Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT: Sand is basic concrete making construction material required in large quantities. Hence, in the
present scenario, it is necessary to find the most suitable substitute for sand, easy to produce and has all the
required qualities for use in concrete. Manufactured sand is one among such materials to replace river sand,
which can be used as an alternative fine aggregate in mortars and concretes. To attain the set out objectives of the
present investigation, M50 grade concrete has been considered. Strength properties such as cube compressive
strength and flexural strength of beams, and load carrying capacity, moment carrying capacity, behavior of strains
in compression as well as tension fibers and cracking patterns have been studied for the grade of concrete. In this
paper a total of 15 cube specimens 150 150 150 mm and 10 beam specimens of size 1500 150 230 mm
were cast for testing. The results have been compared for the specimens made with natural fine aggregate.
1
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
511
when concrete is made of higher amount of minus 75micron material. Comparing with natural sand, Srinivasa Rao.P has observed an increase in compressive
strength by 15% for M20 and M30 grades of concrete and by 1213% for M40 grade of concrete when
the concrete is made of stone dust. Giridhar V. has
observed that, for the concrete made with crusher dust,
there is an increase of 6% strength split tension and
an increase of 20% strength in flexural tensile tension
at 28 days for M20 grade design mix. Dinesh Khare
has reported that flexural tensile stress of the concrete
increases as percentage of Robo sand increases.
3
3.1
Table 1.
M50
Materials
Cement
Sand
Manufactured
sand
Coarse
aggregate
Water/Cement
ratio
Sp (ml)
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Table 2.
Concrete mixing
R.S.
0%
R.S.
25%
R.S.
50%
R.S.
75%
R.S.
100%
1
0.90
1
0.675
1
0.45
1
0.225
0.225
0.45
0.675
0.90
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
0.30
350
0.30
350
0.30
350
0.30
350
0.30
350
Materials used
Tests conducted
Value obtained
Normal consistency
Initial setting time
Final setting time
Specific gravity of cement
Compressive strength 7 days
with natural sand
Compressive strength
28 days with natural sand
Compressive strength 7 days
with manufactured sand
Compressive strength
28 days with manufactured sand
Fineness
Bulk density of cement
32%
85 minutes
300 minutes
3.15
Table 3.
41.2 N/mm2
58.523 N/mm2
44 N/mm2
61.365 N/mm2
2%
1.35 gm/cc
Properties of steel.
Diameter
Proof stress
Percentage
elongation
445 460
434 458
263 275
28
25
23
Compressive strength
Compressive strength of the various strength of concrete, the determination of compressive strength has
received a large amount of attention because the concrete is primarily meant to withstand compressive
stresses. Generally, cubes are used to determine the
compressive strength. In the present study the cubes
of 150 mm 150 mm 150 mm size are used.
3.4 Loading arrangements and testing procedure
The beams were mounted on the wing table of 200
tons universal testing machine in North-South direction.
512
4
4.1
Value obtained
2.53
2.65
2.75
17.59 kN/m3
17.03 kN/m3
18.36 kN/m3
17.03 kN/m3
15.40 kN/m3
14.13 kN/m3
2.68
2.701
6.251
513
Table 5.
Workability of concrete.
Workability
Type of fine
aggregate
Robo sand (0%)
Robo sand (25%)
Robo sand (50%)
Robo sand (75%)
Robo sand (100%)
Table 6.
Slump (mm)
Compaction
factor
55
48
44
41
38
0.87
0.83
0.80
0.75
0.72
Beam
designation
Percentage of
reinforcement
RS(0%)
RS(25%)
RS(50%)
RS(75%)
RS(100%)
2.04%
2.04%
2.04%
2.04%
2.04%
2
2
2
2
2
Details of reinforcement.
Beam designation
Reinforcement
Table 8.
4.5
Ultimate
moment
(kNm)
Curvature
105
Deflection
(mm)
R.S. 0%
R.S. 25%
R.S. 50%
R.S. 75%
R.S. 100%
165
170
175
180
64
66
68
70
72
30.23
11.16
10.12
9.57
8.98
4.96
5.6
5.55
6.12
6.12
Mix pro.
Ultimate
load
(kN)
M50
7 Days
28 Days
R.S. 0%
R.S. 25%
R.S. 50%
R.S. 75%
R.S. 100%
40
45
48
49
51
58
62
65
68
70
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Bhanuprabha., Studies on use of manufactured sand as Fine
Aggregate M. Tech dissertation, submitted to JNTU,
Hyderabad, 2003, India.
Dinesh Khare., Marvelous properties of Stone Crusher dust:
A Waste bye-product of stone crushers, National conference on Advances of construction material, 2002, Hamirpur (H.P.), India. Pages 189 to 195.
Giridhar, V., Strength characteristics of concrete using
crusher stone dust as fine aggregate, 63rd Annual General meeting, 23rd December 2000, Hyderabad. Pages 11
to 15.
Hudson, B.P., Manufactured sand for concrete, ICJ, August
1999.
Misra, V.H., Use of Stone dust from crusher in cement and
sand Mortar ICJ, August 1984.
Srinivasa Rao, P., Seshagiri Rao, M.V. and Sravana., Effect
of crusher stone dust on some properties of concrete,
National conference on advances in construction materials, 2002, Hamirpur. (H.P. India pages 196 to 201).
514
ABSTRACT: The durability of surface layers of enclosures (outside walls of buildings) is highly influenced
by stresses that occur in the plane of contact between finishing materials and that of the enclosure. Variations of sorption moisture in the surface layer of enclosures result in deformations which have to be evaluated
together with sorption-desorption processes in the construction and expressed in specific moisture-caused deformation of construction material. The dependence of the basic building materials of enclosure constructions
upon change in material moisture with variation of relative humidity of the air was investigated by way of
experiments.
1
INTRODUCTION
515
INVESTIGATION METHOD
(1)
The integral of the above equation within the temperature range from T1 to T2 when L = const, permits
to calculate the pressure p1 :
ln p1 (T1 ) = ln p2 (T2 )
L
R
1
1
T1
T2
(2)
516
The above group consists of concrete and expandedclay concrete articles. The bonding substance is
cement.
The value of maximum sorption moisture content
(umax ) is up to 8% (expanded-clay concrete).
Figure 2 shows adsorption-desorption isotherms of
concrete.
The maximum adsorption-desorption hysteresis
u up to 95% in comparison with sorption isotherm.
It corresponds to the range of RH of air = (4070)%
(fast moistening, slow drying).
The increase of material moisture content from temperature is up to 0.50 mass % when temperature drops
from 20 C to 10 C; RH = (6075)%.
3.3
Group of ceramics
517
The increase of material moisture content from temperature is up to 0.14 mass % when temperature drops
from 20 C to 10 C; RH = (5065)%.
3.5
CONCLUSIONS
It was proved by experimental investigations that characteristic points of sorption isotherms indicate the
beginning or the end of changes in the essential physical links of material and moisture. Specific parameters
of the above changesthe beginning and the end
of the process, intensity and linear moisture-caused
deformation of the material, moisture contentare
characteristic of each structural group of construction
materials.
The highest hysteresis in materials of fine structure
and porous concrete exists before the beginning of an
intense process of capillary condensation at relative
humidity of the ambient air = (7080)%. In case of
518
519