DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

131302 - ELCTROMAGNETIC THEORY

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWER BANK
CLASS : III SEM EEE

UNIT I
INTODUCTION & VECTOR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
1.Define scalar and vector.
Scalar : A quantity that is characterized only by magnitude is called a scalar.
Vector : A quantity that is characterized both by magnitude and direction is called a
vector.
2.Define Scalar multiplication.
Scalar multiplication of two vectors is a scalar quantity whose magnitude
is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors multiplied by the cosine of the angle
between them. It is referred as Dot product.
A . B = ABcos
3.Define Vector multiplication.
The vector product of two vectors is defined as a vector whose magnitude
is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between
them. This multiplication is called , Cross Product.
A x B = ABsin
4. Show that the two vectors A =6 a x + a y -5 a z and B =3( a x +
perpendicular to each other.
A =6 a x + a y -5 a z
B =3( a x + a y - a z)
A. B=6x52x55x4
=0
Vector A and B are perpendicular to each other.
5. Show that the two vectors A =4 a x -2
parallel to each other.
A =4 a x -2 a y +2 a z
B =-6 a x +3 a y -3 a z

+2 a z and B =-6 a x +3

- a z) are

-3 a z are

ay

az

(6-6) -

x B =

ax

(-6+6) + a z(12-12)

=0
Vectors A and B are parallel to each other.

6.Define Gradient.
The gradient of any scalar function is the maximum space rate of change
of that function. If the scalar V represents electric potential, V represents potential
gradient.
V
V
a x + y
x

V=

ay

This operation is called the gradient.

V
az
z

7. Define divergence.
The divergence of a vector A at any point is defined as the limit of its
surface integrated per unit volume as the volume enclosed by the surface shrinks to zero.
1
SA . n ds.
v
AX AY AZ
.A =
+
+
y
x
z

.A =Lt V 0

This operation is called divergence. Divergence of a vector is a scalar quantity.

8. Define Curl.
The curl of a vector A at a any point is defined as the limit of its cross
product with normal over a closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero.
x A =Lt V 0

1
v

x Ads.

9. Show that the vector H = 3y4z a x + 4x3z2 a y +2 x3y2

.H=

x3y2 a z )
=

a x + y a y
x

(3y4z)+

=0+0+0=0
Hence H is solenoidal.

a z is

az
z

( 4x3z2)+

solenoidal.

. (3y4z a x + 4x3z2 a y +2

( 2 x3y2)

10. Find the Dot products of the vectors A and B if A= 2a x 3a y 4a z ,

B a x 2a y 2 a z

A.B

=AxBx+AyBy+AzBz

= 2(-1)-3(2) +4(2)
=0
11.Given A= 4a y 8a z and B 2a y 6a z find A . B
A.B = AxBx +AyBy +AzBz
= 4(-2) + 8(6)
=40
12. Write down the expression for conversion of Cartesian to Cylindrical system.
The Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) can be converted into Cylindrical coordinates ( r , , z ).
Given
Transform
x
r = x2 y 2
y

= tan-1(y/x)

z= z

13. Write down the expression for conversion of Cylindrical to Cartesian system.
The Cylindrical co-ordinates ( r , , z ) can be converted into Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ).
Given
Transform
r
x = r cos

y = r sin

z
z= z
14. Write down the expression for conversion of Cartesian to Spherical system.
The Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) can be converted into Spherical co-ordinates
( r , , ).
Given
Transform
x
r = x2 y2 z2

=cos-1

= tan-1(y/x)

x y2 z2
2

13. Write down the expression for conversion of Spherical to Cartesian system.
The Spherical co-ordinates ( r , , ) can be converted into Cartesian coordinates ( x, y, z ).
Given
Transform
r
x = rsin.cos

y = r sin.sin


z = rcos
14. Transform the Cartesian co-ordinates x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 into spherical
co-ordinates.
Given
x=2

r=

Transform
x y2 z2 =
2

-1

4 1 9

= 3.74

3
o
=cos-1( 14 )=36.7

y=1

=cos

z=3

= tan-1(y/x) = tan-1(1/2) = 26.56 o

x y z
2

The spherical co-ordinates are ( 3.74 , 36.7 o , 26.56 o ).

15. Give the Cartesian co-ordinates of a point whose cylindrical are r = 1, =45 o ,
z=2.
Given
r=1

Transform
x = r cos = 1.cos45 = 0.707

=45 o

y = r sin = 1.sin45 = 0.707

z=2

z= z=2

The Cartesian co-ordinates are (0.707, 0.707 , 2)

16.Define Divergence theorem.
The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field over a volume is
equal to the surface integral of the normal component of this vector over the surface
bounding the volume.

. AdV
v

A.dS
S

17. Define Stokes Theorem.

The line integral of a vector around a closed path is equal to the surface
integral of the normal component of its equal to the integral of the normal comp[onent of
its curl over any closed surface.
xHdS
H .dl =
S

18. Express the value of differential volume in rectangular and cylindrical coordinates systems.
For rectangular co-ordinate
dv = dxdydz
For cyclindrical co-ordinate
4

dv = rdrddz.
19.Write the expression for differential length in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
For cylindrical co-ordinates
dl = (dr ) 2 (rd ) 2 (dz ) 2
For spherical co-ordinates
dl = (dr ) 2 (rd ) 2 (r sin d ) 2
20.Define unit vector.
A unit vector in a given direction is a direction in that direction divided by
its magnitude.
(or)
A unit vector is having unit magnitude and directed along the co-ordinate
axes.
r

ar = r
21. Find the distance from A (1,2,3) to B(2,0,-1) in rectangular co-ordinates.
r=

( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z2 z1 ) 2

= (2 11 ) 2 (0 2) 2 (1 3) 2
= 1 4 16
= 21
22. What is the divergence of curl of a vector?
.xH 0

23. xxA ____________

xxA . A

24.What is the physical significance of divergence of D ?

The divergence of the vector flux density D is the outflow from a small
closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero.
.D

= LT

v 0

D.ds
v

25.Express the divergence of a vector in the three system of orthogonal

co-ordination.
For rectangular co-ordinate system
.B =

Bx By Bz

x
y
z

For cylindrical co-ordinate system

1 ( rBr ) 1 B Bz

.B =
r
r
r
z
For spherical co-ordinate system
1
(r 2 sin Br ) 1 (r sin B ) rB
.B = 2

r sin
r
r

26.Show that the two vectors A =6 a x + a y - 5 a z and B =3( a x - a y + a z ) are

perpendicular to each other.
A

. B = (6x3) + (1x-3) + (-5x-3)

=18-3-15
=0

PART B
1.Using divergence theorem, evaluate F.nds where F =2xy i + y2
is the surface of the cube bounded by x=0, x=1 ; y=0, y=1; and z=0, z=1.

+4yz k and S

2.Check the validity of the divergence theorem considering the field D=2xy a x + x2 a y
c/m2 and the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0, x=1; y=0, y=2 ; and
z=0,z=3.
3. If F= x2 a x +y2

- z2 a z then find divergence of F and curl of F.

4. Using divergence theorem, evaluate F.nds where F =2y i + y2

is the surface of the cube bounded by x=0, x=1 ; y=0, y=1; and z=0, z=1.

+4y2 k and S

5.Show that the vector 2xy a x + (x2 +2yz) a y +( y2 +1) a z is irrotational.

6. Derive divergence theorem
7. Derive Stokes theorem
8. Derive the expression for differential length in cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates.
9. Derive the expression for conversion of Spherical to Cartesian system.
10. Derive the expression for conversion of Cylindrical to Cartesian system.

UNIT II
ELECTROSTATICS
6

1.Define electric flux and electric flux density.

Electric flux:
The lines of electric force is known as electric flux. It is denoted by .
= Q ( charge ) Coulomb.
Electric flux density :
Electric flux density or displacement density is defined as the electric flux per unit
area.

Q
D= A
2.State Gausss law.
The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.

=Q
3.State the point form of Gausss law.
The divergence of electric flux density is equal to the volume charge density.
.D v.
4. State Coulombs law.
Coulombs law states that the force between two very small charged objects
separated by a large distance compared to their size is proportional to the charge on each
object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F Q1Q2
1
F 2
r
Q1Q2
F
r2
Q1Q2
a12 Newtons .
F=
4r 2

5. Name a few application of Gausss law in electrostatics.

Gausss law is applied to determine the electric field intensity from a
closed surface.

( e.g) Electric field can be determined for shell, two concentric shell or
cylinders, etc.
6. What is a point charge?
Point charge is one whose maximum dimension is very small in comparison with
any other length.
7. What do you understand by linear , surface and volume charge densities?
Linear Charge density: It is the charge per unit length ( Col / m) at a point on
the line of charge.

l = Lt l 0 l
Surface charge density : It is the charge per surface area ( C/m2) at a point on the
surface of the charge.

Q
v

s= Lt s 0 s
Volume charge density : It is the charge per volume ( C/m3) at a point on the
volume of the charge.
s= Lt

v 0

8. Define electric field intensity or electric field.

Electric field intensity is defined as the electric force per unit positive
charge. It is denoted by E.
F

E= Q
E=

Q
4r 2

9.Define potential and potential difference.

Potential :
Potential at any point as the work done in moving a unit positive charge
from infinity to that point in an electric field.
V=

Q
4r

Volts.

Potential Difference : Potential difference is defined as the work done in moving a unit
positive charge from one point in an electric field.
Q

V= 4

( r1 r1 ) Volts.
A

10.What is the relation between intensity of electric field E and electric flux density
D in free space?
D=E c/m2
Where
Permittivity of the medium.
= or
11. Give the relationship between potential gradient and electric field.
E = V
E = -

a
x + y a y
x

az
z

12. What is the electric field intensity at a distance of 20cm from a charge of 2c in
vacuum?
Q
E=
4r 2
=

2 x10 6
4x8.854 x10 12 x (0.2) 2

2 x9 x103
= 450 KV/m.
0.04

13. Find the electric potential at a point ( 4 , 3 ) m due to a charge of 10-9 C located at
the origin in free space.
V=
r=

Q
4 O r
4 2 32

= 5m.

10 9
V= 4x8.854 x10 12 x(5) = 1.8V

14.What is the physical significance of divD.

.D v

The divergence of a vector flux density is electric flux per unit volume
leaving a small volume. This is equal to the volume charge density.
15.Write the Poissons equation and Laplace equation.
Poission equation
where

2V /

Volume charge density

Permittivity of the medium

 2 - Laplacian operator.
2V 2V 2V
+
+
= - /
x 2 Y 2 z 2

Laplace equation
2V 0
2V 2V 2V
+
+
=0
x 2 Y 2 z 2

16.Represent in unit vector along a vector R =6 a x +8 a y

Unit Vector aR =

R
R

=0.6 a x

6a x + 8a y
36 64

+0.8 a y

17.A uniform line charge , infinite in extent , with l = 20nc/m lines along the z axis.
Find E at (6,8,3)m.
= 6 2 8 2 32

=
=

36 64 9
109

E =l / 2or
20 x10 9
=
= 34.48V/m
2x8.854 x10 12 x 109

18. State the condition for the vector F to solenoidal.

The vector F is said to be irrotational if

x F

=0

19. Define dipole and dipole moment.

Dipole or electric dipole is nothing but two equal and opposite point charges are
separated by a very small distance.
The product of electric charge and distance ( spacing) is known as dipole moment.
It is denoted by m where Q is the charge and l is the length.
m=Q. l
C/m
20.Define capacitor.

10

A capacitor is an device which consists of two conductors are separated by a

dielectric medium.
21. Define Capacitance .
The capacitance of two conducting planes is defined as the ratio of magnitude of
charge on either of the conductor to the potential difference between conductors. It is
given by
C

Q
V

The unit of capacitance is coulombs / volt or Farad.

22.Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with two metal plates of
size 30cm x 30cm separated by 5mm in air medium.

Given data,
A = 0.3 X0.3 = 0.09m2
d=5 x 10-3m.
o = 8.854 x 10-2
C=
=

A
o
2

0.09 X 8.854 X 10 12
5 X 10 3

= 15.9Nf

23. Express the value of capacitance for a co-axial cable.

2 o r
b
C=
ln
a

Where
b outer radius.
a inner radius.
24. Write the expression for the energy density in electro static field.
W
1
E 2
v
2

1
DE
2

25. Find the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of 0.5m by 1m has a
separation of 2cm and a voltage difference of 10V.

11

C= o

A
d

8.854 x10 12 x 0.5 x1

2 x10 2
=2.2135x10-10F

Energy stored in a capacitor

E=1/2 CV2
=1/2 X 2.2135 X 10-10 X102
=1.10675 X 10-8Joules.
26.Write down the expression for the capacitance between two co-axial cylinders.

o
C= d
ln
a
Where
d distance between two transmission lines.
a radius of cylinders.
27.State the boundary conditions at the interface between two perfect dielectrics.
a) The tangential component of electric field E is continuous at the surface. That
is E is the same just outside the surface as it is just inside the surface.
Et1 = Et2
b) The normal component of electric flux density is continuous if there is no
surface charge density. Otherwise D is discontinuous by an amount equal to the surface
charge density.
Dn1 = Dn2
28.A parallel plate capacitor has a charge of 10-3 C on each plate while the potential
difference between the plates is 1000V.Calaculate the value of capacitance.
Given data,
Q = 10-3C
V = 1000V
C=

Q
V

10 3
= 1F
103

29.State point form of ohms law.

12

Point form of Ohms law states that the field strength within a conductor is
proportional to the current density.
J E
J = E
Where
is conductivity of the material.
30. What is meant by conduction current?
Conduction current is nothing but the current flows through the conductor.
Conduction current density is given by
Jc = E Amp / m2

31. What is meant by Displacement current density?

Displacement current is nothing but the current flows through the
Capacitor.
Displacement current density is given by
Jd =

D
Amp / m2
t

32. Define polarization in dielectric material.

Polarization is defined as dipole moment per unit volume.
P= Lt v 0

1
v

nv

P
i 1

PART B
1. Find the force on a point charge of 50C at ( 0, 0 ,5 )m due to a charge of 500C
that is uniformly distributed over the circular disk r 5m, z=0mDerive an expression
for electric field due to an infinite long line charge from its principles.
2. Find the electric field intensity due to the presence of co-axial cable with inner
conductor of s c/m2 and the outer conductor of -s c/m2.
3.Derive the expression for the electric field intensity and potential at a point P which
is situated h meter away from the disc along its axis. The disc is charged uniformly
with a charge density of s c/m2 .
13

4. Derive the equation for potential at a point inside a solid sphere having uniform
volume charge density.
5. Derive the expression for energy and energy density in the static electric field.
6.Compare and explain conduction current and displacement current.
7.Deduce an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with two
dielectrics of relative permittivites 1 and 2 respectively interposed between the
plates.
8. Derive an expression for the capacitance of pair of co-axial cylinders of radii r 1 and
r2 and length l. The dielectric being air. The outside cylinder is earthed.
9.Auniform charge density of v c/m3 exists throughout the volume of a sphere of
radius b meters. Using Poissons equation , find the value of electric intensity and
potential at any point inside the sphere for which 0< r b.
10.A straight line of charge length 12cm carries a uniformly distributed charge of
0.3C per cm length. Determine the electric field intensity E at a point located at a
distance of 3 cm above the wire and displaced 3cm to right of, and beyond one end.
11.Four identical point charge Q coulombs each are placed at the four corners of a
square of side b. Find the force on a 1C charge located at the centre of any one side.
12.Two concentric perfectly conducting spheres of radii a and b contains charges
of +Q and Q respectively. The region between the spheres is filled with a dielectric
of permittivity . Find the total energy contained in the system.
13.Determine E outside a spherical cloud of electrons with a uniform volume charge
density = - 0 by solving Poissons equation.
14.Prove Poissons equation from the fundamental postulates of electrostatics.
15. State the boundary conditions of time varying fields at the interface between two
dielectric media.

UNIT III
MAGNETOSTAICS
1.Define magnetic flux .
14

Magnetic flux is defined as the flux passing through any area. Its unit is Weber .

B.da
a

Weber.

2. Define magnetic flux density .

Magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux density passing per unit
area. Its unit is Weber / meter or Tesla.
B=

B=H
3.Define magnetic Gausss Law.
The total magnetic flux passing thorough any closed surface is equal to
zero.

B.da 0
a

4. State Biot- Savart law .

It states that the magnetic flux density at any point due to current element is
proportional to the current element and sine of the angle between the elemental length
and the line joining and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.

dB

o Idl sin
4r 2

5. Give the force on a current element.

The force on a current element Idl is given by
dF = I x B dl
= BI dl sin Newton.

6.State the Lorentz force equation.

The force on a moving particle due to combined electric and magnetic field is
given by
F = Q [ E V x B
This force is called Lorentz force.

15

7.State Amperes circuital law.

Amperes circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity H
about any closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by the path.

H .dl

8. What is field due to toroid and solenoid ?

a) Toroid

b) Solenoid H

NI
2r
I
l

9.Write down the expression for magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil?
H

I
2a

10.Define scalar magnetic potential.

It is defined as dead quantity whose negative gradient gives the magnitude
intensity if there is no current source present.
H Vm

where Vm is the magnetic scalar potential.

Vm H .dl

11.Define magnetic vector potential.

It is defined as that quantity whose curl gives the magnetic flux density.
B xA
where A is the magnetic vector potential.
A

r dr

Web / m

12.Distinguish between diamagnetic ,paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.

Diamagnetic : In diamagnetic materials magnetization is opposed to the applied
field. It has magnetic field.
Paramagnetic: In paramagnetic materials magnetization is in the sane direction
as the field. It has weak magnetic field.
Ferromagnetic : In Ferromagnetic materials is in the same direction as the field.
It has strong magnetic field.

16

13. A solenoid with a radius of 2cm is wound with 20 turns per cm length and carries
10mA. Find H at the centre if the total length is10cm.
Given data,
N=nl = 20 x 10 = 200 turns.
l =10 X 10-2 m
I = 10 x 10-3A
H

NI
l

200 x10 x103

10 x10 2
= 20AT/m.

14. Define mechanical moment.

The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at which it act is
called Torque or mechanical moment on the loop.
15. Define magnetic moment.
The magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque on loop per unit
magnetic induction ( Flux density ).
m=IA
where
A is Area.
16.Give the force on a current element.
The force on a current element Idl is given by
dF=I x Bdl
=BI dl sin

17.Give torque on closed circuits.

The torque on closed circuit in a magnetic field is
T=BIA cos
T=mB cos
Where
m is magnetic moment

17

In vector form T = m x B
18. Give torque on a solenoid.
Torque on a solenoid in a magnetic field is
T=

n
. 2IAB
2

= nBIA
=mB
where
m=nIA

19.Give four similarities between Electrostatic field and Magnetic field.

Electrostatic field
Electric field intensity E ( volts/m )

Magnetic field
Magnetic field intensity H ( Amp/m )

Electric flux density D=E c/m

Magnetic flux density B=H (web / m2)

Energy stored is 1/2CV2

Energy stored is 1/2LI2

Charges are rest

Charges are in motion

20.Determine the force per unit length between two long parallel wires separated by
5 cm in air and carrying currents 40A in the same direction.
Force / length =

o I1I 2
2D

40 X 40
x 4x10 7
2
2x5 x10
=6.4 x 10-3 N/m

21.Define magnetic dipole.

A small bar magnet with pole strength Qm and length l may be treated as
magnetic dipole whose magnetic moment is Qml.
18

22. Define Magnetization.

Magnetization is defined as the ratio of magnetic dipole moment to unit volume.
M=
M=

Magnticdipole
Volume
Qm
a A/m
A

23.Define magnetic susceptibility.

Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of magnetization to the magnetic
field intensity. It is dimensionless quantity.
m

M
H

24.What is the relation between relative permeability and susceptibility?

r 1 m

where

r is relative permeability
m is susceptibility

25.What are the different types of magnetic materials?

The magnetic materials can be classified into three groups according to their
behaviour. They are diamagnetic , paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
26.Write down the magnetic boundary conditions.
1.The tangential component of magnetic field intensity is continuous across the
boundary.
Ht1 = Ht2
2. The normal component of magnetic flux density is continuous across the
boundary.
Bn1 = Bn2
27.Define self inductance.
The self induction of a coil is defined as the ratio of total magnetic flux
linkage in the circuit to the current through the coil.

19

L=
Where

N
i

is magnetic flux

N is number of turns of coil

i is the current.

28.Define mutual inductance.

The mutual inductance between two coils is defined as the ratio of induced
magnetic flux linkage in one coil to the current through in other coil.
N 2 12
M=
i1
Where
N2 is number of turns in coil 2
12 is magnetic flux links in coil 2
i1 is the current through coil 1
29.Define co-efficient coupling.
The fraction of the total flux produced by one coil linking the second coil
is called the co-efficient of coupling (K).
K=
Where

12 21
=
1
2

1 is the flux produced by coil 1

12 is flux links coil 2

K1
K=

M
L1 L2

30.What will be effective inductance, if two inductors are connected in (a) series
and (b) parallel?
(a) For series L = L1 + L2 2 M

+ sign for aiding

L1L2 M 2
(b)For Parallel L =
L1 L2 2 M

- sign for opposition

31.Give the expression for inductance of a solenoid.

N2A
L o
l
where
20

N is number of turns
A is area of cross-section
l is length of solenoid
o is free space permeability.
32.Give the expression for inductance of a toroid.
N 2 A o N 2 r 2
=
L o
2R
2R
where
N is number of turns
r is radius of the coil
R is radius of toroid
o is free space permeability.
33.Give the expression for inductance per unit length of a co-axial transmission line.

b
L = o ln H/m.
2 a
Where
a is the radius of inner conductor
b is the radius of outer conductor.
34.Distinguish between solenoid and toroid.
Solenoid: Solenoid is a cylindrically shaped coil consisting of a large number of closely
spaced turns of insulated wire wound usually on a non magnetic frame.
Toroid: If a long, slender solenoid is bent into the form of a ring and thereby closed on
itself, it becomes toroid.
35. What is the mutual inductance of two inductively tightly coupled coils with self
inductance of 25mH and 100mH.
L1 = 25mH.
L2 = 100mH
M=K L1L2
= 25 X 100
=50mH

PART-B
1.Determine the force between two parallel conductors of length 1m separated by 50cm
in air and carrying currents of 30A. (a) in the same direction (b) in the opposite direction.

21

2.In a cable the solid inner conductor of radius a carries current I amp. The outer annular
of inner radius b and outer radius c, carries I amp. Using Amperes circuital law find the
expression for magnetic field intensity in all regions.
3.A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form of a square of side a.
Assuming that the Z axis passing through the centre of the square is normal to the plane
of the square, find the magnetic field intensity H at any point on the axis.
4. A single twin of wire in the form of a square of side 10cm carries a current of 20A.
Calculate the magnetic flux density produced by this circuit at a point on the central
normal to its plane distance 20cm from the plane.
5. Two narrow circular coils A and B have a common axis and are placed 15cm apart coil
has 10 turns of radius 5cm with a current of 2A passing through it. Coil B has a single
turn of radius 8cm. If the magnetic field at the centre of coil A is to be zero what current
must be passed through coilB.
6. A single phase circuit comprises two parallel conductors A and B. 1cm diameter and
spaced 1metre apart. The conductors carry currents of 10A and -10A respectively.
Determine the field intensity at the surface of each conductor and also in the middle of A
and B.
7. Two circular coils are located at z=0 plane and z=5m plane centered about the axis.
The first coil having a radius of 1m carries a current of 10A. The second coil having a
radius of 0.5m carries a current of 20 A. Calculate the magnetic field intensity at
(0,0,2.5m)
8. A solenoid with radius of 2cm is wound with 20turns per cm and carries 10mA i) find
H at the centre of the solenoid if its length is 10cm. ii) if all the turns of the solenoid
were compressed to make a ring of radius of 2cm, what would be H at the centre of a
ring.
5i
x2 y 2 z

9.If a magnetic vector potential A=

then find flux density.
10.Derive an expression for inductance of co-axial cable.
11.Derive an expression for inductance of co-axial cable with solid inner conductor.
12. A 10 Km transmission line consists of 1cm diameter conductors spaced 1m apart.
Find the loop inductance of the system from first principles.
13.Two coils of self inductances of 0.5H and 0.8H with negligible resistance are
connected in series . If their mutual inductance is 0.2H , determine the effective
inductance of the combination.
14. Two identical coupled coils in series has an equivalent inductance values of 0.084H
and 0.0354H . Find the values of self inductances, mutual inductance and coupling coefficient.

22

15.A 400 turn solenoid winding is 1m long and has a diameter of 0.1m.Calculate the self
inductance of the winding.
16.Derive an expression for inductance per meter length of transmission line.
17.Find the magnetic flux density at a point on the axis of a circular vloop of radius a on
carrying a direct current I.

UNIT IV
ELECTRO DYNAMIC FIELDS
1.State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
Faradays law states that electromagnetic force induced in a circuit is
equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the circuit.
emf=

d
dt

2.Define mmf.
Magnetic motive force (mmf ) is given by
mmf = flux x reluctance
mmf = Amp.turns.
3.Define reluctance.
Reluctance is the ratio of mmf of magnetic circuit to the flux through it.

mmf
flux( )

It is also written as

l
A

where
l is the length
A is the area of cross- section
is permeability

23

4 . In a solenoid with an inductance of 5mH current is increasing at the rate of

100A/sec. What is the value of induced emf?
emf = L

di
dt

=5x10-3x100
=0.5V
5. Give the expression for lifting force of an electro magnet.
F=

B2 A
2 o

Where
B is flux density
A is area of air gap between the poles of the magnet
o is permeability of free space.
6. What is the expression for energy stored in magnetic field?
W=

1
LI 2
2

Where
L is the inductance
I is the current
7.What is energy density in the magnetic field?
1
BH
2
1
2
= H
2

Energy density w =

8.Write down the general, integral and point form of Faradays law.
emf v

E.dl

d
dt

B
t

( General )
B
ds
t

( Integral )
( Point form )

9. Distinguish between transformer emf and motional emf.

The emf induced in a stationary conductor due to the change in flux linked
with it, is called transformer emf or static induced emf.
emf = -

B
.ds
t

eg. Transformer.

The emf induced due to the movement of conductor in a magnetic field is

called motional emf or dynamic induced emf.
24

emf =- vB.dl

eg. Generator

10.State Lenzs law.

Lenzs law states that the induced emf in a circuit produces a current
which oppose the change in magnetic flux producing it.
emf = -

d
dt

11. State Dot rule.

If both the currents enter dotted ends of coupled coils or if the both
currents enter undotted ends, then the sign on the M will be same as the sign on the L.
If one current enters a dotted end and the other an undotted end , the sign
on the M will be opposite to the sign on the L.
12.Mention four similarities between electric circuit and magnetic circuit.
Electric circuit
1. emf (volts)
2.current =

mmf ( Amp-turns )

emf
resis tan ce

3.resistance R =

Magnetic circuit

magnetic flux =

4.Conductance G =

mmf
reluc tan ce

1
R

Reluctance A
1
Permeance P =

13.A region in free space has a magnetic field intensity of B web/m2. What is the
energy stored per m3 of space?
Energy density = Energy per volume
1 B2
=
Joules / m3
2

where,
25

 is the permeability of the medium.

14.Write down the Maxwells equation in integral form.

From Amperes Law

H .dl

From Faradays Law

E.dl

D
ds
t

B
ds
t

From Electric Gausss Law

D.ds dv
s

From Magnetic Gausss Law

B.ds 0
s

15.Write down the Maxwells equation in point form.

From Amperes Law
H J

D
t

From Faradays Law

E

B
t

From Electric Gausss Law

.D

From Magnetic Gausss Law

.B 0
16. What is meant by Displacement current ?
Displacement current is nothing but the current flows through the
Capacitor.
17. State Amperes circuital law. Must the path of integration be circular? Explain.
The integral of the tangential component of the magnetic field strength
around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path.

H .dl

The path of integration must be enclosed one. It must be any shape and it
need not be circular alone.
18. Write the fundamental postulate for electromagnetic induction and explain how
its leads to Faradays Law.
26

A changing magnetic flux () through a closed loop, produces an emf or

voltage at the terminals as given by
v

d
dt

where the voltage is the integral of the electric field E around the loop.
For uniform magnetic field = B.A where B is the magnetic flux density and A
is the area of the loop.
v

E.dl t ds

This is Faradays law. It states that the line integral of the electric field around a
stationary loop equals the surface integral of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
density B integrated over the loop area.
19. Explain the significance of displace current . Write the Maxwells equation in
which it is used.
The displacement current iD through a specified surface is obtained by
integration of the normal component of JD over the surface.

iD =

.ds

= t .ds
S
iD =

E
ds
t

This is a current which directly passes through the capacitor.

Maxwells equation

xH J C J D
E
= E
t
D
C H .dl S ( J t )ds

( Differential form )
( Integral form )

20.Find the total current in a circular conductor of radius 4mm if the current
density varies according to J =

10 4
A / m2 .
r

Solution:
J=
Current I =

104
A / m2
r

J .ds
2

0.004

10 4
.rdrd

r 0 r

27

= 10

0.004

0 0

=10-4 x 0.004 x 02
= 80.
21. Write down the Maxwells equations in point phasor forms.
xH J jD ( j ) E
xE jB jH
.D

.B 0

22.Write down the Maxwells equations in integral phasor form.

H .dl ( J

jD ) ds

j ) E.ds

E.dl jBds jH .ds

S

D.ds dv
S

B.ds 0
S

23. Write down the Maxwells equation in integral form.

From Amperes Law
D
ds
t

H .dl
S

From Faradays Law

E.dl

B
ds
t

From Electric Gausss Law

D.ds 0
s

From Magnetic Gausss Law

B.ds 0
s

26.Write down the Maxwells equation in point form.

From Amperes Law
H

D
t

From Faradays Law

E

B
t

From Electric Gausss Law

.D 0

28

From Magnetic Gausss Law

.B 0

27.Explain why .B 0
.B 0 states that there is no magnetic charges. The net magnetic flux

emerging through any closed surface is zero.

28. Explain why xE 0.
In a region in which there is no time changing magnetic flux, the voltage
around the loop would be zero.
By Maxwells equation
E

B
=0
t

(irrotational)

29.Explain why .D 0
In a free space there is no charge enclosed by the medium . The volume
charge density is zero.
By Maxwells equation

.D v 0

30.Compare the relation between Circuit theory and Field theory.

Circuit Theory
1. This analysis originated by its own.
2. Applicable only for portion of RF range.
3. The dependent and independent
parameters I, V are directly obtained for the
given circuit.
4. Parameters of medium are not involved.
5. Laplace Transform is employed.
6. Z, Y, and H parameters are used .
7. Low power is involved.
8. Simple to understand.
9. Two dimensional analysis
10.Frequency is used as reference.
11. Lumped components are involved

Field Theory
Evolved from Transmission theory.
Beyond RF range ( Microwave )
Not directly , through E and H.
Parameter of medium ( permittivity and
permeability) are involved in the analysis.
Maxwells equation is employed
S parameter is used.
Relatively high power is involved.
Needs visualization ability
Three dimensional analysis
Wave length is used as reference
Distributed components are involved.

29

PART B
1.A circuit has 200 turns enclosing a magnetic circuit 30cm 2 in cross section . A current
of 5A in the circuit produce a field of flux density 1 Tesla and when the current is
doubled the flux density increases by 50% . Determine the mean value of inductance of
the between 5A and 10A and also the induced emf when the current increases uniformly
from 5A to10A in 0.1 sec.
2. A square coil 10cm side with 100turns is rotated at a uniform speed of 1000 rpm, about
an axis at right angles to a magnetic field of density of 0.5 Tesla. Calculate the
instantaneous emf induced when the plane of the coil is (i) at 90 0 to the field (ii0 in the
plane of the field .
3.A Faradays copper 0.2m in diameter is rotated at 60 revolutions per second about a
horizontal axis, perpendicular to and through the centre of the disc the axis lying in a
horizontal field of 20 Wb / m 2 . Dete3rmine the emf measured between the brushes,
one situated at the centre and the other at the rim of disc.
4.State Maxwells equations and obtain them in differential form. Also derive them for
harmonically varying field.
5.State Maxwells equations and obtain them in integral and differential form
6.Derive and explain the Maxwells equations in point and integral form using Amperes
circuital law and Faradys law.
7.Derive the Maxwells equation for free space in integral and point forms explain.
8. Derive and explain the Maxwells equations in point and integral form using electric
and magnetic Gausss law.
9.Derive the Maxwells equation in phasor forms in free space.
10.Obtain the Maxwells equations for conducting medium and free space in integral and
point forms.
11. State and prove boundary conditions by the application of Maxwells equations.
12.State the boundary conditions of time varying fields at the interface between two
dielectric media between a dielectric medium and a perfect metal
13. Briefly explain the similarities between electric circuit and magnetic circuit.
14. Write the Maxwells equation in integral, point and phasor form and also indicate the
associated laws.

30

UNIT V
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1.Define a wave.
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced
at other places at later times , the time delay being proportional to the space
separation from the first location , then the group of phenomenon constitutes a wave.
2.Mention the properties of uniform plane wave.
The properties of uniform plane wave are as follows
1.At every point in space , the electric field E and Magnetic field H are perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of the travel.
2.The fields vary harmonically with the time and at the same frequency, every where in
space.
3.Each field has the same direction , magnitude and phase at every point in any
plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
3. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a non-dissipative ( free space )
medium.
2E
2 E oo 2 0
t
2H
2 H oo 2 0
t
4. Write down the wave equations for E and H in a conducting medium.
2E
E
2 E 2
0
t
t
2H
H
2 H 2
0
t
t
5.Define plane wave.
If the phase of a wave is the same for all points on a plane surface it is
called plane wave.
6.Define uniform plane wave.
If the phase of a wave is the same for all points on a plane surface it is
called plane wave. If the amplitude is also constant in a plane wave, it is called uniform
plane wave.

31

7. What are the properties uniform plane wave?

1. At every point is space electric field (E) and magnetic field (H) are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel.
2. The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency, everywhere
in space.
3. Each field has the same direction, magnitudes and phase at every point in any
plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
8.Define intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance.
It is the ratio of electric field to magnetic field. Or It is the ratio of square root of
permeability to permittivity of the medium.

ohms

9. Calculate intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance of free space.

E
o

H
o
4x107
= 120 = 377 ohms
8.854 x1012

=
10. Define propagation constant.

The propagation constant () is a complex number, and it is given by

j

where is attenuation constant

is phase constant

j ( j

11.Define skin depth or depth of penetration.

Skin depth or depth of penetration () is defined as that of depth in which
the wave has been attenuated to 1 / e or approximately 37% of its original value.

for good conductor.

12.Define polarization.
Polarization is defined as the polarization of a uniform plane wave refers
to the time varying nature of the electric field vector at some fixed point in space.

32

13.Define linear polarization.

If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey are present and are in
EY
phase, the resultant electric field has a direction at an angle of tan -1(
) and if this
EX
angle is constant with time , the wave is said to be linearly polarized.
14. Define circular polarization.
If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey have equal amplitude
and 90o phase difference, the locus of the resultant electric field E is a circle and the wave
is said to be circularly polarized.
15. Define Elliptical polarization.
If x and y component of electric field Ex and Ey have different amplitude
and 90o phase difference, the locus of the resultant electric field E is a ellipse and the
wave is said to be elliptically polarized.
16. Fine the skin depth at a frequency of 2MHz is Aluminum where = 38.2M s/m
and r = 1.
Solution :
Given data
= 38.2M s/m = 38.2 x 106 s/m
r = 1
2f 2x 2 x106

For Good conductor,

Skin depth

2
2x 2 x10 x1x 4x10 7 x38.2 x106
6

=5.758 x 10-5 m.
17. At what frequencies may earth be considered a perfect, if =6 x 10 -3 s/m, r =1
and r=10.

This is the boundary line between dielectric and conductor

33


6 X 10 3
6 x36x109 x10 3
108 x106

x8.854 x10 12
2f
f

f = 108 x 106 Hz.s

if frequency is greater than 108MHz , it act as dielectric.
18.A uniform plane wave in free space is described by E = 100e -(z/3)
the frequency and wave length.

ax

Determine

E=100 e-(z/3) a x
2
=
=

3
6m
f

e 3 x108

50 MHz

19.Write Helmholtzs equation.

2 E 2 E 0

where

j ( j )

20.Define Poynting vector.

The pointing vector is defined as rate of floe of energy of a wave as it
propagates. It is the vector product of electric field and magnetic field.
P=ExH
21.Write down the expression for average power flow in electromagnetic field and
average pointing vector.
Average power
Wav =

V I
2

COS

Average Poynting vector

Pav = 1 / 2Real part of [ E x H* ]
22.Write down the complex Poynting vector in rectangular co-ordinates.
Px = [ Ey Hz* - EzHy* ]
23. State Slepian vector.
Slepian vector is a vector which defined at every point such that its flux
coming out of any volume is zero. (.S ) 0 . Slepian vector is given by
34

S x(H )

where ,
V is electric potential
H is magnetic field intensity
24. State Poynting theorem.
The vector product of electric field intensity at any point is a measure of
the rate of energy flow per unit area at that point.
P=ExH
25.State Snells law.
When a wave is travelling from one medium to another medium , the
angle of incidence is related to angle of reflection as follows.
sin i
1

2
sin t
2
1

where

( 1 2 0 )

i is angle of incidence
t is angle of refraction

1 is dielectric constant of medium 1

2 is dielectric constant of medium 2
26.What is Brewster angle?
Brewster angle is an incident angle at which there is no reflect wave for
parallely polarized wave.

tan 1 2
1
where
1 is dielectric constant of medium 1
2 is dielectric constant of medium 2
27.Define Surface impedance.
Surface impedance is defined as the ratio of tangential component of
electric field at the surface of a conductor to the linear current density.
E

Zs tan
Js

where
is propagation constant
is conductivity medium
35

28.Write the expression for plane electromagnetic waves propagating in a dielectric

media in a direction x with respect to origin ( 0, 0 , 0)
The equation for plane electromagnetic waves propagating in a dielectric
medium is given by
2
2Ey
1 Ey

t 2
x 2
OR
2
2H y
1 Hy

t 2
x 2
29.In a time varying situation how do you define a good conductor and lossy
dielectric ? Define loss tangent of a medium
For good conductor

>>1

f
2

and are large i.e., the wave is attenuated greatly as it propagates through the
conductor.
For lossy dielectric , dielectric current becomes complex,
' ' '

<<1

and

Loss tangent of the medium is defined as

''
tan

'
30.What do you meant by total internal reflection?
When a wave is incident from the denser medium to rarer medium at an angle
equal to or greater than the critical angle, the wave will be totally internally reflected
back. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.
31.Write the expression for pointing theorem in point form?
.P E 2

1
[ H 2 E 2 ]
2 t

32. Write the expression for pointing theorem in integral form?

36

 P.ds E 2
S

1
[ H 2 E 2 ]

t V 2 t

33.Define normal incidence and oblique incidence.

Normal incidence:
When a uniform plane wave incidences normally to the boundary between
the media , then it is known as normal incidence.
Oblique incidence:
When a uniform plane wave incidences obliquely to the boundary between
the two media, then it is known as oblique incidence.
34.Define standing wave ratio.
It is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum amplitudes of voltage.
S=

1
E1s max

E1s min
1

35.Define skin depth and its significance at low frequency and at very high
frequency (micro wave frequency) applications to conductors.
Skin depth or depth of penetration () is defined as that of depth in which
the wave has been attenuated to 1 / e or approximately 37% of its original value.

for good conductor.

f
1
f

For low frequency , the skin depth is large.

For High or microwave frequency range , the skin depth is small.

PART B
1. Derive the electromagnetic wave equation for electric field.
2. Derive the electromagnetic wave equation for magnetic field.
3. Obtain the electromagnetic wave equation for free space in terms of electric field.
4. Obtain the electromagnetic wave equation for free space in terms of magnetic field.
5.Derive the expression for characteristics impedance from the principles.
6. Show that the intrinsic impedance for free space is 120 . Drive the necessary
equation.
7. Define uniform plane wave and derivative equation for uniform plane wave.
8. Derive the wave equation for magnetic field in phasor form.
9. Derive the wave equation for electric field in phasor form.

37

10. Obtain the expression for propagation constant and also derive expressions for
attenuation constant and phase shift.
11. Explain the wave propagation in good conductor with necessary parameter.
12. Define polarization . What are the different types of wave polarization. Explain them
with mathematical expression.
13. State and prove Poynting theorem.
14. State Poynting theorem and derive an expression for pointing vector.
15. Obtain the instantaneous , average and complex pointing vector.
16. Define surface impedance and derive its expression.
17. Obtain standing wave equation when electromagnetic incident normally on a perfect
conductor.
18. Obtain the expression for the reflection co-efficient and transmission co-efficient for a
wave normally incident on the surface of a dielectric.
19. Determine the reflection coefficient of oblique incidence in perfect dielectric for
perpendicular polarization.
20. Determine the reflection coefficient of oblique incidence in perfect dielectric for
parallel polarization.
21.Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection and derive the expression for
critical angle.

38