Mat Chapter 18

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II
BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II
18
1.0
INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, the basic theory governing the behaviour of beams subjected to
torsion was discussed. A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a
longitudinal axis through the shear centre of the cross section. It was also pointed out
that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the longitudinal shear centre axis
no torsion would occur. In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping
of the cross sections.
When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping rigidity (E),
the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment would unlikely
to be significant from the designer's perspective. Examples of this behaviour are closed
hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or square hollow sections) and rolled angles and
Tees. Note that warping moment is developed only if warping deformation is restrained.
Warping deformation in angle and T-sections are not small, only warping moment would
be small. On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional
rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity (E) values and these sections will be
exhibiting significant warping moment. Hot rolled I sections and H sections would
exhibit torsional behaviour in-between these two extremes and the applied loading is
resisted by a combination of uniform torsion and warping torsion.
2.0
DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE
Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by torsion is
not an efficient one for resisting loads. The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion if you can ". In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied in
a such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid. If the section is doubly
symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically eliminates torsion, as the shear
centre and centroid of the symmetric cross section coincide. Even otherwise load transfer
through connections may - in many cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads are
effectively applied through the shear centre, thus eliminating the need for designing for
torsion. Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges of
channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through the shear
centre since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion of the channel.
Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable,
alternative methods of resisting torsion efficiently should be investigated. These include
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Version II
18 -1
design using box sections, tubular (hollow) sections or lattice box girders which are fully
triangulated on all faces. All these are more efficient means of resisting torsional
moments compared with I or H sections. Unless it is essential to utilise the torsional
resistance of an I section, it is not necessary to take account of it. The likely torsional
effects due to a particular structural arrangement chosen should be considered in the early
stages of design, rather than left to the final stages, when perhaps an inappropriate
member has already been chosen.
3.0
PURE TORSION AND WARPING
In the previous chapter, the concepts of uniform torsion and warping torsion were
explained and the relevant equations derived.
When a torque is applied only at the ends of a member such that the ends are free to
warp, then the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist ( ) over a length of z is given by
Tq z
(1)
GJ
where Tq = applied torque

GJ = Torsional Rigidity
When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate of change of angle of twist will vary
along the length of the member. The warping shear stress (w) at a point is given by
E S wms
t
( 2)
where E
= Modulus of elasticity
Swms = Warping statical moment at a particular point S chosen.
The warping normal stress (w) due to bending moment in-plane of flanges (bi-moment)
is given by
w = - E .Wnwfs . ''
where Wnwfs = Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.
4.0
COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION
There will be some interaction between the torsional and flexural effects, when a load
produces both bending and torsion. The angle of twist caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing additional warping moments and torsional
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18 -2
shears. The following analysis was proposed by Nethercot, Salter and Malik in reference
(2).
4.1
Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"
The maximum stress at the most highly stressed cross section is limited to the design
strength (fy /m). Assuming elastic behaviour and assuming that the loads produce bending
about the major axis in addition to torsion, the longitudinal direct stresses will be due to
three causes.
bx
byt
Mx
Zx
M yt
(3)
Zy
''
w E.Wnwfs .
byt is dependent on Myt, which itself is dependent on the major axis moment Mx and the
twist .
Myt = Mx
(4)
Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:
bx + byt +w fy /m.
(5)
Methods of evaluating , , and for various conditions of loading and boundary

conditions are given in reference (2).
4.2
Buckling Check
Whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the
values of w and byt will be amplified. Nethercot, Salter and Malik have suggested a
simple "buckling check" along lines similar to BS 5950, part 1
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
f y / m
Mb
where
M x,
equivalent uniform moment
and Mb , the buckling resistance moment
Version II
(6)
=
=
m x Mx
ME M p
B B 2 M E M p
18 -3
in which
M p LT 1 M E
MP , the plastic moment capacity = fy . Zp / m

Zp = the plastic section modulus
ME , the elastic critical moment
where LT is the equivalent slenderness.

4.3
Mp 2 E
f
LT 2 y
Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major axis and minor axis moments, the
"capacity checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified as follows:
Capacity check:
bx + byt +w + by fy/m
(7)
Buckling check:
My
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
fy Zy / m
f y / m
Mb
(8)
where M y m y M y
byt M y / Z y
4.4
Torsional Shear Stress
Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses should also be amplified in a similar
manner:
Mx
vt t w 1 0.5
M b
(9)
This shear stress should be added to the shear stresses due to bending in checking the
adequacy of the section.
5.0
DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The analysis for the lateral torsional buckling is very complex because of the different
types of structural actions involved. Also the basic theory of elastic lateral stability
cannot be directly used for the design purpose because
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18 -4
the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are too complex for routine use and
there are limitations to their extension in the ultimate range
A simple method of computing the buckling resistance of beams is given below. In a
manner analogous to the Perry-Robertson Method for columns, the buckling resistance
moment, Mb, is obtained as the smaller root of the equation
(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb
(10)
As explained in page 3, Mb is given by,

Mb =
ME M p
B B2 M E M p
where
M p LT 1 M E
[ As defined above, ME
Mp
LT
Zp
2
=
=
=
=
Elastic critcal moment

fy . Zp / m
Perry coefficient, similar to column buckling coefficient
Plastic section modulus]
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1 uses a curve based on the above
concept (Fig. 1 ) (similar to column curves) in which the bending strength of the beam is
expressed as a function of its slenderness (LT ). The design method is explained below.
The buckling resistance moment Mb is given by
Mb= pb .Zp
(11)
where pb = bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling.

Zp = plastic section modulus.
It should be noted that pb = fy for low values of slenderness of beams and the value of pb
drops, as the beam becomes longer and the beam slenderness, calculated as given below,
increases. This behaviour is analogous to columns.
The beam slenderness (LT) is given by,
LT 2
where
Version II
LT
E
LT
fy
(12)
Mp
ME
18 -5
Beam fails by yield
300
200
Beam buckling
pb
N/mm2
100
0
50
100
LT
150
200
250
Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength

275 N/mm2 according to BS 5950
Fig. 2 is plotted in a non-dimensional form comparing the observed test data with the two
theoretical values of upper bounds, viz. Mp and ME. The test data were obtained from a
typical set of lateral torsional buckling data, using hot-rolled sections. In Fig. 2 three
distinct regions of behaviour can be observed:
stocky beams which are able to attain the plastic moment Mp, for values of LT below
about 0.4.
Slender beams which fail at moments close to ME, for values of LT above about 1.2
beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either Mp or ME . In this case

0.4 < LT < 1.2
Beams having short spans usually fail by yielding.

So lateral stability does not influence
Plastic yield
their design. 1.0Beams having long spans would fail by lateral buckling and these are
termed "slender". For the practical beams which are in the intermediate range without
/ MP buckling.
lateral restraint, design must be based on considerations ofMinelastic
E
0.8
In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 permits that the value of fy can be adopted for the full
plastic moment
0.6 capacity pb for LT < 0.4 . This corresponds to LT values of around 37
(for steels
having
fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral instability is NOT of concern.
M/M
p
0.4
stocky
intermediate
slender
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
LT
Version II
1.4
MP
ME
18 -6
Fig.2 Comparison of test data (mostly I sections) with theoretical elastic critical moments
For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is given by ,

LT uv
ry
(13)
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.

For flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis,
u
4 Z p2
2 2
A h
s
and
x 0.566 hs A
For flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis

I y Z p 2
u
2
and
A
Iy J
1.132
In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

Iy
I
x
A = cross sectional area of the member
Version II
torsional warping constant
hs t1 t2 b1 b2
12 t1 b1 t2 b2
18 -7
J
hs
t1, t2
b1, b2
= the torsion constant

= the distance between the shear centres of the flanges
= flange thicknesses
= flange widths
We can assume
u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels
= 1.0 for all other sections.
, x
ry
v a function of
is given in Table 14 of BS5950: Part I

(for a preliminary assessment v = 1)
x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.

5.1 Unequal flanged sections
For unequal flanged sections, eqn. 11 is used for finding the buckling moment of
resistance. The value of LT is determined by eqn.13 using the appropriate section
properties. In that equation u may be taken as 1.0 and v includes an allowance for the
degree of monosymmetry through the parameter N = Ic / (Ic + It ) . Table 14 of BS5950:
Part 1 must now be entered with (E /ry )/x and N .
5.2
Evaluation of differential equations
For a member subjected to concentrated torque with torsion fixed and warping free
condition at the ends ( torque applied at varying values of L), the values of and
its differentials are given by
Tq
(1)
sinh
a cosh sinh z
1 z
GJ
a
a
a
tanh
For
0 z ,
Version II
Tq .a
18 -8
Tq

1
GJ
sinh a
z

cosh cosh
a
a
tanh
sinh a
z
cosh sinh
GJa
a
a
tanh
Tq
Tq
G J a2
sinh
a cosh cosh z
a
a
tanh
a
Similar equations are available for different loading cases and for different values of .
Readers may wish to refer Ref. (2) for more details. We are unable to reproduce these on
account of copyright restrictions.
6.0
SUMMARY
This chapter is aimed at explaining a simple method of evaluating torsional effects and to
verify the adequacy of a chosen cross section when subjected to torsional moments. The
method recommended is consistent with BS 5950: Part 1.
7.0
REFERENCES
(1)
British Standards Institution, BS 5950: Part 1: 1985. Structural use of steelwork in

Building part 1: Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous
construction: hot rolled sections. BSI, 1985.
Nethercot, D. A., Salter, P. R., and Malik, A. S. Design of Members Subject to
Combined Bending and Torsion , The Steel construction Institute , 1989.
Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1 1985, Volume 1 Section properties and
member capacities. The Steel Construction Institute, 1985.
Introduction to Steelwork Design to BS 5950: Part 1,
The Steel Construction Institute, 1988.
(2)
(3)
(4)
Version II
18 -9
Job No.
Sheet 1 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
Example 1
The beam shown below is unrestrained along its length. An eccentric load is applied
to the bottom flange at the centre of the span in such a way that it does not provide
any lateral restraint to the member.
The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending and fixed against
torsion but free for warping. For the factored loads shown, check the adequacy of the
trial section.
W = 100 kN
2000mm
= 4000 mm
Stiffener to
prevent flange
and web
buckling
e = 75 mm
W = 100 kN
Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load

applied through the shear centre and a torsional moment as shown below.
Tq = W.e
=
e
W
Version II
negative angle of
twist due to Tq
18 -10
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Job No.
Sheet 2 of 14 Rev.
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CALCULATION SHEET
Loadings due to plane bending and

torsion are shown below.
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
Tq
(i) Plane
(ii) Torsional
bending
loadingby f)
Loading (Note: These are factored loads and are not to be multiplied
Point load,
W = 100 kN
Distributed load (self weight), w = 1 kN/m (say)
Eccentricity,
e = 75 mm
Bending effects ( at U.L.S)
Moment at B,
Shear at A,
Shear at B,
MxB = 102 kNm

FvA = 52 kN
FvB = 50 kN
Torsional effects ( at U.L.S)

Torsional moment,
Tq = W.e
Tq
= 100 75 10-3 = 7.5 kNm
This acts in a negative sense, Tq = -7.5 kNm
Generally wide flange sections are preferable to deal with significant torsion. In this
example, however, an ISWB section will be tried.
Try ISWB 500 250 @ 95.2 kg/m
Section properties from steel tables.
Depth of section
Width of section
Version II
D = 500 mm
B = 250 mm
18 -11
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
B = 250 mm
Web thickness
t
Flange thickness
T
Moment of inertia
Ixx
Moment of inertia
Iyy
Radius of gyration
ry
Elastic modulus
Zx
Elastic modulus
Zy
Cross sectional area A
Additional properties
= 9.9 mm
= 14.7 mm
= 52291 cm4
= 2988 cm4
= 49.6 mm
= 2092 cm3
= 239 cm3
= 121.2 cm2
9.9 mm
14.7 mm
Torsional constant,
J =
1
2BT 3
3
2T t 3 = 682 103 mm4
1
2 250 14.7 3 500 2 14.7 9.9 3
3
Warping constant,
=
Shear modulus,
I y h2
4
2
4
2988 10 500 14.7
4
G
2 10 5
2 1 0.3
= 1.76 1012 mm6
76.9 kN / mm 2
GJ
2 10 5 1.76 10 12
76.9 10 3 682 10 3
Job No.
Version II
E
2 1
Torsional bending constant,
D = 500 mm
2591 mm
Sheet 4 of 14
Rev.
18 -12
Job title:
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
Normalized warping function,
Wnwfs
=
Warping statical moment,
S wms
hB
4
500 14.7 250
4
30331 mm2
h B2 T
16
485.3 250 2 14.7
16
4
4
= 2787 10 mm
Statical moment for flange,
Qf
= Af . yf
= ( 120.05 14.7) 242.7
= 428.2 103 mm3
Statical moment for web,
Qw
= (A/2) yw
yw =
14.7 250 242.7 9.9 235.3

14.7 250 9.9 235.3
Qw
235.3
= 194.2
mm
= 6061 194.2
= 1166 103 mm3
Job No.
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Sheet
5 of 14
Rev.
18 -13
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
Material Properties
Shear modulus,
= 76.9 kN/mm2
Design strength, py = 250 / m = 250 / 1.15
= 217 N/mm2
Check for Combined bending and torsion

(i)
Buckling check
( at Ultimate Limit State)
byt w
Mx
M
1 0.5 x
fy
Mb
Mb
m
Mx
m M xB
1.0
M x 1.0 M xB
Effective length E = 1.0 L
102 kNm
E = 4000 mm
The buckling resistance moment,
Mb
B
ME M p
2
B B M E M p
M p LT 1 M E
2
where
BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2
ME = elastic critical moment

Mp = plastic moment capacity
= fy.Zp / m =
Version II
250 500 2
250
240.1 470.6 2

1.15
4
4
507 kNm
18 -14
Job No.
Sheet 6 of 14 Rev.
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CALCULATION SHEET
ME
Elastic critical moment,
Mp 2 E
BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2.2
LT 2 p y
LT
= the equivalent slenderness = nuv
= the minor axis slenderness
n = 0.86,
= E / ry = 4000 / 49.6 = 80.7

BS 5950:
Part I
Table 14
u = 0.9
v = slenderness factor (according to N and /x)

I cf
I cf I tf
= 0.5 ( for equal flanged sections)
A
I y .J
1.132
12122 1.76 10 12
1.132
4
3
2988 10 681.6 10
/x
80.7 / 36.6
0.948
LT
nuv
Version II
36.63
BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.5
= 2.2
0.86 0.9 0.948 80.7
ME
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
583 10 6 2 2 10 5
59.2
59.2 2 217
1143 kNm
18 -15
Job No.
Sheet 7 of 14 Rev.
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CALCULATION SHEET
M p LT 1 M E
Limiting equivalent slenderness,
BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.3
LT
The Perry coefficient,
LO
= b ( LT - LO )
2 E
0.4
py
2 2 10 5
0.4
217
LT
B
Mb
ME M p
B B2 M E M p
= 0.007 ( 59.2 38.2 )
507 0.15 1 1143

2
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
38.2
= 0.15
911 kNm
12
1143 507
2
411 kNm
911 911 1143 507 2
Myt
Mx .
To calculate
/ a = 4000 / 2591 = 1.54

z
= ,
= 0.5
= 0.5 4000 = 2000
/ a = 0.77
Job No.
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Sheet
8 of 14
Rev.
18 -16
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
Tq .a
z
1
GJ
a
sinh a
z

cosh
sinh
a
a
tanh
7.5 10 6 2591
1 0.5 0.77
102 0.023
= 2.36 kNm
M yt
byt
76.9 10 681.6 10
0.023 rads
Myt =
Zy
2.36 10 6
239 10 3
Ref. 2.0
App. B
sinh0.77

cosh0.77 sinh0.77
tanh1.54
9.89 N / mm 2
E . Wnwfs .
To calculate
Tq
GJa
sinh a
tanh
cosh

z
sinh
a
a
Ref. 2.0
App. B
7.5 10 6
sinh0.77
tanh1.54 cosh 0.77

3
3
76.9 10 681.6 10 2591
1.8 10 8
= 2 105 30331 1.8 10-8
= 109 N / mm2
Job No.
Version II
sinh0.77
Sheet
9 of 14
Rev.
18 -17
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
byt w
Mx
M
1 0.5 x
1
fy
Mb
Mb
m
9.9 109.2
102 10 6
102 10 6
1 0.5
6
250
411 10 6
4
11
10
1.15
Buckling is O. K
(i)
0.86
Local "capacity" check
bx + byt + w
bx
Mx / Z x
fy / m
= 102 106 / 2092 103 = 48.8 N / mm2
48.8 + 9.9 + 109.2 = 168 N / mm2 < 217 N / mm2

O. K
Strictly the shear stresses due to combined bending and torsion should be checked,
although these will seldom be critical.
Shear stresses due to bending (at Ultimate Limit state)
At support:In web,
Version II
bw
FVA . Qw
I x .t
52 10 3 1166 10 3
52291 10 4 9.9
11.7 N / mm 2
18 -18
Job No.
Sheet 10 of 14 Rev.
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CALCULATION SHEET
bf
In flange,
FVA . Q f
52 10 3 428.2 10 3
52291 10 4 14.7
I x .T
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
2.9 N / mm 2
At midspan :-
bw
11.3 N / mm2
In flange, bf
2.8 N / mm2
In web,
Shear stresses due to torsion ( at Ultimate Limit state )

Stress due to pure torsion,
Stress due to warping,
G.t.
E . S wms .
t
To calculate and
sinh a
Tq
1
GJ
tanh
sinh a
G J a 2 tanh
a
Tq
At = 0.5,
sinh
Version II
cosh
z
cosh
a
a
Ref. 2.0
App.B
cosh
0.5 4000
2591
0.851,
cosh

z
cosh
a
a
0.77
1.313,
tanh
0.913
18 -19
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Sheet 11 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
CALCULATION SHEET
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At support,
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
z = 0
z
a
2000
z
cosh
a
cosh(0) 1.0
cosh
At midspan, z
cosh(0.77) 1.313
At support
7.5 106
681.6 10 3 25912
0.812 10 11
7.5 10 6
76.9 10 3 681.6 10 3
76.9 10
0.851
0.913 1.313 1
0.851
1 0.5 0.913 1.313 1
1.7 10 5
Stresses due to pure torsion.

In web,
In flange,
tw
G.t.
tw
76.9 103 9.9 (-1.7 10-5 )
- 12.95 N / mm2
tf
tf
=
=
=
G. T .
76.9 103 14.7 (-1.7 10-5)
- 19.22 N / mm2
Job No.
Version II
Sheet 12 of 14
Rev.
18 -20
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Design Project
Job title:
Made by
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Checked by RN
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
Stresses due to warping in flange,

E. S wms .
wf
T
2 10 5 2787 10 4 0.812 10 11
wf
14.7
3.1 N / mm 2
At midspan
0
7.5 10 6
0.851
1.313 1.313
3
3
2
76.9 10 681.6 10 2591 0.913
1.06 10 11
Stresses due to pure torsion,

In web,
tw
G.t.
= 0
In flange,
tf
G.T.
= 0
Stresses due to warping in flange,

E. S wms .
wf
T
2 10 5 2787 10 4 1.06 10 11
wf
14.7
4.02 N / mm 2
By inspection the maximum combined shear stresses occur at the support.
Job No.
Version II
Sheet 13 of 14
Rev.
18 -21
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Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
CALCULATION SHEET
0 1 2
3
At support
vt
Mx
t w 1 0.5
M
b
tw
In web at 3,
vt
12.95 N / mm 2
102
12.95 1 0.5
411
14.6 N /mm 2
This must be added to the shear stresses due to plane bending.
bw
11.7 - 14.6
In the top flange at 1,
Version II
vt
=
- 26.3 N / mm2( acting downwards)
tf
= - 19.2 N / mm2
wf
= - 3.1 N / mm2
vt
= bf + vt
19.2
102
3.1 1 0.5
411
25.1 N / mm 2
= - 27.9 N / mm2 ( acting left to right)
18 -22
Job No.
Sheet 14 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Shear strength,
Since
fv
< fv
Date Jan. 2000

Date Jan. 2000
= 0.6 fy / m = 0.6 250 /1.15 = 130 N / mm2

27.9 < 130 N / mm2
Section is adequate for shear

Referring back to the determination of the maximum angle of twist , in order to
obtain the value at working load it is sufficient to replace the value of torque Tq
with the working load value as is linearly dependent on Tq. Since Tq is due to solely
the imposed point load W, dividing by the appropriate value of f will give :-
Working load value of Tq is

the corresponding value of
7.5
1.6
4.7 kNm
0.026
1.6
0.016 rads
0.93
On the assumption that a maximum twist of 2 is acceptable at working load, in this

instance the beam is satisfactory.
Job No.
Version II
Sheet
1 of 6
Rev.
18 -23
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job title:
Worked Example.Flexural member
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
Date Jan 2000

Date Jan 2000
Example 2
Redesign the member shown in example 1, using a rectangular hollow section.
Try 300 200 8 @ 60.5 kg / m R. H. S
Section properties.
Depth of section
Width of section
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Area of section
Moment of inertia
Radius of gyration
Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus
Plastic modulus
D
B
t
T
A
Ix
ry
Zx
Zy
Zp
= 300 mm
= 200 mm
= 8 mm
= 8 mm
= 77.1 cm2
= 9798 cm4
= 8.23 cm
= 653 cm3
= 522 cm3
= 785 cm3
8 mm
D = 300
8 mm
200
Additional properties
Torsional constant
t3 h
2 K Ah
3
Area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the section, Ah = (B - t ) (D - T)

(neglecting the corner radii)
= ( 200 - 8 )(300 - 8)
=
The mean perimeter,
Version II
56064 mm2
2[(B - t) + ( D - T)]
2[( 200 - 8) + ( 300 - 8)]
= 968 mm
18 -24
Job No.
Sheet 2 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
2 Ah t
h
2 56064 8
968
Torsional constant,
Torsional modulus constant, C
Date Jan 2000
927 mm 2
8 3 968
2 927 56064
3
104 10 6 mm 4
Date Jan 2000
J
t K
t
104 10 6
8 927 8
840 10 3 mm3
Material properties
Shear modulus, G
Design strength, py
E
2 1
250 / m =
2 10 5
2 1 0.3
250 / 1.15
76.9 kN / mm 2
= 217 N / mm2
Check for combined bending and torsion

(i) Buckling check
byt w 1 0.5 M x
Mx
fy
Mb
Mb
Since slenderness ratio (E / ry = 4000 / 82.3 = 48.6) is less than the limiting value
350 275 250
250
fy
385
given
in BS 5950 Part 1, table 38, lateral torsional
buckling need not be considered..
Version II
18 -25
Job No.
Sheet 3 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Hence
Mb
Mcx
Shear capacity
Pv
0.6 fy / m . Av
Shear area
Av
D
= D B A
Pv
Since
< 0.6 Pv
Mcx
Mcx
m
M
Date Jan 2000
300
77.1
300 200
46.3 cm 2
= 0.6 (250 /1.15) 46.3 102 10-3 = 604.3 kN
FVB
Date Jan 2000
50 < 363
fy. Zp / m
1.2 fy / m. Zx ( for plastic sections)
1.2 (250 /1.15) 653 10-3 = 170 kNm

m M xB
BS 5950:
Part 1
4.2.5
1.0
1.0 102
102 kNm
BS 5950:
Part 1
4.3.7.2
table 13
To calculate
The 100 kN eccentric load gives a value of Tq = 100 0.75 = 7.5 kNm
100 kN
100 kN
75 mm
L
T0 = Tq / 2
T0 = Tq / 2
Job No.
Version II
Sheet
4 of 6
Rev.
18 -26
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job title:
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
T0
T0
z
GJ
Tq
7.5
2
2
At centre of span,
Myt
byt
= /2
. MxB
M yt
Zy
Date Jan 2000
3.75 kNm
= 2000 mm
3.75 106 2000

76.9 10 3 104 106
Date Jan 2000
0.001 radians
= 0.001 102 = 0.102 kNm

0.102 10 6
522 10 3
0.195 N / mm 2
Warping stresses ( w ) are insignificant due to the type of section employed.

Check becomes
Mx
Mb
byt
Mx
1 0.5
fy
M b
102
0.195
102
1 0.5
250
170
170
1.15
0.6
O. K
(ii )
Local capacity check
bx + byt + w
bx
Version II
fy /m
= MxB / Zy
18 -27
Job No.
Sheet 5 of 6
Rev.
Job title:
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
bx
102 10 6
522 10 3
196
+ 0.195 + 0
Date Jan 2000

Date Jan 2000
196 N / mm 2
< 217 N / mm2
196.2
O. K
Shear stresses due to bending
( at Ultimate Limit state)
Maximum value occurs in the web at the support.
bw
Qw
A1
A1 y
150 8
Version II
T0
C
150
2 184 8 146
2
10 3
A1
A1
395
A1
52 10 3 395 10 3
9798 10 4 2 8
Qw
Shear stresses due to torsion
A
2
bw
200
FVA . Qw
I x . t1
150
395
cm
A1
395 cm3
13.1 N / mm 2
( at Ultimate limit State)

Tq
2C
7.5 106
2 837 10 3
4.5 N / mm 2
18 -28
Job No.
Sheet 6 of 6
Rev.
Job title:
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Total shear stress
bw
vt
13.1 + 5.9
Shear strength
Since
Version II
Date Jan 2000
( at Ultimate Limit State )
Date Jan 2000
vt
M
w 1 0.5 x
M b
102
4.5 0 1 0.5
170
pv
< pv
5.9 N / mm 2
19 N / mm2
0.6 fy / m = 0.6 250 /1.15

19 < 130 N / mm2
= 130 N /mm2
BS 5950:
Part 1
4. 2. 3
the section is adequate for shear.
18 -29

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BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION AND BENDING - II

DESIGNING FOR TORSION IN PRACTICE

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

PURE TORSION AND WARPING

where Tq = applied torque

COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Thus the "capacity check" for major axis bending becomes:

Methods of evaluating , , and for various conditions of loading and boundary

equivalent uniform moment

and Mb , the buckling resistance moment

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

MP , the plastic moment capacity = fy . Zp / m

where LT is the equivalent slenderness.

Torsional Shear Stress

DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

As explained in page 3, Mb is given by,

Elastic critcal moment

where pb = bending strength allowing for susceptibility to lateral -torsional buckling.

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Beam fails by yield

Fig.1 Bending strength for rolled sections of design strength

beams of intermediate slenderness which fail to reach either Mp or ME . In this case

Beams having short spans usually fail by yielding.

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is given by ,

u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional index.

For flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis

In the above Zp = plastic modulus about the major axis

A = cross sectional area of the member

torsional warping constant

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

= the torsion constant

is given in Table 14 of BS5950: Part I

x = D/T providing the above values of u are used.

Evaluation of differential equations

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

British Standards Institution, BS 5950: Part 1: 1985. Structural use of steelwork in

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Date Jan. 2000

Replace the actual loading by an equivalent arrangement, comprising a vertical load

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Loadings due to plane bending and

Date Jan. 2000

MxB = 102 kNm

Torsional effects ( at U.L.S)

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Date Jan. 2000

2T t 3 = 682 103 mm4

= 1.76 1012 mm6

Torsional bending constant,

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Date Jan. 2000

Normalized warping function,

Statical moment for web,

14.7 250 242.7 9.9 235.3

BEAMS SUBJECTED TO TORSION & BENDING-II

Date Jan. 2000

Design strength, py = 250 / m = 250 / 1.15

Check for Combined bending and torsion

( at Ultimate Limit State)

Effective length E = 1.0 L