VISHNU DENTAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTICS AND

IMPLANTOLOGY

SEMINAR ON

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY AND

LIVER

GUIDED BY DR.H.D.MANASA
PRESENTED BY R uday bhaskar

Questions
1)WHAT IS ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
A)

Acute kidney failure is the sudden loss of your kidneys ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and
waste materials from the blood. When kidneys lose their filtering ability, body fluids can rise to
dangerous levels. The condition will also cause electrolytes and waste material to accumulate in your
body.
Acute kidney failure, also called acute kidney injury, is common in patients who are already in the
hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours. Or it may develop more slowly over a few days. People
who are critically ill and need intensive care are at the highest risk of developing acute kidney failure.
Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment. However, it may be reversible

Causes of Acute Kidney Failure

Acute kidney failure can occur for many reasons. Among the reasons are:

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

autoimmune kidney diseases such as acute nephritic syndrome and interstitial
nephritis
urinary tract obstruction
Low blood pressure can reduce blood flow and cause damage to your kidneys. These
health problems can decrease blood flow to your kidneys:
burns
dehydration
hemorrhage
injury
septic shock
serious illness
surgery
Certain disorders can cause clotting within your kidneys blood vessels:

hemolytic uremic syndrome

idiopathic thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (ITTP)
malignant hypertension
transfusion reaction
scleroderma

Some infections can directly injure your kidneys, such as:

septicemia
acute pyelonephritis
Pregnancy can cause complications that harm the kidneys:
placenta previa (in pregnancy)
placenta abruption (in pregnancy)

Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Failure

Chances of acquiring acute renal failure are greater if you are elderly or have the
following long-term health problems:

kidney disease
liver disease
diabetes
high blood pressure
heart failure
obesity

Symptoms of Acute Kidney Failure

bloody stools
breath odor
slow, sluggish movements
swelling - generalized (fluid retention)
fatigue
pain between ribs and hips
hand tremor
bruising easily
changes in mental status or mood, especially if you are elderly
decreased appetite
decreased sensation, especially in your hands or feet
prolonged bleeding
seizures
nausea
vomiting
hiccups that wont resolve
elevated blood pressure
metallic taste

Diagnosing Acute Kidney Failure

If you have acute kidney failure you may have generalized swelling. The swelling is
caused by fluid retention.
Using a stethoscope, may hear crackling in the lungs. These sounds can signal fluid
retention.
Results of laboratory tests may also show sudden changes. Some of these tests
include:

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

serum potassium
urinalysis
creatinine clearance
serum creatinine
An ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosing acute kidney failure. However,
abdominal X-ray, abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI can determine if there is a
blockage in your urinary tract.
Certain blood tests may also reveal underlying causes of acute kidney failure..

Treating Acute Kidney Failure

Treatment will depend on the cause of your acute kidney failure. The goal is to restore
normal kidney function. Preventing fluids and wastes from building up in your body
while your kidneys recover is important.
Your doctor will restrict your diet and the amount of liquids you eat and drink. The
goal is to reduce the buildup of toxins that are normally eliminated by the kidneys. A
diet high in carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium is usually
recommended.
Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat or prevent any infections that occur at the same
time. Diuretics may be used to help your kidneys eliminate fluid. Calcium and insulin
can be given to help avoid dangerous increases in your blood potassium levels.
Dialysis might be needed, but is not always necessary. Dialysis involves diverting
blood out of your body into a machine that filters out waste. The clean blood is then
returned to your body. If potassium levels are dangerously high, dialysis can save
your life. Dialysis is used if there are changes in your mental status, or if you stop

urinating. You may also need dialysis if you develop pericarditis, inflammation of the
heart. Dialysis can help eliminate nitrogen waste products from your body.

2) which drugs are contraindicted in liver disease

a) interferons used to treat hairy cell leukemia
lasix loop dieurtics ,given to help reduce the amount of water in body
paxil used to treat mentaldepression,obsessive compulsive disorder
Prozac used in treatment of obesity and bulimia nervosa
Elavil heterocyclic drug used to treat spontaneous endogenous infections
Amantadine an antiviral used to treat flu infections
Lamivudine used in the treatment of hiv infection