
The duty cycle of a flyback regulator is determined by the following equation:
Theoretically, the maximum output voltage can be as large

as desired just keep increasing the turns ratio of the transformer. However, there exists some physical limitations that
prevent the turns ratio, and thus the output voltage, from increasing to infinity. The physical limitations are capacitances
and inductances in the LM2585 switch, the output diode(s),
and the transformer such as reverse recovery time of the
output diode (mentioned above).
SWITCH VOLTAGE LIMITS

In a flyback regulator, the maximum steady-state voltage appearing at the switch, when it is off, is set by the transformer
turns ratio, N, the output voltage, VOUT, and the maximum input voltage, VIN (Max):
VSW(OFF) = VIN (Max) + (VOUT +VF)/N
where VF is the forward biased voltage of the output diode,
and is 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for ultra-fast recovery diodes (typically). In certain circuits, there exists a voltage spike, VLL, superimposed on top of the steady-state voltage (see Figure 5, waveform A). Usually, this voltage spike is
caused by the transformer leakage inductance and/or the
output rectifier recovery time. To clamp the voltage at the
switch from exceeding its maximum value, a transient suppressor in series with a diode is inserted across the transformer primary (as shown in the circuit on the front page and
other flyback regulator circuits throughout the datasheet).
The schematic in Figure 39 shows another method of clamping the switch voltage. A single voltage transient suppressor
(the SA51A) is inserted at the switch pin. This method
clamps the total voltage across the switch, not just the voltage across the primary.
If poor circuit layout techniques are used (see the Circuit
Layout Guideline section), negative voltage transients may
appear on the Switch pin (pin 4). Applying a negative voltage
(with respect to the ICs ground) to any monolithic IC pin
causes erratic and unpredictable operation of that IC. This
holds true for the LM2585 IC as well. When used in a flyback
regulator, the voltage at the Switch pin (pin 4) can go negative when the switch turns on. The ringing voltage at the
switch pin is caused by the output diode capacitance and the
transformer leakage inductance forming a resonant circuit at
the secondary(ies). The resonant circuit generates the ringing voltage, which gets reflected back through the transformer to the switch pin. There are two common methods to
avoid this problem. One is to add an RC snubber around the
output rectifier(s), as in Figure 39. The values of the resistor
and the capacitor must be chosen so that the voltage at the
Switch pin does not drop below 0.4V. The resistor may
range in value between 10 and 1 k, and the capacitor will
vary from 0.001 F to 0.1 F. Adding a snubber will (slightly)
reduce the efficiency of the overall circuit.
The other method to reduce or eliminate the ringing is to insert a Schottky diode clamp between pins 4 and 3 (ground),
DS012515-57
FIGURE 40. Input Line Filter

NOISY INPUT LINE CONDITION
A small, low-pass RC filter should be used at the input pin of
the LM2585 if the input voltage has an unusual large amount
of transient noise, such as with an input switch that bounces.
The circuit in Figure 40 demonstrates the layout of the filter,
with the capacitor placed from the input pin to ground and
the resistor placed between the input supply and the input
pin. Note that the values of RIN and CIN shown in the schematic are good enough for most applications, but some readjusting might be required for a particular application. If efficiency is a major concern, replace the resistor with a small
inductor (say 10 H and rated at 100 mA).
STABILITY
All current-mode controlled regulators can suffer from an instability, known as subharmonic oscillation, if they operate
with a duty cycle above 50%. To eliminate subharmonic oscillations, a minimum value of inductance is required to ensure stability for all boost and flyback regulators. The minimum inductance is given by:
where VSAT is the switch saturation voltage and can be

found in the Characteristic Curves.
21
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Application Hints
(Continued)
DS012515-58
FIGURE 41. Circuit Board Layout

CIRCUIT LAYOUT GUIDELINES
As in any switching regulator, layout is very important. Rapidly switching currents associated with wiring inductance
generate voltage transients which can cause problems. For
minimal inductance and ground loops, keep the length of the
leads and traces as short as possible. Use single point
grounding or ground plane construction for best results.
Separate the signal grounds from the power grounds (as indicated in Figure 41). When using the Adjustable version,
physically locate the programming resistors as near the
regulator IC as possible, to keep the sensitive feedback wiring short.
where VF is the forward biased voltage of the diode and is

typically 0.5V for Schottky diodes and 0.8V for fast recovery
diodes. VSAT is the switch saturation voltage and can be
found in the Characteristic Curves.
When no heat sink is used, the junction temperature rise is:
TJ = PD x JA.
HEAT SINK/THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS

In many cases, no heat sink is required to keep the LM2585
junction temperature within the allowed operating range. For
each application, to determine whether or not a heat sink will
be required, the following must be identified:
1) Maximum ambient temperature (in the application).
2) Maximum regulator power dissipation (in the application).
3) Maximum allowed junction temperature (125C for the
LM2585). For a safe, conservative design, a temperature approximately 15C cooler than the maximum junction temperature should be selected (110C).
4) LM2585 package thermal resistances JA and JC (given
in the Electrical Characteristics).
Adding the junction temperature rise to the maximum ambient temperature gives the actual operating junction temperature:
TJ = TJ + TA.
If the operating junction temperature exceeds the maximum
junction temperatue in item 3 above, then a heat sink is required. When using a heat sink, the junction temperature rise
can be determined by the following:
TJ = PD x (JC + Interface + Heat Sink)
Again, the operating junction temperature will be:
TJ = TJ + TA
Total power dissipated (PD) by the LM2585 can be estimated

as follows:
As before, if the maximum junction temperature is exceeded,

a larger heat sink is required (one that has a lower thermal
resistance).
Included in the Switchers Made Simple design software is
a more precise (non-linear) thermal model that can be used
to determine junction temperature with different input-output
parameters or different component values. It can also calculate the heat sink thermal resistance required to maintain the
regulator junction temperature below the maximum operating temperature.
To further simplify the flyback regulator design procedure,

National Semiconductor is making available computer design software to be used with the Simple Switcher line of
switching regulators. Switchers Made Simple is available
on a 312" diskette for IBM compatible computers from a National Semiconductor sales office in your area or the National
Semiconductor
Customer
Response
Center
(1-800-272-9959).
VIN is the minimum input voltage, VOUT is the output voltage,

N is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, and ILOAD
is the maximum load current (and ILOAD is the sum of the
maximum load currents for multiple-output flyback regulators). The duty cycle is given by:
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22
European Magnetic Vendor

Contacts
Phone: +44 1236 730 595

Fax: +44 1236 730 627
Please contact the following addresses for details of local

distributors or representatives:
Pulse Engineering
Dunmore Road
Tuam
Coilcraft
Co. Galway, Ireland

Phone: +353 93 24 107
Fax: +353 93 24 459
21 Napier Place
Wardpark North
Cumbernauld, Scotland G68 0LL
23
www.national.com
Physical Dimensions
inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
Order Number LM2585T-3.3, LM2585T-5.0,

LM2585T-12 or LM2585T-ADJ
NS Package Number T05D
www.national.com
24
LM2585 SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A Flyback Regulator
Physical Dimensions
inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)
Order Number LM2585S-3.3, LM2585S-5.0,

LM2585S-12 or LM2585S-ADJ
NS Package Number TS5B
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONALS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL
COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and
whose failure to perform when properly used in
accordance with instructions for use provided in the
labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a
significant injury to the user.
National Semiconductor
Corporation
Americas
Tel: 1-800-272-9959
Fax: 1-800-737-7018
Email: support@nsc.com
www.national.com
Europe
Fax: +49 (0) 1 80-530 85 86
Email: europe.support@nsc.com
Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 1 80-530 85 85
English Tel: +49 (0) 1 80-532 78 32
Franais Tel: +49 (0) 1 80-532 93 58
Italiano Tel: +49 (0) 1 80-534 16 80
2. A critical component is any component of a life

support device or system whose failure to perform
can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of
the life support device or system, or to affect its
safety or effectiveness.
Asia Pacific Customer
Response Group
Tel: 65-2544466
Fax: 65-2504466
Email: sea.support@nsc.com
Japan Ltd.
Tel: 81-3-5639-7560
Fax: 81-3-5639-7507
National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

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LM2585

SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A Flyback Regulator

The LM2585 series of regulators are monolithic integrated

Requires few external components

LM2585T-3.3, LM2585T-5.0, LM2585T-12, LM2585T-ADJ

5-Lead TO-263 Tape and Reel

LM2585SX-3.3, LM2585SX-5.0, LM2585SX-12,

1999 National Semiconductor Corporation

LM2585 SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A Flyback Regulator

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

Maximum Junction Temperature

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

0.4V VIN 45V

SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 2 (Note 4)

ILOAD = 0.3A to 1.2A

UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

Measured at Feedback Pin

RCOMP = 1.0 M (Note 6)

SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 2 (Note 4)

ILOAD = 0.3A to 1.1A

UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

Measured at Feedback Pin

UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

RCOMP = 1.0 M (Note 6)

SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 3 (Note 4)

ILOAD = 0.2A to 0.8A

UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

Measured at Feedback Pin

RCOMP = 1.0 M (Note 6)

SYSTEM PARAMETERS Test Circuit of Figure 3 (Note 4)

ILOAD = 0.2A to 0.8A

UNIQUE DEVICE PARAMETERS (Note 5)

Measured at Feedback Pin

RCOMP = 1.0 M (Note 6)

Input Bias Current

Electrical Characteristics (All Versions)

COMMON DEVICE PARAMETERS for all versions (Note 5)

Measured at Switch Pin

Measured at Switch Pin

Soft Start Current

Electrical Characteristics (All Versions)

Typical Performance Characteristics

Feedback Pin Bias

Typical Performance Characteristics

Error Amp Transconductance

Error Amp Voltage

Short Circuit Frequency

Bent, Staggered Leads

Order Number LM2585T-3.3, LM2585T-5.0,

5-Lead TO-263 (S)

Order Number LM2585S-3.3, LM2585S-5.0,

For Fixed Versions

CIN1 100 F, 25V Aluminum Electrolytic

FIGURE 2. LM2585-3.3 and LM2585-5.0

CIN1 100 F, 25V Aluminum Electrolytic

FIGURE 3. LM2585-12 and LM2585-ADJ

Flyback Regulator Operation

The LM2585 is ideally suited for use in the flyback regulator

FIGURE 4. 12V Flyback Regulator Design Example

A: Switch Voltage, 20 V/div

FIGURE 5. Switching Waveforms

Flyback Regulator Operation

FIGURE 6. VOUT Load Current Step Response

Typical Flyback Regulator Applications