Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3
3
4
3
4
2003
10200634
1993
1983
1979
2003
52:41994
1993
101999
24
6
7
8
9 10
11
5
1997
1429
6
1430
7
1430~1431
8
9
28
10
1430
11
17
12
0.6513
26
14
25
15
(530)
12
13
14
15
11
2005
74-76
22001
16
17
24
18
4
19
(624)
16
17
18
19
202630
2001
665
1964190
1996
261
20
21
(637)
22
23
24
35893150
319934003332
3310
(637)(640)
50
2140
41(640)
20
21
22
23
24
502134
25710
31~33
502138
199927
16
502137
25
(642)
26
5516
24
27
(730)
25
26
27
199141
859
354
19923
86
(640)
(630)
28 29 30
31 32
33 34 35
36 37 38
39
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1904988~4989
471
822770
872846
1915104
196
973041
13393
15445
17566
1845397
40 41
42 43
44
41
45
46 47 48
(731)
49
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
1905054
10258
10259
10259
11268
1537b
15319a
18620
2498063
1979
4760451044364130
124525516
4416
36544300
438731584450
3480
50
8531 51
52
53
(819)
50
51
52
53
362
1983113~117
3015
1994828531
8239
202003
10
54
55
56
(685)
5758
54
55
56
57
58
1987618
310
31~33
1174248
(711)150
(715)
59
(720)
60
(722)
61
62(747) 63
64 65(729)
66(736)
67
68
(795)
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
855b
856a
15218a
8184
9221
1053227
1003127
15219b~20a
15220b
39
69(811)
70(826)
71
(626)
72(705)
73
(762)
7475
(662)(666)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
1532a
14437
15319a
199225
84 21b
8729b
1844759
(674)
76
77
(707)
78
177
4592
79
(723)80
81(790)
76
77
78
79
80
81
822770
1844763
862836
1935151
1987
2001
82
(817)
83
(824)
84
(850)
82
83
84
8913a
41
41
85(750)
43353995
340
(847)
86
(813)
87
(821)
88
(850)
85
963036
4302b
87
41
88
426
86
89
90
89
9111b12a18
90
58~65
(593) 91
91
25714
Abstract
Banishment penalty in Tang Dynasty carried out in the forms of force
resettlement, provision of hard labours, and migration with their relatives to
designated areas. Through out the whole dynasty, Ling Nan Dao was the most
important place for banishment, apart from that, Jian Nan Dao (Jun Zhou, Yao
Zhou) & Long You Dao (Xi Zhou, Yi Zhou) prior to An & Shi Crisis,
Qian Zhong Dao during the Crisis, and Tian De Jun in the Mid & Late Tang period
were all crucial areas for banishment.
The distance of penalty was measured from the Capital Chang An, and was
classified into 3 categories, from 2,000 to 3,000 miles. But in fact, the criminals were
exiled to over a 10,000-mile, which was against the Tang Code. Moreover, the exile
was free from whipping before the period under Emperor Xuan Zhong. However, after
that, criminals were flogged 40 to 100 times before banishment. According to the law,
the exile could not be released from banishment, except a general pardon from the
Emperor, who could send the exile back to the original province or re-settle to a less
distant place after certain period. And the most drastic change to the law was made in
the Yuen He 8th year of Emperor Xian Zhong that an exile was allowed to return to the
original province after 6 years banishment.
Keyword: Tang Dynasty, Tang Code, banishment, exile, place for banishment