Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edita
Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Sanitat
de la presente edicin
Generalitat Valenciana, 2004
Coordinacin
Direccin General de Ordenacin, Evaluacin e
Investigacin Sanitaria
Realizacin del trabajo, redaccin de textos
Y maquetacin
Aurelio Costa Surez
(Evaluacin de Tecnologas Sanitarias)
Indagacin, recopilacin, lectura, clasificacin y
anlisis de los artculos cientficos
Jos Vicente Gil Cervera y Aurelio Costa Surez
(Evaluacin de Tecnologas Sanitarias)
Depsito Legal
V-2901-2004
Artes finales, impresin y grabacin
TEXTOSIMATGES, S.A.
I.S.B.N.
84-482-3823-0
uestra
sociedad,
como
nostra
societat,
com
es
veu
sotmesa
Las ideologas, las corrientes filos- Les ideologies, els corrents filosHonorable Sr. Vicente
Rambla Momplet
ficas, los movimientos artsticos, las fics, els moviments artstics, les
teoras cientficas y sobretodo las teories cientfiques i sobretot els
costumbres y las modas, irrumpen costums i les modes, irrompen en
en nuestra vida diaria, influyendo, la nostra vida diria, influint, no
no siempre de forma positiva, en sempre de forma positiva, en els
nuestros hbitos.
nostres hbits.
La Conselleria de Sanidad viene ob- La Conselleria de Sanitat ve observando, con preocupacin, como servant, amb preocupaci, com
en los ltimos aos se ha impuesto, en els ltims anys s'ha imposat,
entre la juventud, la moda de las entre la joventut, la moda de les
perforaciones o piercing, las escari- perforacions o piercing, les escaficaciones, los tatuajes y las micro- rificaciones, els tatuatges i les
pigmentaciones.
micropigmentacions.
Estas tcnicas se han venido apli- Estes tcniques s'han vingut aplicando sin respetar unas medidas cant sense respectar unes mesuprofilcticas mnimas, que preven- res profilctiques mnimes, que
gan la aparicin de enfermedades previnguen l'aparici de malalties
infecciosas como la hepatitis, la infeccioses
com
l'hepatitis,
la
candidiasis, la infeccin por pseu- candiqiasis, la infecci per pseudomonas, el sida, etc....
Ante este hecho, hace ahora dos Davant d'este fet, fa ara dos
aos, la Generalitat Valenciana de- anys, la Generalitat Valenciana va
cidi afrontar el problema, actuan- decidir afrontar el problema, acdo en varios frentes; por un lado, tuant en diversos fronts; d'una
controlando la formacin de los banda, controlant la formaci dels
profesionales que se dedican a este professionals que es dediquen a
tipo de prctica esttica; por otro este tipus de prctica esttica;
Pgina 1
regulando
las
que
comporten
estes
modes.
Como fruto de esta estrategia, en Com a fruit d'esta estratgia, l'ael ao 2002 se dio un primer paso, ny 2002 es va donar un primer
al instaurar, a travs del Decreto pas, a l'instaurar, a travs del
del Consell 83/2002, de 23 de ma- Decret del Consell 83/2002, de 23
yo, un sistema tutelado que ha de maig, un sistema tutelat que
permitido aumentar la seguridad y ha perms augmentar la segurecon ello proteger la salud de estos tat i amb aix protegir la salut
ciudadanos.
Siguiendo esta lnea de trabajo, la
Conselleria de Sanidad ha decidido
incidir ahora en la vertiente divulgativa y para ello ha recogido en
una publicacin evidencias cientficas existentes sobre esta materia.
d'estos ciutadans.
Seguint esta lnia de treball, la
Conselleria de Sanitat ha decidit
incidir ara en la vessant divulgativa i per a aix ha arreplegat en
una publicaci evidencias cientfiques existents sobre esta matria.
De esta forma, creemos que el jo- D'esta forma, creiem que el joven que opte por esta prctica, va ven que opte per esta prctica,
a tener los suficientes elementos de va a tindre els suficients elements
juicio como para tomar una deci- de ju com per a prendre una desin con conocimiento de causa.
Pgina 2
any
rere
any,
totes
Pgina 3
PRLOGO
Subsecretario
de la Conselleria
de Sanidad
D. Juan Prefaci
Cruz
considerable en nuestra sociedad, tanto entre la poblacin masculiracin de establecimientos de caractersticas muy diversas en los
que se realizan estas prcticas, factores stos que incrementan el
riesgo de transmisin de enfermedades infecciosas por va sangunea, especialmente si no se realizan por personal con formacin y
con los medios y condiciones higinicas adecuadas.
La Consellera con esta publicacin persigue una doble finalidad:
por una parte dotar de una mayor dignificacin y reconocimiento a
una profesin que si bien en gran medida se sustenta sobre un
componente artstico y que como todo lo artstico, nace de dentro, y sobre otro tcnico, de especial importancia por cuanto el
campo sobre el que se va a plasmar el objeto del arte es nada ms
y nada menos que el cuerpo humano, siendo esto lo que le dota de
una especial caracterstica y a la vez le diferencia de otras actividades artsticas exigindole a la vez unos especiales conocimientos
tcnicos especficos, distintos de los de otras actividades y sin duda
de mayor relevancia. Y ste es el segundo motivo para resaltar la
importancia de esta publicacin, se trata de reconocer la habilidad
tcnica, y favorecer la adquisicin de unos conocimientos basados
en la evidencia cientfica por parte de estos profesionales que sin
duda han de servir de magnfico complemento a la capacidad artstica que su profesin conlleva.
En lnea con el argumento anterior, se hace necesario determinar
las normas sanitarias que deben cumplir los responsables de estos
establecimientos, con el fin de evitar los riesgos para la salud que
puedan ocasionar las prcticas de las diferentes actividades de tatuaje, micropigmentacin y piercing.
El Gobierno Valenciano, en funcin de las competencias en materia
sanitaria que le confiere el Estatuto de Autonoma y el artculo 43
de la Constitucin espaola, que reconoce el derecho de todos los
Pgina 4
prctica de esta profesin y de su compromiso con los profesionales, que en lo sucesivo han de ver reforzada, dignificada y elevada
la categora de su actividad al sentirse inmersos en un marco protector y regulador de la misma y a al disponer por parte de la Consellera tanto de la promocin y respaldo necesarios como del suministro de los conocimientos cientficos suficientes y aplicables en
la prctica de su profesin.
Pgina 5
Director General
de Ordenacin,
Evaluacin e
Investigacin
Sanitaria
Dr. Alfonso
Bataller Vicent
Esta obra, ha sido diseada para su distribucin entre los profesionales y posibles usuarios, que desde ahora contarn con las indicaciones y el apoyo tcnico de la Consellera.
Quiero resaltar el enorme orgullo que me produce la edicin de esta publicacin y no puedo dejar de agradecer el excelente trabajo
realizado a las personas que han participado en su elaboracin, y
en especial al coordinador del mismo Dr. Aurelio Costa Surez.
Pgina 6
Las distintas circunstancias en las cuales se realizan las manipulaciones, incisiones y aplicacin de los distintos dispositivos y sustancias hacen muy grande el rango de las posibles complicaciones, derivadas todas de las intervenciones realizadas en piel y mucosas, la
introduccin en ellas de cuerpos extraos o las propiamente infecciosas a nivel local, a distancia o generalizadas. La existencia de
cuerpos extraos en la piel y su accin, al igual que la movilizacin
de los materiales introducidos pueden ocasionar una serie de complicaciones que pueden considerarse secundarias. De igual manera
hay que tener en cuenta aquellas complicaciones originadas en defectos en los procedimientos de realizacin amn de los inconvenientes sobrevenidos en la funcionalidad de algunos rganos tras la
Pgina 7
Esta faceta normativa, de absoluta necesidad, debe verse complementada por la otra, no menos importante, faceta divulgativa, a la
que contribuye de lleno la presente publicacin surgida de la iniciativa y preocupacin de la Direccin General de Ordenacin, Evaluacin e Investigacin Sanitaria por el tema.
Pgina 8
Quiero manifestar, por ltimo, que el documento que ahora se publica responde al serio compromiso de la Direccin General de Ordenacin, Evaluacin e Investigacin Sanitaria de la Consellera de
Sanidad, que tengo el honor de dirigir, en abordar, en el mbito de
sus competencias, todas aquellas materias sanitarias que redunden
en una mejora de la salud de la poblacin y en un incremento de la
seguridad de los ciudadanos.
Pgina 9
Victor Luengo
Pgina 10
Pgina 11
Pgina 12
c o n e l p e r f o r a d o d e l c u e r p o y el tatuaje del mismo, parecen haber tenido comienzo con el origen de la humanidad; cuando el hombre come nz a considerarse como tal
y a quere r d e s m ar c ar s e d e l animal. Con la conciencia
apareci la necesidad de comunicar con su prjimo. Esta
c o mun i c a c i n p a r e c e h a b e r s e m a t e r ia l iz a d o b a j o la f o r m a
de pinturas, dibujos, ornamen t o s y o t r a s m o d if i c a c io n e s
corporales, desde antes de la aparicin de un lenguaje
elaborado. La superficie del c u e r p o , v ir ge n a l n a c i m i e n t o ,
se utiliz p u e s c om o s op or t e de diferentes decoraciones.
As, las marcas indelebles, impre g naban de sent ido y de
s ignif ic ado s (s eales ) al homb re, diferenciando el cuerpo
humano de l cuerpo s a lv aje y animal.
DISQUISICIN
HISTRICA SOBRE
EL TATUAJE
1, 2
e n c u anto a l mt od o ut il i -
P gina 13
, e n e s t at u i l l as f u n e r ar i a s t u r c a s y e n
bailarinas egipcias y
de puntos y
esquema de
tatuajes en
estatuillas Badari
M s a n t i g u a s s o n s i n d u d a l as estatuillas de bailarinas
desnudas de Badari del ao 4000 A.C
. Alguna de ellas
P gina 14
. Se
s is t e m a
de
Herodoto cuenta
c o mun i c a c i n
cifrada.
En
este
sentido
que Histieo e n v i a A r i s t go r a s u n e m i -
P gina 15
c r e c ies e e l p e lo y l e e n v i c o n e l s i m p le r e c a d o de q u e a l
llegar a M i l e t o p i d i e s e a A r i st g o r a s q u e l e r a p a s e . A s
ste pu do leer el mensaje o c u l t o ba j o la m e len a .
El tatuaje de polinesia ha sido el ms artstico y de gran
antig edad. A n h oy s e e m p l e a, e s t an do c ar ac t e r iz a do
p o r d i s e o s g e o m t r ic o s m u y elaborados. Estos dibujos
u s u a lme n t e s e t r a b aja n d u r an t e t o da l a v id a h as t a q u e
llegan a cubrir el cuerpo ent e r o. El t at u aj e e r a y s igu e
s i e n do e n t r e e s t o s a bo r ge n e s u n a p a r t e n a t u r a l y e s p i r i tual de su v i d a, t e n i e n d o u n p r o f u n do s i g n if ic a do c u lt u r a l
y s o c ia l , s ie n d o n o r ma l q u e el respeto hacia una persona
se midiera por la cantidad de t atuaje s que oste nt e 9.
E s t a f u n c in s o c ia l y p o l t i c a d e l t at u a j e , y a l a s e a l aba
Herodoto entre los tracios, r e s pe c t o a l o s q u e a c l a r a b a
q u e e l e s t a r m a r c a d o e r a s e a l de gente noble. Lo contrario era propio de gente vil, baja
10
E l t a t u a j e e n c o lo r a lc a n z g r a n d e s a r r o l lo e n t r e l o s ma o res de Nueva Zelanda y en el pasado fue una forma popular de adorno en China, India y Japn, as como en
numer os os pueblo s pr imit ivo s de Co lombia, Br as il y la r e gin del Gran Chaco (A rgentina, Paragu ay y Bolivia)
11
Tatuando a un miembro
Yakuza
P gina 16
12
P gina 17
con fierros calientes de seal, que ninguno otro ome lo avia de traer si
non ellos " 8 . E l t a t u a j e d u r a n t e l a po c a m e d ie v a l e n E u r o pa constitua un atributo o distintivo nobiliario y por tant o serv a de signo de identi f i c a c i n d e u n a c l a s e p r iv i le giada.
El surgimien t o d e lo s g r e m io s d e ar t e s an os al g u n o de los
cuales adopt esta costumbre, durante la Edad Media y la
expansin de los viajes de ultramar, durante el Renacim i e n t o , pr o v o c a r o n la d i f u s i n de esta costumbre, incluso
en el Nuevo Contin ente.
All en Amrica, numerosas culturas practicaban el tatuaje y el perforado desde muy antiguo. Sin embargo, igual
q u e lo s c h i n o s , o l o s r o ma n os con afn de sealizacin
p u n it iv a y a l i g u a l q u e l o s g anaderos marcaban al ganado
c on la d iv isa d e s u g an a de ra , e n la A m r ica e s pa o la los
v ir r e y e s y r e pr e s e n t an t e s de l poder real espaol, emplearon en ocasiones el tatuaje como smbolo de posesin
13
A s e l E m pe r a do r d e la s g e n t e s b r ba r a s h a c a h e r r a r e l
guila bicfala de su escudo con hierros candentes en los
cuerpos de los indios caribes.
F r e c u e n t e m e n t e e l t a t u a j e y e l p e r f or ad o h a s i d o u n s ign o
identitario no slo de la no b le za , s i n o m s f r e c u e n t e -
P gina 18
let r a s d e e s c l a v o h e r r a d o " . S in
embargo esto constitua para e l los u n s i g n o d i s t int iv o e n t r e e ll o s , e m b l e m a d e " v a le nt a". Con e s t as s e al e s pr et e n d a n s ig n i f ica r s u " p e r s onalidad", su casta, y nadie
ms que e l l os , lo s q u e p e r t e necan a aquel grupo tenan
derecho a marcarse de esa forma.
E l t e r m i n o t at u a j e (o tatto en ingls, tat ouage en francs,
o t tow ierung e n a l e m n) muchos investigadores lo hacen
derivar de l a pa l abra T a-t au, que en polinesio significa
m a r c a s o bre l a p i e l . O t r o s , i de n t i f ic a n d i c h o o r i g e n y lo
e n f a t iz a n m s deb i d o a l o n o m a t o p y i c o s o n id o de l o s in s t r u m e n t o s u t i l i z a d o s p a r a e l t atuaje. El golpeteo de un
hueso contra otro punzante, y ste sobre la piel, ocasionaba el sonido "tau-tau". De una forma u otra, si parece
que el voca b l o f u e in t r od u c id o e n E u r o p a e n e l s ig l o XV I I I
por el explorador ingles James C o o k , t r a s u n o d e s u s v i a j e s p o r lo s M a r e s d e l S u r . B a n k s , a r t i s t a c i e n t f ic o q u e
James Cook
naveg junto al Capitn Cook, describi en 1769 el proces o de l t atuaj e de la Po lines ia. L os m ar in e r os d e Cook in iciaron la tradicin del tatuaje e n t r e l os h om br e s de ma r y
extendieron rpidamente esta aficin entre los marineros,
quienes aprendieron el arte y lo pr ac t ic ar o n a b o r d o
14
P gina 19
15
Sin embargo, algunos tatuajes cuyo origen era claramente una marc a d e se gre g ac i n , su fr i ero n en e l t ie mpo u n
reprocesamiento
de
significado,
convirtindose
con
el
tiempo en s e ale s d e i d e n t i f ic ac i n g r u p al p or p ar te de
ciertos grupos marginales. Del mismo modo que en el siglo XVI el L i c e n c i ad o Ch av e s , relataba dichas marcas como seales d e i d e n t i f i c ac i n de grupos marginados, el Dr.
Salillas en el XVIII, recoge en sus textos una serie de de nominaciones utilizadas por los p r e s i d iar i o s pa r a de n o m inar al tatuaje: pincharse, marcarse, grabarse, picadura,
picado, grabar . Recogen sus textos a s i m i s m o , o t r o s t r minos como s e m a q u e s i g n i f i c a t a t u a j e y s e a l d e h a b e r
e s t a do e n p r e s i di o . I n d i c a tambin la denominacin que
algunas personas del pueblo gitano utilizan para esta
prctica: pe r ipenao y asinabao, q u e t ie n e e l m i s m o s ig n i ficado de s e m a 17.
C o mo h e mo s v is t o e n l a s c u l t u r a s a n t e r i o r e s a R o m a y
e ntr e los pueblo s pr imit ivo s , t at uarse no te nia nada de
t r a n s g r e s iv o . Tod o lo c o n t r a r io , e l t a t u a j e , e l per f o r a do y
otros mtodos del arte corporal, era un signo de integracin social o de grupo. Otros incluso, partiendo de una
situacin de marginalidad o exclusi n social, expresaban
mediante el tatuaje su propia identidad grupal de margi-
Pgina 20
18
P gina 21
19
inteligentes,
determinaciones
genmicas
de
hacen de cada p e r s o n a u n m u n d o pr o p io e
Pgina 22
HISTRICA SOBRE
EL PERFORADO
embargo,
numerosos
objetos
qu e
fueron
usados
como
imagen de su ganado , y atra vesadas por diferentes ornamentos de un dimetro que puede alcanzar v ar io s cent metros. Re c on oc e r e mo s as a u n a m u j e r c as ad a c o n lo s
abundantes pendientes de perlas c on l os q u e s e e n g a la n a
20
P gina 23
21
encuen t r a
glande,
per f or ado
comprendiendo
t r an s v e r s al me n t e
la
uretra,
22
t r av s
realizndose
del
esta
E n e l bo s que pr imit ivo amaz n ico muchas tribus luce n o r gullosamente sus decoraciones corporales. En este caso
tambi n hac e n la s v e c e s d e c digo, catalogando cada tipo, el grupo al que pertenece cada individuo.
Tambi n los K ayapo s pe rfo ran las o rej as de lo s re ci n nac i d o s e n lo s d a s s i g u ien t e s e l parto, lo mismo que el lab i o i n f e r io r d e lo s n i o s . Los orific ios son ensanchados
c o n l a a y u d a d e c l a v i j a s o c uas de dimetro creciente a
lo largo de la infancia. En e l cere mon ia l d e l o s " n i os
muy bellos", los nios de la s t r ib u s , d i s f r a z a d o s c o n s u s
adornos entran a un nuevo g r u p o d e e d a d y a d q u i e r e n
ide nt idad de adult os en e l se no de l grupo
23
una
perspectiva
geogrfica
antropolgica,
se
P gina 24
la bret s
s e al ab an
s im p l em e n t e
el
momento
de
la
transicin al m u n d o ad u l t o y e n p ar t i c u l ar p ar a u n mu chacho sig n i f ic ab a c on v e r t ir s e e n u n c a z a d o r . L o s h o m bres adornaban en ocasione s sus orejas y narices con
colgantes de hueso, concha o vidrio
24
25
mortificaciones
de
la
c arn e .
26
Co n
es a s
19
Jefe de tribu de
Nueva Guinea
E n N o r t e a m r ic a , p a r a l o s T in glis la boca tenia un signific a do e s p ir it u a l . E l u s o d e l pi e r c i n g m a r c a b a , e n las m u j e res, la transicin de la pube rtad a la madurez sexual. En
algunas tri b u s S i ou x , p ar a c onvertirse en guerreros, los
jvenes deban superar una pru e b a qu e c o n s i s t a e n p e r -
P gina 25
27
28
constituyen
Pgina 26
estn
miento
31
d e d ic a d a s
casi
e x c lu s i v a me n t e
al
e m b e l le c i -
H o y e n d a s e s i gu e n pr ac t ic a n do y pa r e c e h a b e r u n c r e c i e n t e a u me n t o d e mo d i f ic a c io ne s c o m o e l b o dy p i e r c i n g ,
l o s t at u a j e s , c u t t i n g, b r an din g , i m p l a n t e s y - c mo n o - l a
ciruga est t i c a. M u c h as d e e s t as mo d i f ic ac ion e s a u to plsticas no son algo nuevo, sino que son intrn secas a la
naturaleza humana
32
planeta que decide manipular su propia apariencia y adem s , t i e n e c a p a c i d a d d e c o n trol sobre esas transformaciones
33
m e n t e n u e s t r o c u e r po e s , s e g n r e c ie n t e s de s c u br i m i e n t o s e n l o s c a m p o s d e l a e t o l o ga y la ant ropo loga, e l r as go principal que nos diferenc ia de los otros animales.
Este rasgo, q u e y a s e ap r e c ia e n e l h o mbr e pr i m i t iv o y
t r a t a e n s u m a d e s ep a r a r s e y d is t a n c ia r s e d e s u a n i m a l idad. Sin embargo, lo que nunca parece realizar un animal (un len, un ciervo, un c h i m p a n c o u n g a n s o ) , s e r a
algo que el h om b r e s i h ac e : p r o c u r a r s e d o l o r y r i e s g o p o r
e l mer o h e c h o de d if e r e n c iar se d e la s o t r a s c r ia t u r a s . E s
e s e qu i z n u e s t r o s i n o y n u e st r o s i gn o d is t in t iv o del r e s t o ? O e s s i m p le me n t e l a e s e n c i a d e n u e s t r o pec a do o r i ginal?
P gina 27
y del piercing
34
P gina 28
los pueblos
35
s e d e c l a r a c o mo e n t i -
1975.
E s t u d io s par a h a c e r p ie r c i n g, venta de joyas, instrument o s y m a t e r i a l p ar a an il l a r , seminarios impartidos por to d o e l m u n d o p a r a e n s e a r e st a t c n ic a , v d e o s c o n i n s t r u c c io n e s y la r e v i s t a P ier c i n g F an s In t e r n at i on al Q u a terly (PFIQ) e s l o q u e of r ece Gauntlet, que adems predica haber iniciado una camp aa internacional para acabar con los malos anilladores.
Michaela Grey fue la director a de los seminarios y codirectora de la revista PFIQ. Grey es una maestra perforadora, trmino que designa a una persona con muchos
Pgina 29
36
P gina 30
37
o t r o s , f u e r o n G a u l t ie r y V i v ia n n e W e s t w o o d q u e s e a po d e -
1994
P gina 31
adornarse
temporales.
Mellaart, James, "Excavations at atal Hyk, 1961, 1962, 2953, 1964, 1965, 1966:
British Institute of Archaeology, Ankara.
Alvrus A, Wright D, Merbs C F. Examination of Tattoos on Mummified Tissue using Infra-red Reflectography. Journal of Archaeological Science (2001) 28, 395400
Spindler, K. (1994). The Man in the Ice. New York: Harmony Books
Martn-Cano Abreu, F. B. ; 2001 Ritos en el Egipto prehistrico. ODISEO: Rumbo al Pasado. Ao I, N 2, Mlaga
7
8
Jimnez I., Contreras F.: Enigmas Del Hombre Y Del Universo; Octubre 1998
10
El Tatuaje y su evolucin histrica, Dr. Rafael Salillas y Panzano. Madrid 1908. En " Rafael Salillas: Medio siglo de Antropologa criminal espaola" de Andrs Galera Gmez;
Llul 1986
P gina 32
12
13
14
Torres Santo Domingo, M. Los viajes del capitn Cook en el siglo XVIII. Una revisin bibliogrfica. Biblio 3W, Revista Bibliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Barcelona, Vol. VIII, n 441, 20 de abril de 2003.
15
Diario del viaje de un naturalista alrededor del mundo (En el navo S.M., Beagle. Traduccin por Juan Mateos. Editado por elaleph.com. en http://www.e-libro.net/E-libroviejo/gratis/naturalista.pdf (accedido el 7-XII-2003)
16
Enrique Aynat. Los protocolos de Auschwitz: una fuente historica?. 1990. en ediciones
aaarght internet 2002: http://www.vho.org/aaargh/fran/livres2/EAprot.pdf (accedido el
10-XI-2003)
17
Fernandez Rodriguez, M D; El pensamiento penitenciario y criminalista de Rafael Salillas Monografa de la U. de Santiago de Compostela, 1976
18
THE WHALE (Moby Dick), Herman Melville. October 18, 1851 by Richard Bentley, London (1 edicin inglesa). First American edition published November 14, 1851 by
Harper & Brothers, New York.
19
Jane Caplan. The State in the Field: Official Knowledge and Truant Practices. The American Historical Review. Vol 106, n 1. Febrero 2001
20
21
Pedro Saura. Papa y Nueva Guinea: los ritos del color. National Geographic (NOV
2003)
22
Brown DE, Edwards JW, Moore RP. The penis inserts of Southeast Asia: An annotated
bibliography with an overview and comparative perspectives. Berkeley: Center for
South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, 1988
23
24
The labrets of the northern "Esquimaux" (1826). Alaska Med. 1991 Apr-Jun; 33(2): 93
25
26
Mally C. Body piercings. In: Vale V, Juno A, eds. Modern primitives: an investigation of
contemporary adornments and ritual. San Francisco: Re-Seach, 1989: 25-26
Pgina 33
28
Christensen W. A fashion for ecstasy: ancient Maya body modifications. In: Vale V, Juno
A, eds. Modern primitives: an investigation of contemporary adorments and ritual. San
Francisco: Re search, 1989
29
Paul Schilder. Imagen y apariencia del cuerpo humano, Editorial Paids, Buenos Aires.
30
31
Strin A. From ritual initiation to the decorated skin: tattoo as mirroted by tribal traditions and a new preception of art. Psycolther Soz 2001: : 283-305
32
Sarnecki J. Trauma and tattoo. Am Assoc Anthropol J Consciousness 2001; 12: 35-42
33
34
35
36
37
Lotz J. Punks the colourful misery. In: Groening C, ed. Decorated skin: a world survey
of body art: Thames and Hudson 1997: 234-35
P gina 34
DEL TATUAJE Y
DEL PERFORADO
LAS
MOTIVACIONES
P gina 35
5, 6
P gina 36
8, 9, 10, 11
P gina 37
13
14
En dicho sentido al tatuaje y al perforado confieren una identidad social, en muchas ocasiones sealizador de una identidad propia de
grupos. As desde el mbito de la antropologa, se ha considerado a
las prcticas del tatuaje y el perforado como una institucin antisocial o como una contra-ritualidad y fuente ms de divisin que de
cohesin. Esto, que sin duda es constatacin de la fragmentacin
existente en las grandes sociedades en torno a mltiples subconjuntos, puede verse como una cierta incoherencia respecto al conjunto
general, a pesar de que sin embargo existe una fuerte coherencia interna entre los diversos grupos que componen el conjunto.
Aproximaciones de tipo sociolgico parten de considerar el cuerpo
como portador de una carga simblica plena de sentido y que se
configura como un elemento privilegiado de cara a la relacin y a la
comunicacin social. As, y a pesar de la ocultacin parcial del cuer-
Pgina 38
15
16
P gina 39
17
P gina 40
19
ralizada actual ni puede ser mantenido como la explicacin fundamental del fenmeno. Encuestas recientes entre lectores de revistas
de arte corporal, revelan que menos de una quinta parte se declaran
masoquistas, sdicos, fetichistas, exibicionistas o narcisistas. Por el
contrario ms de la mitad se consideran nicamente contestatarios o
aventureros. Sin embargo, en estos mismos estudios, algunas mujeres revelan que despus de implantarse un piercing genital en el cltoris, han tenido por primera vez un orgasmo durante una relacin
sexual vaginal
20
21
reolgicas indican que la presencia de piercing genital, no se relacionaba con el estatus socioeconmicos, el modo de prevencin de embarazo utilizado, el nmero de parejas sexuales, ni con la presencia
de infecciones genitales
22
estos estudios sostienen que los piercings genitales se practican sobre todo por dictado de la moda.
P gina 41
Alvarez-Ura F. Corpo & psique: psicologia del tatuaje. Panacea: n 4 abril 2002
Favazza AR. The coming age of self-mutilation. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186(5)
Aglaja Stirn, Body Piercing: medical consequences and psychological motivations, The
Lancet 2003; 361
Turner, Brian (1991) Recent developments in the theory of the body in M. Featherstone, M. Hepworth and B. Turner (eds) The Body. Social Process and Cultural Theory,
Sage: London
Sanders, Clinton. Marks of mischief. Becoming and being tattooed. 1988. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, Vol.16, No.4
Bourdieu, Pierre, Remarques provisoires sur la perception sociale du Corps, 1977, Actes
de la recherche en sciences sociales, 14
10
11
12
13
Borel, France. Le vtement incarn. Les mtamorphoses du corps, 1992. Paris, Calmann-Lvy
14
15
P gina 42
16
17
Lyons, Ida; Snyder Rita; Gender and motivational differences in tattoing and body
piercing. Annueal Convention of the American Association, Toronto, Ontario, 1996
18
Myers James. Non mainstream body modification, genital piercing, branding, burning
and cutting. 1992, Journal of Contemporany Ethnography, vol 21, n 3
19
20
21
Wright J. Modifying the body: piercing and tattoos. Nurs Stand 1995; 1011
22
Willmott FE. Body piercing: lifestyle indicator or fa- shion accessory? Int J STD AIDS
2001; 12(6)
P gina 43
DEL TATUAJE Y
DEL PERFORADO
LOS LUGARES DEL
ADORNO
( Pulse en las zonas del esquema por acceder a las referencias bibliogrficas)
DIFERENTES LOCALIZACIONES
El emplazamiento del adorno reviste importancia en materia de
interpretacin de las motivaciones del adepto
a los adornos.
Pgina 44
En la cara.
De todas las partes del cuerpo, la cara es la ms propicia a la
implantacin de este tipo de adornos, esto debido a la morfologa adaptada de las agujas con las que se inici el desarrollo
moderno de estas prcticas. La mayora de los adornos utilizaPerforamiento extremo e intenssimo en
la cara
P gina 45
Los pechos.
Los pechos o ms precisamente los pezones parecen ser una
zona de creciente popularidad en materia de piercing. El piercing en el pezn se utilizaba por tribus de Amrica Central,
como smbolo de paso a la edad adulta. Actualmente, esta
prctica presente en ambos sexos, y llegada a nuestros das
desde medios sadomasoquistas, se ha popularizando en el mbito heterosexual despus de haber sido mucho tiempo una
P gina 46
Piercings
genitales
masculi-
nos.
El piercing genital es, contrariamente a la idea que se podra tener, bastante aceptado por una Extremo e intenssimo perforado
clientela de edad avanzada y que
en genitales masculinos
P gina 47
P gina 48
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LOS RIESGOS A
LA LUZ DE LA
CIENCIA
MDICA
agresivo que supone para la piel o mucosas, as como por los propios
Resea sinttica
de la evidencia
cientfica
productos o elementos que se insertan o se colocan en el cuerpo, pueden provocar diversos daos para la salud.
Existen evidencias cientficas claras de los diversos daos ocasionados
tras estas prcticas.
Podramos sintetizarlos en las siguientes:
RIESGOS INFECCIOSOS:
Existe evidencia de la transmisin de mltiples enfermedades
transmitidas a travs del tatuaje y del perforado. Muchas son
comunes a otras que reciben el calificativo de enfermedades
transmitidas por va sangunea y por transfusiones.
Infecciones por virus:
Entre ellas hay constancia de la transmisin de:
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) generador de SIDA
Papilomavirus
Vacuna
P gina 61
RIESGOS NO INFECCIOSOS:
Reacciones alrgicas a los pigmentos o a los materiales
Reacciones granulomatosas
Pseudolinfomas
Linfadenopatas
Sarcoidosis
Lesiones malignas (melanoma y cncer de piel no melanmicos)
Otras enfermedades de la piel:
Psoriasis
Fotosensibilizacin, fototoxicidad y patogenotoxicidad
Hemorragias, perforaciones y traumas sobre estructuras
involucradas o en las cercanas, as como otras no involucradas en las maniobras de insercin del adorno corporal
Pgina 62
productivo)
Emigracin de pigmentos y materiales a situaciones intracorporales
P gina 63
P gina 64
P gina 65
Guiard-Schmidt J.B.
Groupe Franais d'tude et de recherche sur le piercing.
Guide de bonnes pratiques du piercing. 2001.
Repasa de forma exhaustiva los riesgos, de forma especialmente rigurosa de los infectivos, y las condiciones en las que debe transcurrir
la prctica del perforado
Pgina 66
P gina 67
P gina 68
Pgina 69
P gina 70
Post JJ, Dolan KA, Whybin LR, Carter IW, Haber PS, Lloyd AR.
En Acute hepatitis C virus infection in an Australian prison inmate: tattooing as a possible transmission route.
Med J Aust. 2001 Feb 19; 174(4)
Observan para el entorno de prisiones australianas, relaciones semejantes a las observadas en otros lugares, respecto al tatuaje como
mecanismo de transmisin y riesgo de transmisin de la hepatitis C.
P gina 71
P gina 72
Ghorpade A.
Inoculation (tattoo) leprosy: a report of 31 cases.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002 Sep;16(5).
Describen la infeccin leprosa de 31 mujeres por un artista callejero
que reutilizaba agujas no esterilizadas.
P gina 73
Ward HJ, Everington D, Croes EA, Alperovitch A, DelasnerieLaupretre N, Zerr I, Poser S, van Duijn CM.
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and surgery: a casecontrol study using community controls.
Neurology. 2002 Aug 27;59(4).
Se comparan los factores de riesgo de 326 pacientes con CJD comparndolo con controles sin antecedentes de arte corporal. Se observa
un incremento del riesgo ante historias previas de perforado de la
oreja (OR: 1.1-2.5)
Wolf R, Wolf D.
A tattooed butterfly as a vector of atypical Mycobacteria.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 May;48(5 Suppl).
Refieren la existencia de inoculacin cutnea de Mycobacteria atpica
durante el tatuaje.
P gina 74
P gina 75
P gina 76
Biber JT.
Oral piercing: the hole story.
Northwest Dent. 2003 Jan-Feb;82(1):13-7, 34.
Recomendaciones, localizaciones comunes para los piercing orales o
intraorales, riesgos asociados, tipos de joyera, cuidados postpiercing.
P gina 77
Chimenos Kstner E, Batle Trav I,Velsquez RengifoS, Garcia Carabao T, Vials Iglesias H, Rosello Llabres X.
Estetica y cultura: patologa bucal asociada a ciertas modas
actuales (tatuajes, perforaciones etc)
Med Oral 2003;8.
Se repasa en este artculo las diversas complicaciones asociadas a las
localizaciones orales de estas prcticas del arte corporal. Especifica el
posible aumento de prevalencia que pueda producirse en cuanto a
complicaciones, por el auge de estas prcticas en el futuro. En dicho
sentido el artculo alerta a la red asistencial respecto a la indagacin
proactiva de estas complicaciones en las personas portadoras de implantes de este tipo.
P gina 78
P gina 79
Ram D, Peretz B
Tongue piercing and insertion of metal studs: three cases of
dental and oral consequences.
ASDC J Dent Child. 2000 Sep-Oct;67(5):326-9, 302.
Descripcin de las efectos adversos potenciales de los piercing en la
lengua(revisin) y presentacin de tres casos con distintas consecuencias: fractura de la estructura del diente, inflamacin y edema.
P gina 80
P gina 81
P gina 82
Olsen JC.
Lingual abscess secondary to body piercing.
J Emerg Med. 2001 May;20(4):409. Head Neck. 2000 Oct;22(7),
Muestra la existencia de abcesos linguales ocasionados por la prctica
del piercing lingual
Pgina 83
Theodossy T.
A complication of tongue piercing. A case report and review of
the literature.
Br Dent J. 2003 May 24;194(10):551-2
A partir de un caso complicado con retraccin lingual provocado por
un piercing lingual, se realiza una revisin de la literatura cientfica,
en donde se encuentran abundantes referencias de complicaciones
por perforaciones en la lengua
P gina 84
Lee IW, Ahn SK, Choi EH, Whang KK, Lee SH.
Complications of eyelash and eyebrow tattooing: reports of 2
cases of pigment fanning.
Cutis. 2001 Jul;68(1):53-5.
Pigmentacin periorbital tras ceja y pigmentacin infraorbital tras tatuaje en la ceja
P gina 85
Brookes A, Moriarty
A Pharyngeal abscess presenting with upper airway obstruction and atlanto-axial subluxation in a small infant.
Anaesthesia. 2000 May;55(5):469-71.
Paciente con obstruccin de las vas areas altas y con una subluxacin atlanto-axial, secundarias a un absceso farngeo resultado de un
piercing en la oreja.
P gina 86
Jervis PN, Clifton NJ, Woolford TJ. Ear deformity in children following high ear-piercing: current practice, consent issues and legislation. J Laryngol Otol. 2001 Jul;115(7):519-21.
Se analizan 9 establecimiento en los que se ponen piercings, las tcnicas usadas, el conocimiento de las complicaciones, los consejos que
recibe el cliente y la utilizacin del consentimiento informado. Se
concluye que la prctica del body piercing en Reino Unido sigue descontrolada.
P gina 87
Pgina 88
P gina 89
artica.
Trupiano JK, Sebek BA, Goldfarb J, Levy LR, Hall GS, Procop GW.
Mastitis due to Mycobacterium abscessus after body piercing.
Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jul 1;33(1):131-4. Epub 2001 Jun 05.
Paciente con mastitis granulomatosa debida a Mycobacterium, asociada a un piercingel pezn
Pgina 90
Ventolini G, Kleeman S.
Adhesions caused by umbilical piercing.
J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2003 May;10(2):281.
Se describen la produccin de adhesiones intestinales, acaecidas tras
la implantacin de un piercing umbilical.
P gina 91
REACCIONES ALERGICAS Y DE
HIPERSENSIBILIDAD
Arroyo MP.
Black henna tattoo reaction in a person with sulfonamide and
benzocaine drug allergies.
Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Feb;48(2):301-2.
Se describen la aparicin de reacciones alrgicas a la jena (tatuajes
no permanentes) en una persona previamente alrgica a otros productos terapeticos
Brancaccio RR, Brown LH, Chang YT, Fogelman JP, Mafong EA, Cohen
DE.
Identification and quantification of para-phenylenediamine in
a temporary black henna tattoo.
Am J Contact Dermat. 2002 Mar;13(1):15-8. Concentracin media de
15.7% mucho ms alta que la de los tintes de pelo.
Indaga de forma exhaustiva sobre las capacidad alergnicas de cierto
grupo de substancias sintticas empleadas en el tatuaje temporal.
Pgina 92
Chung WH, Chang YC, Yang LJ, Hung SI, Wong WR, Lin JY, Chan HL.
Clinicopathologic features of skin reactions to temporary tattoos and analysis of possible causes.
Arch Dermatol. 2002 Jan;138(1):88-92. Mediante biopsia muestran
la existencia de dermatitis liquenoide causado por fenilenildiamina
empleada en el tatuaje temporal
P gina 93
Goossens A, Verhamme B.
Contact allergy to permanent colorants used for tattooing a
nipple after breast reconstruction.
Contact Dermatitis. 2002 Oct;47(4):250.
Alerga de contacto a los colorantes permanentes de un tatuajeun
pezn despus de la reconstruccin del pecho
P gina 94
Macarthur M, Davies M.
Sensitisation to red tattoo pigment.
Br J Plast Surg. 2003 Jan;56(1):73.
Refrenda la capacidad de sensibilizacin y reaccin que con cierta
frecuencia se produce a los pigmentos rojos utilizados en el tatuaje
P gina 95
Mohamed M, Nixon R.
Severe
allergic
contact
dermatitis
induced
by
para-
Pgina 96
contact
dermatitis
to
temporary
tattoo
by
p-
phenylenediamine.
J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002;12(1):62-4.
(VER LUEGO en Neri I, Guareschi E, Savoia F, Patrizi A.)
P gina 97
White N, Rauf G.
Sensitisation to red tattoo pigment. Br J Plast Surg. 2002
Jun;55(4)
Describe los diversos tipos de sensibilizacin y las causas que se
pueden producir con cierta frecuencia por causa de los pigmentos rojos del tatuaje
P gina 98
Pgina 99
Pas analizado
Pases Europeos
Acuerdo
parcial
entre estados europeos en el campo social y de salud pblica:
Alemania,Austria,
Belgica, Chipre,
Dinamarca, Eslovenia, Espaa,
Finlandia, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Luxemburgo,
Noruega, Pases
Bajos, Portugal,
Reino Unido,
Suecia, Suiza
Pgina 100
des
Neugruen-
reglementierte
Gewerbe
der
Kosme-
tik(Schnheitspflege)
- 141. Verordnung ber Ausbungsregeln fr das
Piercen
AUSTRIA
und
Ttowieren
tik(Schnheitspflege)
durch
Kosme-
Gewerbetreiben-
100. Verordnung der Bundesministerin fr Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales betreffend den
Gesundheitsschutz
Qualittssicherung
von
von
Spendern
Blut
und
und
die
Blut-
Pgina 101
CANAD
julio 1999
Alberta Health: Health Standards and Guidelines
for Piercing
Alberta Health: Health Standards and Guidelines
for Tattooing
1. La nica regulacin es sobre el tatuaje y fue
realizada en 1966. En ella se declara ilegal el tatuaje en personas de menos de 18 aos, el realizar
tatuajes en la cabeza o cuello o en las manos
DINAMARCA
Pgina 102
FRANCIA
SD5C
2. Aviso del Consejo Superior de Higiene Pblica
de Francia, referido a las normas de profilaxis de
las infecciones para la prctica de acciones sobre
el cuerpo, sin carcter mdico, mediando perforacin cutnea (tatuaje, piercing, dermografa, electrolisis), Sesin del 15 de septiembre de 2000
1. Regulacin comn en sald pblica, y sobre.
higiene y requerimientos para la apertura y funcionamiento para los estudios de tatuaje: 5 de febrero de 2002. Ministerio de Salud, D.G. de Bienestar y Salud, Direccin de Salud Pblica
2. Decisin n DY1d/C.P/9780/8.11.2001 del Mi-
GRECIA
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de
Enfermedades
Infecciosas
de
LUXEMBURGO
general
de
seguridad
productos
(92/59/EEC)
1.Regulacin higinica en peluqueras, cuidados de
la piel, tatuaje, piercing y actividades relacionadas
Ministry of Health 1998.
2. Hasta el 20 de octubre de 1999, Noruega reguNORUEGA
laba el arte corporal, como los productos cosmticos. Se ceas hasta esa fecha a la regulacin nacional relativa a la importacin, produccin, venta,
etc de los productos cosmticos n 871 de 26 de
octubre de 1995.
1. Ley comn de 2003
2. Prcticas higinicas/inspecciones realizadas a
travs de guas locales, normativa como: Joan
PASES
BAJOS
VOOR
TATOEREN
EN
PERMANENT MAKE UP, Afdeling Hygine & Preventie, GG&GD, AMSTERDAM, 2003
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dad.
2. Hay estudios relativos a peluqueras y centros
de belleza, en cuanto a su estructura y funcionamiento, que incluyen los centros de tatuaje y piercing.
. The Local Government (conjunto de diversas
precauciones a adoptar) Act 1982
. London Local Authorities Act 1991
. The Greater London Council (General Powers)
Act 1981
RENO UNIDO
SUECIA
SUIZA
USA
2.
Sec.
7124.13)/
320.100
Issued:
Ear
Piercing
Devices
3/8/77/Reissued:
(CPG
10/1/80,
9/24/87
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LA REGULACIN
EN ESPAA
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COMUNIDAD AUTNOMA
AO DE APARICIN
DE LA NORMATIVA
ANDALUCA
2002
ARAGN
2002
BALEARES
2003
CASTILLA-LEN
2003
CATALUA
2001
GALICIA
2004
MURCIA
2003
NAVARRA
2002
1989
!:
(En el Pas Vasco se establecen slo normas higinico-sanitarias a observar los trabajadores de atencin personal no sanitarios, con el fin de controlar las infecciones de transmisin sangunea)
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DE
LOS
ESTABLECIMIENTOS,
EQUIPOS
INSTRUMENTAL
Artculo 5. Condiciones generales de los locales.
1. Los locales donde se realicen las actividades de tatuaje y perforacin
cutnea (piercing) deben mantenerse en estado de limpieza, desinfeccin y uso correcto. La limpieza y desinfeccin debern realizarse, utilizando agua y detergentes de uso domstico, con la frecuencia necesaria para garantizar que no existen riesgos sanitarios y, como mnimo,
una vez al da.
2. El diseo y los materiales que constituyen el mobiliario de las dependencias destinadas a las actividades han de ser fciles de limpiar y
desinfectar.
3. Los elementos metlicos de las instalaciones han de ser materiales
resistentes a la oxidacin.
4. El mobiliario y el material necesario para las actividades de aplicacin de tcnicas de tatuaje y perforacin cutnea (piercing) ha de estar
dispuesto de manera que el acceso del personal aplicador al instrumental necesario sea fcil y con el menor desplazamiento posible.
Artculo 6. Distribucin funcional y condiciones de los establecimientos.
1. Los establecimientos en los que de forma permanente, temporal o
espordica se practiquen tcnicas reguladas en este Decreto contarn,
al menos, con las siguientes reas diferenciadas:
a) Area de trabajo destinada a la prctica de las tcnicas de tatuaje y
perforacin cutnea (piercing). Debe estar bien iluminada, aislada del
resto del establecimiento y disponer de un lavamanos de accionamiento no manual, equipado con agua corriente, jabn y toallas de un solo
uso.
b) Area de recepcin e informacin destinada a las relaciones comerciales con el usuario.
c) Area de esterilizacin en la que el personal aplicador de tcnicas de
tatuaje y perforacin cutnea (piercing) realiza las tareas de limpieza,
esterilizacin, desinfeccin y preparacin del instrumental.
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PARA
LA
PRACTICA
DE
TECNICAS
DE
TATUAJE
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emisor:
DEPARTAMENTO
DE
SALUD,
CONSUMO
SERVICIOS SOCIALES
ARAGN
Titulo: DECRETO 160/2002, de 30 de abril, del Gobierno de Aragn, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento por el que se regulan
las normas sanitarias aplicables a los establecimientos de tatuaje o piercing.
DECRETO 160/2002, de 30 de abril, del Gobierno de Aragn, por
el que se aprueba el Reglamento por el que se regulan las normas sanitarias aplicables a los establecimientos de tatuaje o
piercing.
Dado el riesgo potencial de transmisin de enfermedades a travs de la
sangre asociada a prcticas como la decoracin del cuerpo humano con
tatuajes sobre la piel y perforaciones para poner anillos, pendientes y
otros objetos metlicos,- tcnica que se conoce con el nombre de piercing- el Departamento de Salud, Consumo y Servicios Sociales de la
Comunidad Autnoma de Aragn reconoce la obligacin de regular este
sector de actividad.
Esta necesidad se justifica por un fenmeno de reciente proliferacin
de establecimientos donde, exclusivamente o junto con otras actividades, personal sin la adecuada formacin sanitaria se dedica a la realizacin de tales prcticas.
De todo ello se desprende la conveniencia de regular las condiciones
higinico-sanitarias que deben de cumplir estos establecimientos, sin
perjuicio de aquellas dirigidas a los trabajadores que desarrollan su actividad en los mismos, en la lnea de lo dispuesto en la Orden de 2 de
octubre de 1989, del Departamento de Sanidad, Bienestar Social y
Trabajo de la Comunidad Autnoma de Aragn por la que se establecen diversas normas higinico-sanitarias dirigidas a los trabajadores de
servicios de atencin personal y, asimismo, de establecer un procedimiento sancionador conforme a lo previsto en los artculos 32 a 36 de
la Ley 14/1986, de 25 de abril, General de Sanidad.
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CASTILLA
Y
LEN
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ANEXO I
Como requisito bsico, antes de cualquier perforacin, se proceder a
la desinfeccin de la piel con povidona yodada o clorhexidina. Todo
material que vaya a ser esterilizado o desinfectado debe lavarse previamente con agua y detergente, de forma minuciosa, y secarse por
completo despus.
Mtodos de esterilizacin.
Pgina 171
Todo el material que permita su esterilizacin debe someterse a procedimientos de esta ndole.
Podr emplearse cualquiera de los procedimientos siguientes, durante
el tiempo y a las temperaturas indicadas a continuacin, teniendo
adems en cuenta las condiciones de uso recomendadas por el fabricante.
-Esterilizacin por vapor (autoclave):
A 121 durante 20 minutos y a una atmsfera de presin, o 135 durante 5-10 minutos.
-Calor seco (hornos, estufas):
A 180 durante una hora, o 170 durante una hora y media.
2.2. Mtodos de desinfeccin.
El material no desechable ser desinfectado por uno o varios de los siguientes mtodos:
-Inmersin del material en una solucin de hipoclorito sdico durante
30 minutos en una proporcin de: una parte de leja (en una concentracin de 50 gramos de cloro activo por litro) por cuatro de agua. La
solucin se preparar inmediatamente antes de ser utilizada por la
progresiva prdida de actividad.
La solucin de hipoclorito sdico ser de eleccin para la limpieza de
superficies.
-Inmersin del material en una solucin de glutaraldehido al 2% durante 30 minutos. La solucin empleada se desechar diariamente despus de su utilizacin.
ANEXO II
Contenido bsico de los cursos de formacin para los aplicadores de tatuajes, micropigmentaciones, piercing y/o otras tcnicas semejantes
(25 horas lectivas, mnimo)
P gina 172
1. Piel y mucosas.
-Anatoma y fisiologa bsica de la piel y las mucosas.
2. Microbiologa bsica.
-Concepto de infeccin.
-Microorganismos patgenos y oportunistas.
-Microorganismos de transmisin hemtica.
-Microorganismos de transmisin cutnea.
3. Conceptos de desinfeccin y asepsia.
-Desinfeccin de piel y mucosas.
-Campos quirrgicos.
4. Enfermedades de transmisin hemtica.
-Hepatitis.
-SIDA.
5. Riesgos de estos procedimientos.
6. Prevencin y proteccin personal.
-Recomendaciones generales.
-Limpieza de manos.
-Proteccin de heridas y lesiones de la piel.
-Vacunas.
-Seguridad en el trabajo.
7. Medidas preventivas en la aplicacin de tatuajes, micropigmentacin
y piercing.
-Normas sanitarias.
-Pautas de actuacin ante posibles complicaciones: vmitos, ahogamiento, sncope, etc.
-Soporte vital bsico.
8. Locales e instalaciones.
-Condiciones higinico-sanitarias.
-Limpieza y desinfeccin de los locales.
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Exposicin de Motivos
La decoracin del cuerpo humano mediante el tatuaje y el piercing
es una realidad entre la poblacin. En las tcnicas de tatuaje y de
piercing existe un riesgo potencial para la salud de transmisin de
enfermedades a travs de las heridas o prdidas de revestimiento cutneo.Es necesario regular las condiciones higinico-sanitarias de los
establecimientos de tatuaje y piercing, as como establecer unos criterios de higiene en el trabajo y control de los mismos, para prevenir
los riesgos potenciales asociados a estas prcticas y para proteger la
salud del trabajador que las realiza y del usuario que recibe sus servicios.
Corresponde a los titulares de estas actividades la responsabilidad del
mantenimiento de las condiciones higinico sanitarias en las mismas y
a los rganos administrativos competentes el establecimiento de un
control oficial sobre la actividad y que como resultado de ello se aumente el nivel de proteccin de la salud de los usuarios y del personal
que realicen las actividades de tatuaje o piercing.
El presente Decreto emana de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artculo 43 de la Constitucin Espaola, que reconoce el derecho de todos
los ciudadanos a la proteccin de la salud y la competencia de los poderes pblicos para organizar y tutelar la salud pblica y los artculos
6.1, 18.5, y 25.2, entre otros, de la Ley 14/1986,de 25 de abril, General de Sanidad, que regula la intervencin pblica en las actividades
pblicas o privadas que, directa o indirectamente, puedan tener consecuencias negativas para la salud, aadiendo, en su artculo24, la obligatoriedad de las Administraciones Sanitarias Pblicas de garantizar la
proteccin de la salud.
Por su parte, esta Comunidad Autnoma ostenta, en el marco de la legislacin bsica del estado y en su caso, en los trminos que la misma
establezca, competencias para dictar normas de desarrollo legislativo y
de ejecucin en materia sanitaria y de higiene, en materia de defensa
del consumidor y usuario, de acuerdo con las bases y coordinacin ge-
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42.5
de la Ley
30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Rgimen Jurdico de las Administraciones Pblicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Comn.
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Fecha y
nmero de
Diari Oficial
de la Generalitat Valenciana
Ttulo de la norma
29-V-2002
nmero: 4.259
Por el que se establecen las normas que rigen la prctica del tatuaje, la micropigmentacin, el
piercing u otras tcnicas similares,
as como los requisitos para la autorizacin y funcionamiento de los
establecimientos donde se practican estas tcnicas
Orden de 27
de noviembre de
2002, de la
Conselleria
de Sanidad
29-XI-2002
nmero: 4.389
Decreto
27/2003,
de 1 de
abril, del
Consell de
la Generalitat
3-IV-2003
nmero: 4.473
Regulador de las Normas Sanitarias, que deben regir para los Establecimientos No Sanitarios dedicados a Prcticas de Esttica
NORMA
Decreto
83/2002 de
23 de mayo,
del Gobierno Valenciano
Pgina 201
NORMA
Fecha y nmero
de Diari Oficial
de la Generalitat
Valenciana
(DOGV)
Decreto
240/1994 de 22
de noviembre
del Gobierno Valenciano
05-XII-1994
nmero: 2.401
22-VIII-1997
nmero: 3.062
17-IV-1998
nmero: 3.224
Por la que se crea y regula el Registro de establecimientos, centros y servicios sanitarios y veterinarios de la Comunidad
Valenciana
Orden de 14 de
julio de 1997, de
la Conselleria de
Medio Ambiente
de la Comunidad
Valenciana
Orden de 12 de
marzo de 1998,
de la Conselleria
de Medio
Ambiente
Ttulo de la norma
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NORMA
Objeto de la norma
Real Decreto
414/1996 de 1
de marzo
Real Decreto
2727/1998 de
18 de diciembre
Real Decreto
1662/2000 de
29 de septiembre
Real Decreto
1599 de 17 de
octubre
Real Decreto
664/1997 de 12
de mayo
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DISPONGO
Captulo I
Objeto, mbito de aplicacin y definiciones
Artculo 1
El presente decreto tiene por objeto establecer las normas sanitarias
que deben cumplir los establecimientos que se dedican a prcticas de
tatuaje, micropigmentacin, piercing u otras similares, as como las
medidas higinico-sanitarias bsicas que debern observar los profesionales que las realicen, cuyo trabajo se desarrolle en el mbito de la
Comunidad Valenciana y entrae un contacto directo con los usuarios
de sus servicios, con el fin de proteger la salud de los usuarios y trabajadores y especficamente del contagio de enfermedades de transmisin por va sangunea.
Artculo 2
1. Son prcticas que pueden entraar riesgo de contagio de enfermedades de transmisin sangunea las siguientes:
a) Tatuaje, micropigmentacin, tcnicas de escarificacin y cualesquiera de anlogas caractersticas, mediante las cuales se introduzcan pigmentos colorantes en la piel por medio de punciones que atraviesen la
barrera de la piel o mucosas.
b) Perforado o anillado, piercing, de la piel, mucosas u otros tejidos
corporales.
2. Quedan excluidas de este decreto la regulacin de las prcticas consideradas procedimientos mdicos, tales como los implantes bajo la
piel, que deben ser realizadas exclusivamente en los centros, servicios
y establecimientos sanitarios autorizados. Asimismo, se excepta la
perforacin del lbulo de la oreja que se realice con sistemas de clavado y abrochado de forma automtica, estril y de un solo uso.
Pgina 206
Captulo II
Sobre los establecimientos, los utensilios y materiales de trabajo
Artculo 3
Los establecimientos a los que se refiere la presente norma debern
reunir las caractersticas siguientes:
1. Los locales y sus instalaciones donde se realicen las prcticas objeto
del presente decreto han de garantizar la prevencin de riesgos sanitarios, para lo cual el diseo y materiales del local se han de encontrar
en buenas condiciones y han de permitir una correcta limpieza y desinfeccin en el suelo, techos y paredes.
2. Las reas de trabajo dedicadas a las prcticas objeto de la presente
regulacin deben estar separadas completamente de las dedicadas al
resto de actividades y ser de uso exclusivo para la atencin a los clientes. En dichas reas se dispondr de buena ventilacin e iluminacin.
Contarn con lavabo de agua corriente fra y caliente, as como grifo de
accionado no manual, dispensador de jabn y secamanos elctrico o
toallas de un solo uso.
3. La sala donde se realicen las actividades ser de dimensiones adecuadas para la correcta disposicin de los mecanismos y la confortabilidad de los clientes, garantizndose la intimidad y privacidad en las
prcticas.
4. El mobiliario estar en buenas condiciones y ser de fcil limpieza.
Los elementos metlicos de las instalaciones debern ser de materiales
resistentes a la oxidacin.
5. No estar permitido comer. Tampoco estar permitida la entrada o
permanencia de animales en el rea de trabajo.
6. Estos establecimientos debern contar con aseos para el uso exclusivo de usuarios de la actividad, con dispensador de jabn y secamanos elctrico y/o toallas de un solo uso.
7. En cunto a las instalaciones para uso de los trabajadores, stas se
ajustarn a lo dispuesto en el Real Decreto 486/1997, de 14 de abril,
por el que se establecen las disposiciones mnimas de seguridad y salud de los lugares de trabajo.
8. Cuando por motivos de ferias, congresos u otros acontecimientos
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Captulo III
Titularidad del establecimiento y profesionales dedicados a la
prctica del tatuaje, piercing y micropigmentacin
Artculo 11
1. Los titulares de los establecimientos donde se realicen tatuajes,
piercing o micropigmentaciones son los responsables de las actividades
que all se realizan, as como de la higiene, seguridad y mantenimiento
de las instalaciones, equipo e instrumental en las condiciones expresadas en la presente normativa.
2. Son asimismo responsables de garantizar la aplicacin de las medidas para la proteccin de la salud de los usuarios y del personal que los
realiza.
Artculo 12
Los profesionales que realizan actividades de tatuajes, piercing o micropigmentaciones debern disponer de un nivel de conocimientos suficientes para realizar la prevencin efectiva de los riesgos para la salud
asociados a sus prcticas. Para ello debern estar en posesin de la titulacin de Tcnico Superior en Esttica o acreditar la superacin de
los correspondientes cursos de formacin homologados por la Conselleria de Sanidad o entidad en la que haya delegado esta atribucin.
Artculo 13
La solicitud de la homologacin de cursos de formacin para profesionales del cuidado y esttica corporal deber ser dirigido a la Conselleria
de Sanidad por la entidad organizadora, quien deber encontrarse en
posesin de su correspondiente autorizacin de funcionamiento y adjuntar a la solicitud el programa del curso a realizar, duracin, profesores que van a impartir el mismo, su titulacin, lugar de celebracin y
Pgina 210
condiciones de inscripcin.
Captulo IV
Higiene y proteccin personal
Artculo 14
Sin menoscabo del cumplimiento de lo establecido con carcter general
en el Real Decreto 664/1997, de 12 de mayo, sobre proteccin de los
trabajadores contra los riesgos relacionados con la exposicin a agentes biolgicos durante el trabajo, los profesionales dedicados a micropigmentaciones, tatuajes y piercings debern estar vacunados contra
la hepatitis B y el ttanos.
Artculo 15
Los profesionales aplicarn las precauciones estndar para prevenir infecciones de manera que en su prctica profesional observarn las siguientes medidas:
a) Lavado de manos al iniciar la actividad y al finalizarla, as como
siempre que se reemprenda una actividad si ha sido interrumpida.
b) Utilizacin de guantes de un solo uso. Cuando el profesional presente lesiones en la piel, deber cubrirlas con apsito impermeable o abstenerse de realizar actividades en contacto directo con los clientes.
c)Aplicacin de barreras frente a salpicaduras de sangre.
d) Los objetos cortantes y punzantes que puedan estar contaminados
con sangre se manejarn y desecharn de manera adecuada para prevenir accidentes.
Articulo 16
Los profesionales dedicados a las prcticas objeto de la presente reglamentacin debern contar y poner a disposicin del cliente protocolos de preparacin de la zona anatmica donde se realizar el tatuaje o
piercing , as como sobre procedimientos de los cuidados posteriores.
Deber quedar constancia escrita de que el usuario ha recibido dicha
informacin y que da su consentimiento.
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Captulo V
Gestin de residuos
Artculo 17
Los materiales cortantes y punzantes con posible contaminacin biolgica, cuando son desechados, tienen el tratamiento de residuo tipo III,
lo que significa que deben almacenarse y eliminarse con arreglo a lo
dispuesto en el Decreto 240/1994, de 22 de noviembre, del Gobierno
Valenciano, por el que se aprob el Reglamento Regulador de la Gestin de los Residuos Sanitarios.
Captulo VI
Proteccin del menor
Artculo 18
La realizacin de piercing, tatuajes, escarificaciones o similares a los
menores de edad e incapacitados podr llevarse a cabo siempre que
ellos lo soliciten y medie el consentimiento por escrito de su representante legal, siendo a ste a quien corresponde la valoracin del suficiente juicio y condicin de madurez del menor. En todo caso, se atender al cumplimiento de las disposiciones establecidas para la proteccin del menor o incapacitado.
Captulo VII
Autorizaciones e inspecciones sanitarias
Artculo 19
Corresponde a los ayuntamientos, dentro de las competencias recogidas en la Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, de Bases de Rgimen Local:
1. La autorizacin de los establecimientos para la prctica del tatuaje,
piercing y micropigmentacin, as como de las instalaciones de todos
aquellos que se encuentren ubicados en su trmino municipal. El rgano competente municipal podr autorizar un establecimiento para la
prctica de tatuaje, piercing, micropigmentacin y cualquier otro de
similares caractersticas, previa la presentacin de la documentacin
que sigue:
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Captulo VIII
Infracciones y sanciones
Artculo 20
Las infracciones a lo establecido en el presente decreto son sancionables de conformidad con lo que establece la Ley 14/1986, de 25 de
abril, General de Sanidad, en su ttulo I, captulo VI, sin menoscabo de
las sanciones que puedan derivarse del incumplimiento de otras normativas.
DISPOSICIN ADICIONAL
Lo establecido en el presente decreto se entiende sin perjuicio de las
competencias relativas a otras administraciones.
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DISPOSICIN TRANSITORIA
Para los establecimientos que se encuentren en funcionamiento en el
momento de la publicacin de este decreto, se concede un plazo de
seis meses para que se adapten a la presente disposicin.
DISPOSICIONES FINALES
Primera
La Conselleria de Sanidad desarrollar cuantas otras disposiciones sean
necesarias para el desarrollo y aplicacin de este decreto.
Segunda
El presente decreto entrar en vigor el da siguiente al de su publicacin en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana.
Valencia, 23 de mayo de 2002
El presidente de la Generalitat Valenciana,
EDUARDO ZAPLANA HERNNDEZ-SORO
El conseller de Sanidad,
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DISPONGO
Artculo 1
Corresponde a la Conselleria de Sanidad la competencia de organizar,
desarrollar, coordinar e impartir los cursos de formacin higinicosanitaria para los profesionales que realizan actividades de tatuajes,
piercing o micropigmentacin que no posean la titulacin de Tcnico
Medio o Superior en Esttica, a lo que se refiere el artculo doce del
Decreto 83/2002, de 23 de mayo, del Gobierno Valenciano.
Artculo 2
1. La Conselleria de Sanidad encomienda la gestin de dichos cursos a
los colegios oficiales de Enfermera de Valencia, Castelln y Alicante y
para ello se suscribir el correspondiente convenio de colaboracin con
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DISPOSICIN TRANSITORIA
El plazo de seis meses para adaptar todos los establecimientos al Decreto 83/2002, se ampla a un ao para el requisito de disponer de la
Titulacin de Tcnico Media o Superior de Esttica o hallarse en posesin de diploma acreditativo de haber superado el curso de formacin
higinico-sanitaria con arreglo a lo dispuesto en la presente orden.
DISPOSICION DEROGATORIA
Quedan derogadas cuantas normas de igual o inferior rango se opongan a lo establecido en la presenta orden y, en especial:.
La Orden de 21 de octubre de 2002, del conseller de Sanidad, por la
Pgina 216
DISPOSICIONES FINALES
Primera
Se faculta a los colegios oficiales de Enfermera de Castelln, Valencia
y Alicante, para impartir los cursos de formacin higinico-sanitaria para los profesionales del cuidado y esttica corporal, y en concreto para
profesionales que realizan actividades de tatuajes, piercing o micropigmentacin, a partir de la fecha de la firma del oportuno convenio de
colaboracin.
Segunda
Esta orden entrar en vigor el da siguiente de su publicacin en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana.
Valencia, 27 de noviembre de 2002
El conseller de Sanidad,
SERAFN CASTELLANO GMEZ
ANEXO I
Contenidos bsicos del Programa de formacin higinico-sanitaria para
los profesionales que realizan actividades de tatuajes, piercing o micropigmentacin.
A. PIEL Y MUCOSAS.
Anatoma y fisiologa bsica de piel y mucosas.
Enfermedades de la piel: contraindicaciones.
Sensibilidad a productos.
P gina 217
P gina 218
G. SEGURIDAD EN EL TRABAJO.
Uso de batas, delantales.
Proteccin de la piel, heridas, etc.
Vacunaciones
H LOCALES E INSTALACIONES.
Condiciones higinico sanitarias.
Limpieza y desinfeccin de los locales.
I. RESIDUOS.
Concepto.
Clasificacin.
Gestin.
Marco Legal.J. NORMAS SANITARIAS.
Descripcin de la misma, mbito de aplicacin.
ANEXO II
Modelo de instancia
Nombre:
Apellidos:
Pgina 219
Pgina 220
DECRETO
CAPTULO I. Objeto, mbito de aplicacin y definiciones.
CAPTULO II
Sobre los establecimientos, los utensilios y materiales de trabajo
Pgina 221
Pgina 222
Pgina 223
Pgina 224
CAPITULO III
Titularidad del establecimiento y profesionales dedicados a las
prcticas de esttica.
CAPTULO IV
Higiene y proteccin personal
Artculo 12. Medidas de precaucin e higiene.
Los profesionales aplicarn las precauciones necesarias para prevenir
Pgina 225
CAPTULO V
Gestin de residuos
Artculo 13. Almacenamiento y eliminacin de residuos
Los materiales cortantes y punzantes con posible contaminacin biolgica, cuando sean desechados tendrn tratamiento de residuos tipo III,
debiendo almacenarse y eliminarse con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el Decreto 240/1994, de 22 de noviembre, del Consell de la Generalitat, por
el que se aprueba el Reglamento Regulador de la Gestin de los Residuos Sanitarios.CAPTULO VIInspeccin y control sanitario
Artculo 14. Facultades de inspeccin sanitaria
La Inspeccin sanitaria de la Conselleria de Sanidad, sin perjuicio de
las competencias recogidas en la legislacin autonmica de ordenacin
sanitaria, as como en la municipal, Ley 7/1985 de Bases de Rgimen
Local de 2 de abril, podr solicitar cunta informacin y documentacin
estime oportuna y considere relevante para verificar el cumplimiento
de las normas sanitarias establecidas en ste decreto.
CAPTULO VI
Infracciones y sanciones.
Artculo 15 . Infracciones, sanciones y procedimiento sancionador
Sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades que pudieran derivarse en otros
mbitos de actuacin, a la presente disposicin, ser de aplicacin las
infracciones y sancionador previstas en el Capitulo sexto del Titulo I de
la Ley 14/1986, de 25 de abril, General de Sanidad.
Pgina 226
DISPOSICION TRANSITORIA
Plazo de adaptacin de los locales y establecimientos de esttica existentes a la entrada en vigor del decreto.
Aquellos establecimientos de nueva apertura y para los que se encuentran ya en funcionamiento se concede un plazo de seis meses para que
se adapten a la presente disposicin.
DISPOSICIN DEROGATORIA.
Clusula derogatoriaQuedan derogadas cuantas disposiciones de igual
o inferior rango se opongan y resulten incompatibles con lo dispuesto
en el aprobado decreto.
DISPOSICIONES FINALES
Primera. Desarrollo reglamentario
El conseller de Sanidad aprobara cuantas otras disposiciones sean necesarias para el desarrollo y aplicacin de ste decreto.
Segunda. Competencias de otras Administraciones
Lo establecido en el presente reglamento se entiende sin perjuicio de
las competencias relativas a otras administraciones.
Tercera. Entrada en vigor
El presente decreto entrar en vigor el da siguiente al de su publicacin en el Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana para aquellos establecimientos de nueva apertura .
Valencia, 1 de abril de 2003
El presidente de la Generalitat,
JOS LUIS OLIVAS MARTNEZ
El conseller de Sanidad,
SERAFN CASTELLANO GMEZ
Pgina 227
Anexo I
Mtodos de desinfeccin y esterilizacin
1. Mtodos de desinfeccin:
Los mtodos de desinfeccin debern ser utilizados para los artculos
que entren en contacto con la piel intacta.Se consideran adecuados los
siguientes productos:. para superficies metlicas e instrumental: clorhexidina, aldehdos o cualquier otro desinfectante reconocido. para
otras superficies: hipoclorito sdico al 1%.
2. Mtodos de esterilizacin:
Los mtodos de esterilizacin debern ser utilizados para los dispositivos que atraviesen la piel o contacten con el sistema vascular.Slo se
consideran adecuados aquellos mtodos en los que las condiciones de
aplicacin son validables, y puedan realizarse controles de calidad del
proceso. Entre ellos se considera apropiado el calor hmedo (autoclave
vapor) para material termorresistente como textil, instrumental, cauchos, guantes y plsticos a 121 C, 1 atmsfera de presin y duracin
de 15 a 20 minutos o bien, a 135C, 2 atmsferas y una duracin de 5
a 10 minutos.
Pgina 228
VALE LA
PENA
CORRER
RIESGOS ?
posible
antes
de
que
no
pueden
Pgina 229
Menores de
edad. (Los menores deben ir
acompaados
de sus padres
y/o
presentar
un permiso autentificado
en
den
su
Mujeres embarazadas.
Personas con dermatosis infecciosas activas, como verrugas vricas, herpes o infecciones bacterianas de la piel,
que pueden extenderse a la zona traumatizada.
Aquellas personas que tengan historia de cicatrices queloides o que hayan tomado recientemente frmacos para el
tratamiento del acn, ya que pueden aparecer cicatrices
anormales en el periodo posterior a dicho tratamiento.
Pgina 230
Personas con discrasias sanguneas, enfermedades congnitas del corazn o en tratamiento con medicamentos anticoagulantes.
Si hay sospecha de infeccin en el lugar donde est el tatuaje o el perforado (dolor, enrojecimiento, inflamacin,
pus...), se debe consultar inmediatamente al mdico.
P gina 231
le
proporcionan
indicaciones
Perforado:
Lavarse
adecuadamente
las
manos
Pgina 232
CONSEJOS GENERALES:
El lugar corporal:
Escoja el lugar corporal con sumo cuidado. Considere que estas prcticas permanentes de modificacin corporal, van a ser siempre visibles
en el caso de la cara, el cuello o las manos.
El nivel de dolor vara segn la parte del cuerpo que se decida a tatuar
o perforar.
Si se hace perforar una parte oculta, como el ombligo o el pezn, el
proceso de curacin llevar ms tiempo por la propia humedad del
cuerpo y por el roce con la ropa.
Si se hace perforar la lengua u otras partes en relacin con el habla, su
forma de hablar, variar substancialmente. Podr tener impedimentos
Pgina 233
P gina 234
UNIN DE
CONSUMIDORES
DE ESPAA
COMUNIDAD
VALENCIANA
tambin el de personas que, sin cualificacin, los realizan sin las garanpropicios: en casas particulares, en puestos de mercadillo, en camionetas durante conciertos musicales, fiestas al aire libre, y en peluqueras... Los riesgos de estos "chiringuitos sin ningn tipo de control, son
evidentes. Segn un reciente estudio, este tipo de prcticas sin las suficientes garantas, son la principal va de contagio de la hepatitis B y C
en nuestro pas, una enfermedad que puede mantenerse latente, sin
P gina 235
Tanto el mobiliario como los materiales han de ser fciles de limpiar. Los elementos metlicos de las instalaciones debern ser inoxidables.
Los instrumentos y materiales habrn de estar limpios, desinfectados y en buen estado de conservacin, y tener una calidad mnima
regulada por normativa europea
Pgina 236
P gina 237
Al tomar el sol, ha de hacerse uso de bronceadores y cremas protectoras que no taponen los poros.
Pgina 238
Pgina 239
ntre los fines que la ley establece como propios de los Colegios Profesionales, se encuentra la ordenacin y vigilancia del ejercicio de las
profesiones, siendo necesaria para su consecucin la ms estrecha colaboracin con las Administraciones Pblicas, en cuanto todo ello se
enmarca dentro de las funciones que los Colegios Profesionales tienen
atribuidas mediante delegacin, al ser la Administracin Pblica la impulsora del necesario desarrollo legislativo.
Al hilo de lo anterior hemos de significar que, el Tribunal Constitucional
defini a los Colegios Profesionales como Corporaciones pblicas por
su composicin y organizacin, que sin embargo realizan una actividad
Ilmo Sr.
Jos Antonio
vila Olivares
que, en gran parte, es privada, aunque tengan atribuidas por Ley o delegadas algunas funciones pblicas.
Asimismo el Tribunal Supremo por su parte, ha afirmado que la Ley de
Colegios Profesionales de 1974, supuso, entre otras cosas, la consolidacin de una efectiva descentralizacin de determinadas funciones
administrativas en esas Corporaciones sectoriales de base privada, cuya organizacin es utilizada por la Administracin del Estado para el
cumplimiento de determinados fines que podran ser cumplidos tambin por sta, pero que al serlo por los Colegios se logra una economa
de medios siempre conveniente, aparte de la ventaja de aproximar la
gestin administrativa al ciudadano.
En el marco normativo de nuestra Comunidad Valenciana, es la Ley
6/1997, de Colegios Profesionales, la que dispone en su artculo 5,j)
que corresponde a los Colegios Profesionales ejercer cuantas funciones
le sean encomendadas por las Administraciones Pblicas, y colaborar
con stas mediante la realizacin de estudios, emisin de informes,
elaboracin de estadsticas, y otras actividades relacionadas con sus fines que pueden serles solicitadas o acuerden formular por su propia
iniciativa. En este mismo sentido, el artculo 7,i) de los Estatutos del
Colegio de Enfermera de Alicante, inscritos por Resolucin de la Consellera de Justicia y Administraciones Pblicas de 10 de diciembre de
1999.
Como desarrollo de lo hasta ahora dicho, la Orden de 27 de noviembre
Pgina 240
P gina 241
Pgina 242
indisolublemente
prctica
nuestro
dramos
juramento
En un mn canviant, subjecte a
tos,
tres
manente.
permanent.
majoritriament
per a la ciutadania.
una
disciplina
profesional
resumir
el
coneixements
de
tamb
forma
per
P gina 243
sociedad
de
rapidez inusitada.
rapidesa inusitada.
productes
drogues
plenamente
para
propias vidas.
incorpora
pautas
prescindibles
amb ma-
clarament
de
divers
nocius
disseny.
vides.
Pgina 244
tos.
nuestro
ca,
mercat,
tamb
La
economa
de
permeten
que
un
ampli
cada
dia
mscom,
oferisca
intercanvie
duals.
Y como mdicos que somos, de-
fer, i
satisfacer
poden
momentneamente,
satisfer
momentnia-
P gina 245
to o enfermedad.
i investigadors, integrats en la
en la Unidad de Evaluacin de
Tecnologas
esa
claredat expositiva.
tingueren
una
adoptada.
Pogurem
els pblics.
neixement
Sanitarias
de
clara
mdic
posici
dir
per
acumulat,
Pgina 246
conductuales,
aspectes
antropolgicos
conductuals,
antro-
de l'evidncia cientificomdica
dos.
nicament
en civilizaciones antiguas o en
nuestro pas.
moda
passatgera,
tre pas.
Estas prcticas, en muchos ca-
P gina 247
carlo.
los
del
inters, de valenta
ne d'inters, de valentia
practicantes
artistas
y de rigor
i de
condici,
ms convenients de salvaguar-
l'aportar
coneixe-
P gina 248
de sus congneres.
mbitos
recomen-
general,
territoriales,
perqu
amb
el
co-
dems.
Pgina 249
Si al final
decides hacerte
tatuar o
perforar
SIGUE LAS
DIEZ REGLAS
DE ORO
PROTEGE
TU
SALUD
P gina 250
Te aconsejamos que no te tates la cara, el cuello, ni el dorso de las manos. El tatuaje en estas zonas puede traerte consecuencias fsicas. Si te arrepientes al tiempo de haberte tatuado, es
un problema.
Una vez realizado, los cuidados del adorno son tu responsabilidad. Recuerda que ahora tienes una lesin, y como tal hay que
cuidarlo de por vida, recurriendo a los consejos e indicaciones del
especialista.
Y SOBRE TODO
PIENSA EN LOS RIESGOS QUE TODO TATUAJE O PERFORADO TIENE
SI NO LO TIENES MUY CLARO, DJALO ESTAR
P gina 251
AVANCES
PREPARATORIOS
DE LA
UNIN EUROPEA
PARA UNA
NORMATIVA
SOBRE
PERFORACIN
Y
TATUAJES
Hace relativamente poco tiempo, en el seno de los pases que componen la Unin Europea, se han desarrollado encuentros tendentes a configurar y avanzar normativas europeas que asegurasen y protegieran a
los ciudadanos de la Unin, de los riesgos que las prcticas de perforado y tatuaje conllevan.
Para dicho fin se han realizado diversas reuniones tcnicas en donde se
han puesto en comn conocimientos epidemiolgicos, clnicos y normativos que se avanzan para estas materias.
Con este tipo de reuniones y encuentros, as como con los trabajos que
en ellos se realizan, se consigue estar en mejor disposicin para la elaboracin de una regulacin comn para toda la Unin, que permita la
mayor efectividad posible en la proteccin de la salud de la ciudadana
de los estados que la componen.
Este tipo de talleres, y reuniones, establecidas en diversas materias
necesarias de regulacin europea, se estn teniendo tambin en el especfico campo del tatuaje y el perforado corporal. Es pues el germen
de lo que puede ser una norma definitiva y que pueda asegurar la mejor proteccin de los ciudadanos y consumidores europeos tambin en
este campo.
En las pginas siguientes, se exponen los ltimos trabajos desarrollados en el seno de la Comisin Europea, para el desarrollo de esta regulacin que en el mbito Europeo garantice la seguridad de los productos, procedimientos, maniobras y dispositivos humanos y materiales
que entran en contacto con el consumidor de estas prcticas.
Pgina 252
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
DIRECTORATE GENERAL JRC
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE
Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP)
Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit (PCE)
Workshop
On
T echnical/scientific and
regulatory issues on the
safety of tattoos, body
piercing and of related
practices
organised by the JRC/PCE/IHCP
on behalf of Directorate General for
Health and Consumer Protection
(DG SANCO)
Ispra (VA), Italy
6-7 May 2003
Proceedings
(5 May Version 1.1)
edited by
D. Papameletiou, D. Schwela and A. Zeni
Ispra, 5 May 2003
Pgina 253
Pgina 254
Positive
&
Pgina 255
the
safety
data,
epidemiology,
of
tattooing
dyes
and
ings have been held at the JRC, Ispra on December 16th 2002, in
Brussels on January 28th 2003 and in Amsterdam on March 18th 19th.
Pgina 256
activities
across the EU. In this light. we are confident, the present workshop will
open the avenues to pragmatic and efficient solutions.
Pgina 257
and
regulatory
issues of tattoos,
above issue.
Subsequently reflection is
Consumer
Affairs,
Health
and
European
Consumer
Commis-
Protection,
Di-
rectorate General and the Council of Europe, Partial Agreement Division in the Social and Public Health Field.
- Introduction
In
order
to
understanding
tighten
by
the
bonds
of
co-operation
and
mutual
the Council of
related
Pgina 258
in
1959
of
health
sumer in its widest sense and adding to the rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities. Partial Agreements allow the active engagement and co-operation of a certain number of all Council of
Europe Member States in a specific field of interest and concern. I
would like to point out that Partial Agreements can only be concluded
with the consent and acknowledgement of all other Council of Europe
Member States. May I refer you to a renowned example of a
Partial Agreement -which is the European Pharmacopoeia Convention.
Dedicated Committees of experts are working currently within the
Council of Europe Public Health sector on the following topics of Pub-
Pgina 259
of
the
It goes
Pgina 260
for
Agreement Member
States
have performed during 2000 and 2001 studies on the chemical and
microbiological purity of products used for tattoos and permanent
makeup. Based on
opened and even
findings of microbiological
sealed
chemical substances
outlines
the
containers,
the
contamination of
presence
of
harmful
Pgina 261
Pgina 262
Pgina 263
Teens in general
Students
Pgina 264
Military Recruits
In the USA a study (Rooks JK et al. Minn Med 2000; 83:24-27) surveying patients presenting to a hospital emergency department found
the following tattooing prevalence data for different age groups:
- 16-35 years old: 35%
- 36-50 years old: 28%
- 51-55 years old: 6%
1.7
of
suicides.
D.
et
al.
Affect
Disord
2000
Aug;59(2):165-8
Pgina 265
Presentations
and
expert
panel
discussions
of
the
first
day
Ninety-five per
cent said they had seen patients with a complication resulting from a
piercing
- In France between 10% and 20% of all piercings are reported to
lead to a local infection
2.1
and deaths
- Milano, muore dopo il piercing giovane ucciso dall'epatite. Ventiquattro anni, si era fatto bucare sulla lingua -Sirchia ordina ispezioni dei
Nas in tutta Italia, Republica, 13 Marzo 2003
- Promising musician Daniel Hindle 17, died in December 2001 of septicaemia - two months after he visited a Sheffield studio to have a ring
fitted to his lip. The A-level student, who had battled against a potentially fatal heart condition since birth, fell ill just days after the piercing
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2798441.stm
- An 18-year-old woman who came to the emergency room at LDS
Hospital in the USA
Pgina 266
COUNCIL
OF
EUROPE/
COMMITTEE
OF
MINISTERS
- Regulatory Review
(JRC)
Working papers on policy options:
- Positive & negative list (Norwegian Food Control Authority)
- Risk Assessment (Dutch Inspectorate for Health Protection)
- Authorisation & Registration (Danish EPA & CHEMTOX A/S)
- Education & Skills (National Consumer Agency, Finland)
- Hygiene Practices (Dutch Inspectorate for Health Protection & GC&GD
Amsterdam)
Outlook: Implementation needs to be supported by
- Prevalence & epidemiology studies
- R&D on photo-toxicology, blood and lymphatic transport mechanisms, development of alternative pigments/chemicals etc
- Risk monitoring and communication tools
Pgina 267
cos diffuso negli ultimi anni che non desta pi stupore. Tuttavia, sarebbe opportuno porsi alcune domande per comprendere meglio il linguaggio e i messaggi che gli adolescenti veicolano attraverso il corpo.
Perch i tatuaggi sono cos diffusi- Perch molti giovani desiderano
conficcarsi nella pelle delle orecchie, del sopracciglio, dellombelico
Pgina 268
le
decorazioni
moniale,
le
momenti
importanti
hanno
uno
scopo
modificazioni permanenti
della
vita
un
di
principalmente
segnano
un
ceri-
generalmente
individuo. Liniziazione
tutte le societ tribali. Essa segna la transizione da un periodo di relativa incoscienza legata agli
allacquisizione
di
cimento
condizione
della
doloroso
un
istinti
controllo
civile.
delle
originari
emozioni
Tramite
un
(linfanzia),
con
il riconos-
passaggio
violento
ta, momento che rester impresso sul corpo per tutta la vita. Fra le
pratiche pi antiche di cui siamo a conoscenza annoveriamo
forme di
denti.
pio
Diversi
sono
popoli
interessati,
come
ad
esem-
digeni del Borneo, gli esquimesi, le donne dellIndia, i popoli arabi fino
ad arrivare ai recenti gruppi punk.
Come si legge in Segni indelebili, il bel saggio della semiologa Betti Marengo sullargomento, negli ultimi trenta anni, invece la Body art si
diffusa uniformemente fra i giovani e non sta pi a simboleggiare
lappartenenza a gruppi particolari o emarginati. Allinizio degli anni
Settanta tatuaggi e piercing cominciarono a diffondersi negli Stati
Uniti, ma ad averli addosso erano ancora in pochi. Dagli anni Ottanta
in poi il tatuaggio divenne il contrario di
Pgina 269
Nazionale
sulla
Sesso
Hai un piercing?
Si
No
Totale
Fonte: Eurispes.
Totale
Maschio
14,4
85,6
100,0
Femmina
25,6
74,4
100,0
20,3
79,7
100,0
Tabella 2
Giovani che hanno applicato un piercing sul proprio corpo in
Italia, per area geografica
Anno 2002.
Valori percentuali
Hai un
piercing?
Si
No
Totale
NordOvest
26,3
73,7
100,0
NordEst
14,3
85,7
100,0
Centro
22,0
78,0
100,0
Sud
18,2
81,8
100,0
Isole
19,9
80,1
100,0
Totale
20,3
79,7
100,0
Pgina 270
Hai un tatuaggio?
Si
No
Totale
Fonte: Eurispes.
Sesso
Maschio
7,2
92,8
100,0
Femmina
5,7
94,3
100,0
Totale
6,6
93,4
100,0
Tabella 4
Giovani che hanno tatuaggi sul proprio corpo, per area geografica Anno
2002.
Valori percentuali
Hai un
Tatuaggio?
Si
No
Totale
Fonte: Eurispes.
Nord
Oest
7,4
92,6
100,0
Nord
Est
4,6
95,4
100,0
Centro
Sud
Isole
Totale
6,3
7,5
7,1
93,7 92,5 92,9
100,0 100,0 100,0
6,6
93,4
100,0
Pgina 271
identificherebbero
emozioni
sen-
sazioni.
Questi
maniera
nel
dolore
lunica
riteniamo
anni
che
frequentano
licei,
istituti
tecnici e scuole darte del territorio milanese. Gli adolescenti affermano che prima viene il piercing e poi il tatuaggio, poich
questultimo una cosa che resta. Il piercing sembra avere un valore prevalentemente di esibizione, mentre il tatuaggio vissuto come il
segno di una tappa raggiunta nello sviluppo di una persona, un modo
per dare il carattere di durevolezza ad un momento o ad un episo-
Pgina 272
Lespandersi
al
delle
loro
controllo
pratiche
alla
loro
di modificazione
immunologo
prodotti
Pgina 273
dellorecchio pu causare gravissime condriti, ovvero mandare in necrosi tutta la parte interessata. Le scarificazioni invece possono provocare cheloidi, ovvero le cicatrici possono superare le dimensioni della ferita vera e propria
ginabili.
Un
altro
con
problema
effetti
deturpanti
legato
facilmente
imma-
di tatuaggi e piercing a
Il suo studio
fenomeno,
fissando
standard
norme
Pgina 274
il
Ministero, occorre aver frequentato corsi di 30 ore. Nellattesa dei corsi, gli interessati devono chiedere
interessati,
le
rischio
la
salute
di
imperversano
tutti.
Tra
le
dilettanti
che
mettono
regioni allavanguardia, se
Con una norma apposita, infatti (la UNI EN 1810), il Comitato europeo
di normazione (Cen) ha stabilito che per evitare irritazioni cutanee o,
peggio, lesioni allepidermide, gli oggetti metallici inseriti in parti perforate del corpo devono avere una percentuale massima di nichel compresa fra lo 0,03% e lo 0,07%. Questo a prescindere dal metallo base
utilizzato per realizzare il piercing, che pu essere acciaio, alluminio, titanio, rame, argento o oro. La norma stabilisce anche il metodo con cui
la misurazione della percentuale di nichel nel piercing deve essere effettuata in laboratorio. Una regola, al momento, lasciata alla libera
adesione di ogni singolo paese, ma anche dei produttori di gioielli che
vorranno offrire maggiore sicurezza ai loro clienti. Il Prof. Sergio Chimenti, direttore della clinica dermatologica dellUniversit Tor Vergata
di Roma, commenta con soddisfazione larrivo del marchio europeo,
considerato che sono circa tre milioni gli italiani a rischio allergia da
piercing.
Alcune brevi conclusioni
La pratica di modificare il proprio corpo con metodi pi o meno tradizionali o invasivi si sta sempre pi diffondendo tra i giovani ed in parti-
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Session I
Technical/scientific issues: health
effects & risks
6th May 2003
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Auxiliary ingredients
Introduction (working paper on behalf of the JRC/TWG) / main features of the products
n the following a survey is given as concerns the chemical composition
of products applied for tattooing and permanent makeup purposes.
On the basis of product information collected by different means in the
marketplace the authors recognise that these products, like most other
products meant to confer a colour to a substrate, consists mainly of
chemicals that absorb visible light - i.e. the actual colorants - and
some auxiliary ingredients that are of different kinds.
The colorants fall in two subgroups; pigments and dyes (According
to the
American Dry Color Manufacturers Association pigments are any coloured, black, white
or fluorescent particulate solid, which is insoluble in, and essentially unaffected by, the
vehicle or substrate in which it is incorporated. It will alter the appearance of an object
by the selective absorption and/or scattering of light. A pigment will retain a crystal or
particulate structure throughout the colouring process. Dyes on the other hands are
soluble colorants either in water or in some organic non-polar solvent. In other words:
Whereas a pigment refers to a colorant that is insoluble in the medium in which it is applied, a dye is a colorant that is soluble in its applicable medium. If the solubility in water
is less than 1 mg /mL at 22 oC a chemical compound is generally characterised as insoluble. Its observed that pigments are generally considered to be insoluble in water according to this standard. However, it has been shown that at least some pigments are in
fact soluble or slightly soluble in water - and most can be solved in some other solute)
Normally, it seems, they are making up the bulk of the product; concentrations being well above 50% (w/w).
When dyes are being used they are in combination with - or blended
with - small amounts of a stabiliser that most often is the very stable
and water insoluble salt Barium sulphate (a white pigment).
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sulphides, se-
lenides) or organic molecules of different kinds(These are organic molecules that share
many physico-chemical properties with the disperse, solvent and mordant dyes with
respect to molecular size, structure and hydrophobic property).
ganic molecules.
As concerns the products applied for the traditional tattooing purposes
pigments seems to be
high light stability and are chemically resistant - especially the metallic
salts. This is favourable having in mind that a tattoo is meant to last a
lifetime. The stabilised dyes seems to occur mostly in the PMU products - but are used to some extent also in the traditional products.
The pigment particle size is critical giving only the desired colour and
transparency if the size is well defined and controlled (Pigments
are pre-
sent in a microcrystalline particulate state with a very fine mesh (1 m and often even
smaller than 0.5 m) when being used in certain industrial colouring products like for
example paint, ink, or products that set colour to plastic materials like PVC. Its presumed that this is the case also as concerns the material going into tattooing and PMU)
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A content of
provided
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Colour
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
Coloring material
Cobalt blue (*) and indigo
Trivalent chromic oxide, hydrated chromium sesquioxide
Mercury sulphide (cinnabar)
Cadmium sulphide, ochre (**), curcuma yellow (curcumine)
Purple
Manganese (***)
(*):
Cobaltous aluminate (**): Ferric oxide
(***): Some nonidentifiable manganese salt
The literature referred to by de Groot et al are more than 15 years old
- and in addition the problematic tattoos dealt with were several years
old at the time of reporting (since, normally, there is a delay of many
years from the tattoo is made to the outbreak of a reaction).
Researchers at the Saarland University in Germany undertook an investigation in 1988 in order to find out what colors were in use at that
time. They detected nine different dyes - but couldnt see any trace of
the metals mercury, cadmium or chromium in their analysis. They were
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analysis of biopsies from red tattoos in eighteen patients who had developed cutaneous inflammatory responses (Sowden 1991).
In 1997 the authors Waldmann et al conveyed the view that:
In
While in the past these reactions have been ascribed to mercury salts
(cinnabar) and cadmium sulphide, now synthetic azo dyes have also
been found to be responsible for such reactions (Waldmann 1997).
A search on the Internet the indicated that the following coloring material are mentioned by tattooing
Cadmium
red
(cadmium
artists
selenide),
(Steve
Sienna
Gilbert
1997):
(Fe2O3), Sandalwood
been
based
on
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Colour index
(CI) (1)
11741
12150
12315
12355
12420
Pigment yellow 74
Solvent red 1
Pigment red 22
Pigment red 23
Pigment red 7
12475
12477
12510
13015
15850:1
15850:2
16035
16255
19140
21107:1
21160
42090
45170
45380
45430
47005
73360
73900
73915
74160
74260
74265
75510
Pigment blue 15
Pigment green 7
Pigment green 36
Natural red 22/23
class
-----------, Ca salt
--, Ba salt
Azo
Azo
---Xanthene
-Indigoid
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77489
77491
77492
77499
77510
77742
77891
Pigment blue 29
(Ultramarine blue)
Pigment black 6 and 7
(graphite)
Pigment green 17
Aluminosulfosilicate
Pure carbon
Trivalent
chromium oxide
Iron (II) oxide
Pigment brown 6 and 7Iron (III) oxide
Pigment red 101 and
102
Pigment brown 6 and Hydrated ferric
7
oxide
Pigment yellow 42
and 43
Pigment brown 6 and 7Iron oxide
Pigment black 11
Pigment blue 27
Ferric
(Prussian blue)
ferrocyanide
Pigment violet 16
Ammonium
(Manganese Violet)
manganese(3+) diphosphate
Pigment white 6
Titanium
dioxide
Yes
Yes
Yes, on condition
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes, on condition
Yes
Yes
(1): According to the Rowe Colour Index having been produced the Society of Dyers and
Colourists , Bradford, UK
(2): This is according to the Annex V of the Cosmetics Directive of the EU
Colour
index (CI)
11680
11741
12315
12355
12475
12485
12510
15630
21108
21110
21115
21160
51319
71105
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77266
77288
77489
77491
77492
77499
77891
77941
Indigoid
Quinoacridine
Pigment red 122
-Pigment blue 15
Phthalocyanine
Pigment green 7
-Pigment red 15
Aluminium
silicium
oxide
Pigment black 6 and Pure car7 (graphite)
bon
Pigment green 17
Trivalent
chromium
oxide
Iron (II)
oxide
Pigment brown 6
Iron (III)
and 7 Pigment red oxide
101 and 102
Pigment brown 6
Hydrated
and 7
ferric
Pigment yellow 42 oxide
and 43
Pigment brown 6
Iron oxide
and 7
Pigment black 11
Pigment white 6
Titanium
dioxide
Pigment white 4
Zinc oxide
Yes
No (only in rinse-offs)
No (only in rinse-offs)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes, on condition
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colors reported by the Danish authorities that are used for traditional tattooing
CI
11680
11741
11767
11780
12474
12475
12485
12510
51319
71105
74160
74260
77266
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77491
77891
bon
Iron (III)
oxide
Titanium
dioxide
Yes
Yes
dyes
practices because all colorants inserted will after all be removed from
the body in 4 -7 years time due to the constant renewing of the epidermis (constant shedding off of skin).
As many as 16 of the 28 organic colorants encountered are of the azo
type and may possibly
matic amines may be metabolically activated with the result that cancer precipitates. The first step involves N- hydroxylation and N-acetylation, and the second step
involves O-acylation yielding acyloxy amines. These compounds can degrade to form
highly reactive nitrenium and carbonium ions. These electrophilic reactants may readily
bind covalently to genetic material, namely cellular DNA and RNA (Brown & DeVito,
1993). Comparatively few aromatic amines are, however, classified carcinogenic within
the framework of the EU Chemicals regulations. The food-related ones (among others
the 3 encountered in this study that is; CI 16035, 16255, 19140) have been very thoroughly investigated and presently they seem freed for suspicion of being carcinogens).7
that
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87
and
dichlorobenzidine.
the
Pigment
The
orange
amines
16
and
that
the
contain
other
3,3-
metabolites
of
non-azo dye
that
are
banned in cosmetics
chemical nature
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that also trace levels may possibly be troublesome when present in live tissues. All Cdsalts have been classified as carcinogenic compounds. IARC:
compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). CdCl (which is also genotoxic) has a
TD50 as low as 0,00611 mg/kg body weight per day
(Cheeseman E et al 1999)
meaning that an exposure level as exceedingly low as 10-7 mg/Kg body weigh per day
involves a lifetime risk of cancer of 10-5 (regarded as an acceptance level in some of the
Partial Agreement States).
The Dutch authorities analyzed also for other metals the salts of which
have been identified as tattooing ingredients - notably manganese
(Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and barium (Ba).
Mn: Four of the samples contained relatively much: 220, 710, 1500
and 3000 ppm, whereas the rest were in the range 0,01 - 41 ppm.
Possibly at least some of the four high-level samples contained a genu-
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ppm.
None
of the
bodyweight /day meaning that they are all rather potent (genotoxic) carcinogens)
Amine
o-Anisidine
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
4-Chloro-o-toluidine
3,3-dichlorobenzidine
5-nitro-o-
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(preservative)
http://www.starlightcalifornia.com/catai4.html).
Isopropanol:
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1 out of 12 products
Neodecanoic acid
1 out of 12 products
Butanamid
1 out of 12 products
Amorphous silica
1 out of 12 products
Kaolin
1 out of 12 products
Traditional tattooing products
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azo pigments of
the
cytochrome
course,
radically
P450
and
NAD
(P)H-quinone
are,
of
that the tests established enables one to identify hazardous azo colorants - and that one is erring on the safe side in that respect.
The results obtained in the Dutch analytical study could also be interpreted to mean that the azo compounds havent been reductively
cleaved to a noticeable extent - but that the material analysed contained heavily contaminated colorants.
Dr Baeumler and co-workers have found that ordinary tattooing colorants appear to be heavily contaminated by reactants and by-products
occurring in the chemical method applied for production of the colorants.
(To be finalized by including the contributions by Dr Vasold/Baeumler)
Availability of high purity materials
Background
At the expert team meeting in Amsterdam on 18 & 19 March 2003, the
purity of the pigments being used in the production of tattoo colours
were discussed. In the light of these discussions, it was decided to try
to form a general overview of the present purity criteria of colorants
available at the European market.
Extent
The following pigment producers have been involved in this investigation:
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Inorganic impurities
Organic impurities
0,5 % of intermediate
amines;
Synthetic organic colouring matter should contain not more than 4
% of accessory colouring matters (isomers, homologues etc.);
Sulphonated organic colouring matters should contain not more than
0,2 % of substances extractable by diethyl ether.
Colorants approved for food (and also approved for use in cosmetics):
These colorants have to meet the individual purity demands mentioned
in annex 2.
Availability of pigments for use in food and cosmetics
Five out of six pigment producers involved in this investigation produce
pigments meeting the demands in the food and cosmetics directives.
This means that you
as a pigment purchaser,
pigments meeting the demands for cosmetics and/or food colours from
these suppliers. It has to be mentioned that you also from the same
supplier can buy the same pigments in a not purified quality and that
they have the same C.I. number. But they are due to the lower purity
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12150
13015
Conven-
Purity criteria
general
Water insoluble parts
<0.2 % Accessory col-
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15630
Pigment red 49
49
no
15850:1
no
16035
Pigment red
57:1
Pigment red
57:2
Food red 17
16255
Acid red 18
E 124
19140
Acid yellow 23
15850:2
42090
no
General
no
General
E 102
no
45380
Acid
blue 9
Acid red 87
45430
Acid red 51
E 127
47005
Acid yellow 3
E 104
no
The pigment
should be
more than 80
% pure.
Other specific
demands see
annex 2.
The pigment
should be
more than 85
% pure.
Other specific
demands see
annex 2.
general
general
Max 1%
Fluorescein
and max 2
% monoflourescein
The pigment
should be
more than 87
% pure.
Other specific
demands see
annex 2.
The pigment
should be
more than 70
% pure.
Other specific
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73360
74160
74260
77007
77015
77266
77288
Pigment red
181
Pigment blue
15
Pigment
green 7
Pigment blue
29
Pigment red
15
Pigment
black 6 and 7
Pigment green
17
no
demands see
annex 2
general
no
general
no
general
no
general
no
general
no
general
no
Should be
without
chromate
ion
general
77489
Ironoxide
E 172
77491
Pigment brown
6 and 7, pigment red101
and 102
E 172
77492
Pigment brown
6 and 7, pigment yellow 42
and 43
E 172
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77499
Pigment brown
6 and 7, pigment black 11
77510
Pigment blue
27
no
77742
Pigment violet
16
Pigment white
6
no
77891
77941
Pigment white
4
Should be
without cyanide ion
general
E 171
Content not
less than
99% TiO2 on
silicate and
alumina free
basis. Other
specific demands see
annex 2.
general
no
Conclusion
Today there's an unambiguous regulation for the colorants being approved for use in cosmetics and food. Apart from the demands to
the
colorant's
chemical
identity,
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High ear piercing seems to have a higher risk for infection, most likely
attributably to to the avascular nature of the auricular cartilage. Infection at this site results in auricular perichondritis which often leads
to the loss of cartilage and to an unsightly deformity known as cauliflower ear, which has a poor chance of a good reconstruction. The typical postpiercing chondritis deformity presents as a structural collapse
Pgina 313
irritation
or
chipping
may
cause
gingivo-dental
injury,
bleeding,
cosmetically
and
scar
formation
that
will
be
difficult
to
treat
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as
adolescents
and
and
young
in
adults.
population
subgroups,
Not surprisingly, a
2002; Roberts and Ryan 2002). The infectious disease risks associated
with tattooing and piercing have been extensively reviewed (eg. Beerman and Lane 1954; Long and Rickman 1994) and case reports and
epidemiological studies (eg. Delage et al 1999; Nishioka et al 2002;
2003) continue
to advance scientific
concern
will inform health policy, especially with respect to blood donor eligibility.
There is rigorous scientific evidence documenting the association
of several transfusion- transmitted infectious diseases and tattooing.
These include hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection and syphilis
(Nishiola and Gyorkos 2001).
for other diseases as well (most notably, HIV infection). Epidemiological research provides a rigorous methodological framework in which
to assess the nature and magnitude of the association between
tattooing and infectious diseases. The dynamic nature of both disease
outcomes and exposures necessitates a periodic re-evaluation of the
association between risk behaviours such as tattoos and the occurrence
of infectious diseases. We therefore sought to update information on
tattoos and infectious diseases of local public health concern in Brazil
(ie. hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection, HIV infection, syphilis
and Chagas disease) and to provide additional evidence for current
Pgina 316
Canada
hospital (the Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlandia) in Uberlandia, Brazil was chosen as the study site. Inclusion criteria among the exposed (tattooed) group were: older than 18 years of
age, admitted to the hospital for at least 12 hours or visiting the outpatient department or the blood bank, having at least one ornamental
tattoo, and consented to participate.
exposed (non-tattooed) group were the same except for the presence
of an ornamental tattoo.
matched to the exposed group on the basis of age (+/- 10 years), sex
and presenting complaint. The single exclusion criterion was the presence of any intellectual or physical condition that made it impossible to
provide information. Recruitment proceded from April 1998 to January
2000.
The
primary exposure of interest was the presence of at least one ornamental tattoo.
Pgina 317
rately and then for at least one of the outcomes. Results of univariate
analyses informed the development of multivariate models (unconditional logistic regression). Where correlation between variables was
high, one of the variables was selected to be included in the model.
All analyses were carried out using SAS programs (SAS Institute, Cary,
NC, USA).
A total of 345 (182 tattooed and 163 non-tattooed) subjects were
recruited.
HBV 15.4%,
HCV 9.9%, HIV 8.4%, syphilis 5.0% and Chagas disease 2.9%. The
prevalences in the tattooed group and the non-tattooed group as well
as crude and adjusted odds ratios are shown in Table 1. All prevalences except for Chagas disease were higher in the tattooed group
compared to the non-tattooed group. Statistically significant associations were found between tattoos and HCV (OR= 6.41; 95%CI: 1.29,
31.84), and between tattoos and having at least one test positive for
any one disease (OR= 2.05; 95%CI: 1.11, 3.81). No other statistically significant associations were found although odds ratios for HBV,
HIV and syphilis infections were above one. Despite some large (adjusted) odds ratios (eg. 6.46 for HIV infection), the large confidence intervals indicate that the sample size of the study may not have provided the opportunity for sufficient power to more precisely estimate
the odds ratios. Thus, these results are suggestive of additional associations which require corroboration in larger studies.
Among the tattooed, further analyses were undertaken to explore selected details of tattoos and their association with the disease outcomes (Tables 2 and 3).
These results suggest that certain types of tattoos are associated with
one or more of the study infections while some are not. These observations need to be replicated
in other countries.
useful evidence when tattooing criteria are considered in blood donors (Nishioka
et al
2002b).
within the screening process may provide a suitable substitute for obtaining self-reported information on other risky behaviours - which may
be more prone to reporting bias. Further research focusing on blood
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Table 2. Positive associations between tattoo location and design and HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis infections.
Exposure
Chest
Forearm
Forearm
Leg
Head
Dragon
Sun
Snake
Heart
Unicorn
Outcome
Odds ratio
Tattoo location
HBV
5.00
HCV
4.14
HIV
4.24
HIV
3.42
syphilis
32.80
Tattoo design
HBV
5.02
HCV
2.71
HIV
4.70
syphilis
5.00
syphilis
18.00
95% CI
2.19,
1.84,
1.62,
1.35,
6.31,
11.41
9.26
11.13
8.69
170.55
1.59,
1.05,
1.51,
1.09,
4.78,
15.82
6.91
14.52
21.85
67.79
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Outcome
toos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Epidemiol Infect 2002a;128:6371.
Nishioka S de A, Gyorkos TW, MacLean JD. Tattoos and transfusion-transmitted disease
risk: Implications for the screening of blood donors in Brazil.
2002b;6:172-180.
Nishioka S de A, Gyorkos TW.
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Roberts TA, Ryan SA. Tattooing and high-risk behavior in adolescents. Pediatrics 2002;
110:1058-1063.
Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Korelitz JJ. The risk of transfusion-transmitted
viral infections. New Engl J Med 1996;334:1685-1690.
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thus
if
one
searches
the
flammation, scars
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inert
process.
Even
years
later,
non-
specific macrophage activation as well as discrete (histological) inflammatory changes in an attempt to degrade the foreign material can
still be documented3.
lergic
or
This
non-allergic
may
result
in
clinically
relevant
al-
interval
before the reaction appeares varies between a few days and several
years. Allergic contact dermatitis was in most cases related to metal
salts (in permanent tattoos) and to (henna)-p-phenylenediamine (in
temporary tattoos). Lymphoid and granulomatous reactions,
even
treated
persons)
haven
been
from
customers
in
eczematous
and
reactions
in sensitized indi-
viduals. Often the red tattoo areas are quiescent for many years, and
then
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ammoniated
mercury
and
positive
patch-test
mercurochrome.
reaction
generalized
used as a
yellow pigment in tattoos, and these areas may itch and swell on exposure to sunlight. Experimental areas tattooed with cadmium sulfide
showed an erythematous reaction only when exposed to light of 3800,
4000, and 4500 A wavelengths. The swelling reaction to cadmium sulfide in yellow tattoos seems to be phototoxic. Occasionally commercial
red tattoo pigment shows traces of cadmium sulfide, which may induce a photosensitive reaction after exposure to sun.
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with
potential
long-
term consequences: Some people with this allergy also have trouble
with sulfa drugs14 and sunscreens based on PABA4, others may have
trouble
dyes11. And sensitization of children to PPD has even important consequences for their future choice of occupations, e.g.
hairdressing15.
may
frequently
be
followed
by
long-lasting hypopigmentation15. Mechanisms like photoleukomelanoderma due to pigment blockade, reduction of melanin synthesis, selective destruction of melanocytes, as well as Koebner-induced vitiligo
have been postulated.
Immediate
lesions
type-reactions,
and
manifesting
with
extensive
urticarial
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salts
in
cadmium, but also aluminium are known causative agents. An unknown substance in purple tattoo pigment has also been reported to
cause such a reaction19. Granulamatous reactions may be preceeded
by or associated with eczematous reactions. The lesion is usually nonitchy. Biopsy shows typical granulomas. These patients usually have
positive patch test reactions to the respective metallic salts.
Lichenoid reactions have been described in association with a permanent red tattoo, where nickel was suspected to play an etiologic
role20. Such reaction types have also been evoked by temporary tattoos21. Some tattoo reactions may mimick morphea histologically.
Pseudolymphomas and lymphadenosis benigna cutis as a result
of tattoos have occasionally been reported in the literature. They occur
mainly in reddish areas (mainly cinnabar), but have also been observed in blue (cobalt salts) and green (chrome salts) areas. . Granulomatous tattoo reactions can also be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis.
Urticaria in
cobalt chloride contained in the blue ink used for the tattoo. The patch
test was positive to cobalt chloride only; cobalt was thus believed to be
responsible for contact urticaria through a non-immunological mechanism. This argumentation however seems quite arbitrary.
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from
older
acupuncture
literature
needles
indicating
caused
that
nickel
contact eczema. In
reactions.
26-year-old
times),
that
had
remained
entirely
at
asymptomatic
difsince
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extensive
urticarial
reactions.
Prophylactic
treatment
sup-
tattoo
pigment causing
rapid
thermal
expansion
that
fragments pigment-containing cells and causes the pigment to become extracellular. This extracellular pigment is then recognized by the
immune system as foreign.
CO2
laser
allergic
laser
reaction
experts
containing
-
treatment
and
is
was
reported
to
cause
local
tattoo
warn,
pigments
that
laser
might
removal
induce
of
iron
and titanium-
granulomatous
reactions
thus contraindicated.
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popular
the advent of laser tattoo removal. As a result, observed adverse reactions within tattoos are likely to become more frequent, if there is no
regulation on the procedure of application, the employed inks, and the
techniques used for their removal. It is worrying, that tattoo salons are more and more advertising and offering tattoo removal.
Concluding remarks
Size of the problem
Allergic reactions resulting
are infrequent.
Absolute numbers are not known, but clinical experience does not indicate a major problem.
This is in contrast to the high numbers of problems associated with
temporary Henna tattoos.
Options for improved monitoring of health effects
Since
most
questionable
(almost
all)
tattoos
are
being
performed
under
hardly be
on
probably be more
helpful. For this purpose, no legislation is necessary. The voluntary approach seems more promising.
For this purpose it would be extremely helpful if one could offer the potentially affected persons some incentives such as
guaranteed anonymity
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waste removal,
tattoo removal
But: as mentioned above, there exists an excellent regulation in Austria, but nobody cares.
R&D needs
We need better data (see above)
Safe procedures have to be defined.
Safe products must be defined.
For all these purposes, a trusting cooperation with tattooists is essential.
References
1. Bundesgesetzblatt fr die Republik sterreich. 141. Verordnung ber Ausbungsregeln
fr das Piercen und Ttowieren durch Kosmetik(Schnheitspflege)-Gewerbetreibende.
14.2.2003 (www.bgbl.at)
2. Jacob CI: Tattoo-associated dermatoses: a case report and review of the literature,
Dermatologic Surgery 2002; 28:962-5
3. Muller KM; Schmitz I; Hupe-Norenberg L: Reaction patterns to cutaneous particulate
and ornamental tattoos, Pathologe 2002; 23:46-4. Fishers Contact Dermatitis, 4th ed.
Rietschel RL; Fowler JF Jr. Williams & Wilkins, 1995
5. Survey of chemical compounds in consumer products (2-2002). Investigation of pigments in tattoo colours. Lundsgaard J, Chemtox A/S. Danish Environmental Protection
Agency
6. Levy J; Sewell M; Goldstein N: A short history of tattooing, J Derm Surg Oncol 1979;
5: 851-4
7. Sulzberger MB; Tolmach JA: Allergic flare-up reactions in red tattooing: Observations
on development and subsidence of mercurial sensitivity and on allergic granulomatous
and sarcoid reactions, Hautarzt 1959; 10:110-5
8. Biro L; Klein WP: Unusual complications of mercurial (cinnabar) tattoo, Arch Dermatol
Pgina 331
Pgina 332
Pgina 333
hair
dye
eral
adverse
preparations,
reactions.
exposing
the
customers
to
sev-
achieved in young people, and even in children. In the following recently published case reports, we present
9 patients, of 7 presented
Pgina 334
ing a bangle on her right arm. Four weeks after its realization, a
flare-up arose, and the dermatitis that progressively disappeared
with scaling. Patch tests were done after total recovery with the same
allergens as patient n2. Positive reactions were seen to PPD, pAminophenol
m-Aminophenol
Toluene-2,5-
diamine,
2-Nitro-p-
phenylenediamine (hair dyes), Disperse Orange 1 and 3, Disperse Yellow 3 and Disperse Red 1 (textile dyes).
CASE N4
A 12-year-old girl had holidays in Mexico in April 2000. She had skin
tattoo on 14th April, and developed a sharply demarcated flare-up over
the painted dolphin, at least 10 days after she paint. Lesions were observed 19 days later. Patch testing revealed positive reactions to PPD
and Disperse Orange 3.
CASE N5
A 10 year-old girl did a journey in Tunisia in April 2000. A hairdresser
stained a pseudo-tattoo
Within a few minutes, she had a burning sensation that rapidly decreased. Lesions then became swelling and scaling, persisting for 2
months as said
2000 with a hyperchromic scar on her right arm. Patch tests were performed on both upper back and the tattoo area with PPD 1% pet. As
previously reported, they were applied during a short period, here 30
Pgina 335
CASE N6
This young woman was seen in August 1999. She had skin painting
representing a turtle in South of France with black henna in July. Mixture was applied and dried on her skin within 3 hours, and was then
removed with a tissue. Within 72 hours, she developed itching dermatitis, with vesicles that persisted for at least 15 days. Patch tests were
not performed.
CASES N7 AND N8
A 40-year-old hairdresser consulted in July 2000, for facial melasma.
During her holidays
on
her
right
Pgina 336
transient
patch test session can however indicate occult sensitization, like in patient n1.
In some people, allergic contact dermatitis may occur. This phenomenon has been
States, Middle East, Asian countries and mainly Egypt. Patients who
experience
flare-up
develop
an
inflammatory
itchy
oedema,
sharply demarcated and reproducing the paint. Delay for onset of dermatitis is around 1 to 2 weeks, which corresponds to time necessary to
induce active sensitization. As they are not worried by dermatitis, some
patients are not patch tested. So, the allergic nature of dermatitis and
the sensitizing agent remain frequently unknown. In patients formerly
sensitized by
skin
acute
allergic
skin paint
Pgina 337
and
vegetal
extracts
commonly
used
for
natural
hair
dyeing
are
sensitization
black henna
diaminobenzenes class,
largely
utilized in industrial or chemical applications is known as a strong delayed-type skin sensitizer, mainly by the way of hair dying in which it
has been used for more than hundred years in hair dying, and fast recognized as a potent cosmetic allergen since 1895 by Cathelineau. Ambulant artists, who claim using henna preparations or even black ink,
often use black henna (containing PPD) or commercial
preparations,
which
necessarily
contain
hair
dye
diaminobenzenes
(PPD
of allergy for
is possible to
other substances
contained in hair dyes used as skin painting preparations, like diaminotoluenes and aminophenols. Sensitivities were reported to toluene2,5-diamine
(p-toluene-diamine),
to
p-aminophenols,
other
diaminobenzenes
(ortho-,
The
meta-
and/or
m-
of
PPD
use
and
para-
product, and at 10% for diaminotoluenes (28). Their employ is forbidden for dying lashes or eyebrows, and moreover for a direct skin appli-
Pgina 338
prolonged
to Disperse Blue 106 and/or 124, the most currently positive textile
dyes, is unlikely since their chemical structure is very different to that
of PPD.
Finally, skin paints could induce sensitization in patients occupationally
exposed to PPD and derivatives.
dermatitis
with
dramatic
This
could
lead
to
occupational
other
aromatic
amines
and
aminophe-
Pgina 339
due
to
misappropriated
use
of
hair
dye preparations,
mainly by ambulant skin painters. Long term risks include acute allergic dermatitis after a hair dying, allergic contact dermatitis to some azo
dyes contained in synthetic fibres, or
References
Down AMR, Kirkup M. Minerva-photofinish. BMJ 1997;315:1722.
Wakelin SH, Creamer D, Rycroft RJG, White IR, McFaden JP. Contact dermatitis from
paraphenylenediamine used in a skin paint. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39:92-93.
Gallo R,
Ghigliotti
G,
Cozzani E,
Balestrero S.
Contact
(pseudotattooing)
with
black
henna,
mixture
of
henna
and
p-
Phenylenediamine. In: Rycroft RJG, Menn T, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin JP. Textbook of contact dermatitis. 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2001, 640-641.
WenningerJA, Canterbery RC, McEwen Jr GN, Eds. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 8th edition 2000. Washington DC: The cosmetic, toiletry and fragrance association, 2000.
Gupta BN, Mathur AK, Agarwal C, Singh A. Contact sensitivity to henna. Contact Dermatitis 1986;15:303-304.
Cathelineau M. Accidents provoqus par une teinture pour cheveux, base de chlorhydrate de paraphnylne-diamine. Bull Soc
Pgina 340
Pgina 341
pharmacologic
or
toxicologic
that
the
high
laser
The
results
showed
intensities
cleaved
both,
unknown
after
tattooing
admixtures
or
laser
treatment,
the
pigments,
sent in the skin but are additionally transported through the blood ves-
Pgina 342
products.
Moreover,
and
its
research
laser
has
to
induced
de-
be performed
origin
and
Pgina 343
the dermis to small particles of a few m in size. According to the principles of selective photothermolysis (12) the laser impulses show a
high intensity and an ultrashort pulse duration of a few nano seconds
(Q-switched
and the size of the tattoo particles are changed abruptly proven by histology (13).
However, the exact mechanisms of action regarding the destruction of
tattoo pigments are still unclear. After being absorbed in the pigment
molecule the energy of the laser light is either converted to heat or
breaks chemical bonds inside the molecule. The ultrashort heating
(~ns) of the pigment may lead to disruption of the pigment. At the
same time, the extremely hot surface of the pigment raise a rapid expansion of the surrounding water inducing a negative pressure and a
shock wave near to the surface of the pigment. As demonstrated for
a suspension of small particles in water these shock waves may help to
destroy the tattooed compounds (14).
As a response, a multitude of mechanisms may occur at the same
time. Particles pulverize and form a solution of
pigment
molecules.
Molecules can break up, resulting in decomposition products or molecular structure change. Due to fragmentation of the tattoo particles
small pigment particles, unknown decomposition products and newly
generated chemical compounds may then be removed from the skin
via lymphatic system. This mechanism induces a decrease of the colour
strength of the pigments responsible for a noticeable clearance of a
tattoo.
Since there is no clinical approval of the tattoo pigments punctured into
the skin, so far there are no investigations regarding the decomposition
products induced by laser therapy of tattoos. In view of the numerous
patients treated with these laser systems it is time to start investigations regarding chemical analysis of decomposition products of tattoo
pigments induced by high laser intensities.
Moreover, there are no investigations regarding the transport of the
Pgina 344
(22,24),
skin
surgical
using
salabrasion
(21,22),
cryosur-
the vessels. Thus, the application of laser pulses with a high intensity
(~ 107 W/cm) and an ultrashort pulse duration of a few nano seconds
is necessary to destroy the pigments inside the skin. Using such laser
pulses a
scarring.
Therefore, the removal of tattoos by laser irradiation is a widespread therapy used by physicians of different fields. It is estimated
that about 10 % of tattoos are removed by laser therapy leading to
millions of patients. Tattoos were treated using different laser systems
such as ruby lasers (694 nm), alexandrite lasers (755 nm) or Nd:YAG
lasers (532, 1064 nm) at the respective wavelength (29-31). In case
the laser light is absorbed in the pigment molecule the corresponding
energy is converted predominantly to heat leading to a substantial
increase of the temperature of the molecule and consequently inside
the pigment particle.
It is well known that azo pigments cleave thermally when a temperature of 280 C is achieved (32). Since shock waves were produced by
pigments after an ultra-short heating (10-9 s) using laser pulses it is
obvious that high temperatures inside the pigments were achieved
(14). Moreover, the laser irradiation
of
tattoo
skin leads to small explosions. Histology of the skin shows small vacuoles in places the pigments particles were located prior to irradiation
Pgina 345
products
dinal
Red,
increased
significantly.
When
using
deCar-
treatment is unknown
human body is
unknown
The amount of pigments and its admixtures outside the skin is unknown (e.g. lymph
nodes, liver)
There is nothing known about systemic health effects of tattoos, in
Pgina 346
in vitro
in human skin
transport mechanisms
Pgina 347
Sangueza OP, Yadav S, White CR Jr, Braziel RM. Evolution of B-cell lymphoma from
Zelickson BD, Mehregan DA, Zarrin AA, Coles C, Hartwig P, Olson S Leaf-Davis J
Clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural evaluation of tattoos treated with three laser systems. Lasers Surg Med 1994; 15:364-372.
14.
Sowden JM, Byrne JP, Smith AG, Hiley C, Suarez V, Wagner B, Slater DN. Red tat-
Goldberg HM. Tattoo allergy (letter) Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 98:1315-1316.
Nilles M, Eckert F. Pseudolymphoma following tattooing. Hautarzt 1990; 41:236-
238.
19.
van-der-Velden EM, van-der-Walle HB, Groote AD. Tattoo removal: tannic acid
Strong AM, Jackson IT. The removal of amateur tattoos by salabrasion. Br. J. Der-
Colver GB, Dawber RP. Tattoo removal using a liquid nitrogen cryospray. Clin Exp
Pgina 348
66:373-379.
25.
O'Donnell BP, Mulvaney MJ, James WD, McMarlin SL. Thin tangential excision of
autologous-cultured epithelium after excision of tattoos. Ann Plast Surg 1994; 33:385391.
27.
Arellano CR, Leopold DA, Shafiroff BB. Tattoo removal: comparative study of six
Reid R, Muller S. Tattoo removal by CO2 laser dermabrasion. Plast Reconstr Surg
1980; 65:717-728.
29.
Levine VJ, Geronemus RG. Tattoo removal with the Q-switched ruby laser and the
Fitzpatrick RE, Goldman MP. Tattoo removal using the alexandrite laser. Arch Der-
Kilmer SL, Lee MS, Grevelink JM, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR. The Q-switched Nd:YAG
laser effectively
treats
tattoos.
1993; 129:971-978.
32.
duced products in Salmonella typhimurium nitroreductase- and O-acetyltransferaseoverproducing Ames test strains. Mutation Research 1998;420:27-32
34. Huang QG et al. Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Chromosomal Aberrations in In Vitro Human Lymphocytes Induced by Substituted Nitrobenzenes. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1996;57:349-353.
Pgina 349
Health: Tattoo and Permanent Make-up Colorants. An exploratory examination of: Chemical and microbiological composition; - Legislation, Report no ND COS 012, November 2001)
2002. The conclusions of the study indicated that there were severe
risks to be expected after injection with PMU or tattoo colorants. These
risks were sue to microbiological contamination with high levels of micro-organisms and carcinogenic amines. It was also clear that the hygiene working conditions at the shops were bad. Also there was a total
lack of knowledge about the colorants at the importers and producers.
The Ministry made an inventory of the importers of tattoo and PMU
colorants as well as their branch organisations. Also an inventory was
made of the user branch organisations (the beauticians and tattooists).
Legal Basis: The Ministry of Welfare decided legislation should
be made by the Dutch Government. Waiting for Brussels seemed
not to be realistic, since several documents (Council of Europe, Germany) were sent to the commission years before without result. The
first draft was made within two month. This draft was intensive discussed with all involved national and
the
PMU
and
tattoo
branch
local
governmental
organisations,
the
bodies,
user organisa-
Pgina 350
since they realise there are a lot of bad shops and importers.
The second draft excluded
would
cause
an
enormous
of
these
hygienic
regula-
system, and that this aspect has to be discussed extensively with the
enforcement organisations before. Since the Ministry did not wanted to
wait with the legislation, it was
practices/inspections are
/jurisdictions(Joan
must be sterile.
Pgina 351
safety
requirements
on
chemicals/materials
used
(summary):
- do contain or release aromatic amines and other substances listed in
an annexes I and II of the draft text.
- do not contain substances listed in appendix IV of the directive
76/768/EEC of the Council of 27 July 1976 (columns 2-4).
Pgina 352
Pgina 353
Session II
Regulatory issues
7th May 2003
Pgina 354
Country
EU
Pgina 355
GERMANY
GREECE
IRELAND
ITALY
LUXEMBOURG
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
Pgina 356
THE
NETHERLANDS
UK
NORWAY
SWITZERLAND
USA16
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
14 Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom
15 See http://www.bgbl.at
16 See presentation by S. Bell, US FDA in these proceedings
17 2002 Health Policy Tracking Service, National Conference of State Legislatures: State
Activity: Tattooing and Body Piercing
18 OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, http://www.oshaslc.gov/OshStd_data/1910_1030.html
19 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/99vol25/25s3/index_f.html
20 http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/phd/standardsofpractice/tattooing.htm
21 http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/phd/infectious_disease/regulations/index.htm
Pgina 357
existes
Pgina 358
contaminated - seven of them to a serious degree. Azo colorants containing carcinogenic amines were identified in ten samples (17%).
On
the
basis
of
their
worrying
findings
the
Dutch
authorities
artists,
beauty
manu-
salons
practicing
facturers supplying
permanent
make-up
and
also
tion is that under the conditions of the expected application and use,
tattoo- and PMU products should not endanger the health or safety of man and environment. The draft resoolution shares many
essential concepts with the Directive (76/768/EC).
The draft resolution applies to pre-marketing risk evaluation, composition and labelling of the products used for tattoos and PMU, conditions of application of tattoos and PMU and obligatoy information
on specific health risks to the general public and the consumers. The
draft of the current resolution is based on the negative list approach,
however foresees explicitly a revision once it is possible to establish a
reasonably large positive list.
Pgina 359
Pgina 360
sections
and
the
delegations
of
the
Public
Health
Pgina 361
is guaranteed by the Ministero delle Attivit Produttive and by the Ministero della Salute
di Sanit
purpose to implement
good practices
Pgina 362
As
regards
(Nucleo
the
topic
of
tattoos
and
piercing,
the
basis of an agreement
with targeted actions.
control
Structures
(Hospitals,
Physi-
cians, First Emergency etc) where the patient is under medical care.
A
recent
survey
published
by
EURISPES
(January
2003,
(14,4%).
Also
data
about
geographic
of
distribution
the
have
Pgina 363
Pgina 364
Policy Options
JRC/TWG Working Papers
Pgina 365
product normally
contain also certain amounts of auxiliary ingredients like solvents, vehicles and additives. Vehicles provide stability like anti-agglomerating
properties, fastness to
light,
Pgina 366
practice makes good use of them for example in connection with breast
cancer surgery, they cannot be considered necessities. They are,
therefore, not any different from most other consumer products as
concerns the question of whom is primarily responsible for the safety in
use. In principle this responsibility should rest primarily if not entirely
with the marketers of the ready-to-use tattoo/PMU products - and as
well as with professionals that place tattoos/PMUs on customers. The
situation could be compared to that pertaining to for example ready-touse hairdressing
products
and
hairdressers.
The
role
of the au-
thorities is to provide adequate science based regulations and to control that these are respected.
Ideally, the placing of a chemical on either positive or negative lists
ought to be done on the basis of risk evaluations that take account of
the dose of material being placed within the skin layers
(injected).
Pgina 367
Right from the start a feasible positive list should contain enough
official
regulations
will
also
respect
are
probably in their hundreds although only 41 have been identified this far by the Council
of Europe Committee of Experts on Cosmetic Products)
Part 1 and a Part 2 list. The Part 1 list displays chemicals that have
been authorised for (restricted) use on a more or less permanent basis. The Part 2 list shows some chemicals that are permitted on a temporary basis until enough knowledge of their safety in use have been
harvested to decide whether to delete them or to move them to the
Part 1 list. The experience with the Part 2 list is that the chemicals on it
reside there for very many years because of lack of progress in finding
out about their safety in use. Although the use of the Part 2 temporary
list has recently come in use again in connection with the establishing
of a positive list on hair dyes, the incentives have for a long time been
to try to abolish the use of them because of the disadvantages mentioned (lack of progress). Its presupposed; therefore, that one doesnt
establish a Part 1/ Part 2 model as concerns the tattooing/PMU products.
Advantages
To the best of abilities and within the limits of toxicological knowledge and technology one could trust that only safe colorants (auxiliary
ingredients) will be applied in legally sold products.
are not burdened with having to carry out safety assessments on their
Pgina 368
age that in the long run the branch would progressively be better able to sort out on
their own which chemical to use and not to use for safety reasons. This is because of the
of the safety assessment/dossier requirement under this regime. The knowledge harvested over time under this regime could possibly be utilised to establish a feasible positive list in the end of the day without violating the responsibility principle too much)
On the basis of present day toxicological/ clinical knowledge its uncertain whether any
Except for the establishing of the list the responsibility for having
Pgina 369
in the field of
cosmetics. There are reasons to fear, though, that many of them will
behave even less responsible than some of those within the field of
cosmetics. Also, many will simply not have the resources to look
their
products
after
Pgina 370
all
the
consideration.
Its a prerequisite that those responsible for the products prepare and
make readily available to the inspecting authorities dossiers containing
assessments of their products that show that they are safe as used.
The Resolution foresees that a positive list is likely to be drawn up in
the future.
Implementation mechanisms
As concerns this issue its thought only natural to draw on the experiences with the mechanisms having been in place since many years in
the field of the related cosmetics products. Within the important market segment of the PMU products the market players are well acquainted with the cosmetics regulations.
One would assume that to a large extent the more general traits of the
cosmetics regulations could
be
chemicals
are identified by CAS No, ENIECS No, UPAC name. NB! Pelican ink cannot be considered an ingredient within this context).
the responsible market player is supposed to ascertain that the product in question will not cause harm to the consumer when used normally or in a way that can be reasonably foreseen. The assessment has
to be based on toxicological evaluations.
There has to be a dossier for each and every ready-to-use product
that is placed on the common market. The dossier is to be held at the
Pgina 371
CoE
also
the
as
receipt
concerns
Resolution
mentioned
introduces
such
requirement
in
to
regulation that is officially published and enforced by a competent surveillance authority. Products that do not comply with the regulations
cannot be sold
ket
without
lawfully
undue
and
delay.
must
be
removed
from
the
mar-
cerns for example hairdressers, manicurists, beauticians, nail designers, aroma therapists, dentists and similar professions. All enterprises are obliged seeing to it at all time
and on their own initiative that their businesses are run in compliance with all laws and
regulations having been made publicly available in a special law publication. Not knowing
about laws and regulations is no excuse for violating them)
Pgina 372
and
metal concentrations and carcinogenic aromatic amines initiated discussions about the safety issue. Besides the results of the examined
colorants there were considerable doubts at the suitability of the colorants for injection into the dermis of human. Most of the tattooists do
not know the composition of the colorants. Some of the colorants used are developed as printers or normal pen ink. Indian ink,
Pelikan ink and Inkjet-printer ink are regularly used in the tattoo
branch.
The safety of the ink for human purpose is very often not considered.
Guidelines for testing the tattoo ingredients for their safety evaluation
are not made, however the Council of Europe Resolution and the proposed Dutch legislation both lay down that the tattoo and PMU ink
should be safe for human application.
Possibilities for safety evaluations
The inks put on the market are as such chemicals mentioned in the
Dangerous Substance Directive. For all these chemicals dossiers or
files should have been made. In these files the HAZARD of the chemicals is calculated. The outcome of these calculations are the foundation
of the MSDS, on which all the warning sentences and symbols
are placed on. Since the calculations are resulting in a HAZARD and
not a RISK outcome, this system is not applicable
chemicals.
Basically there are two options left open to regulate the safety
assessment of the tattoo colorants.
1.
Pgina 373
The other parallel, which can be drawn, is between tattoo & PMU
market.
product
The
file,
after
manufacturer
the
or
product
is
released
on
for
the
safety
evaluation.
The
European
Commission
Pgina 374
in accordance
qualitative
in
the
and
case
of
quantitative
composition
of
the
prod-
level
of
professional
accordance
with
qualification
or
experience
in
pharmacy,
toxicology,
dermatology,
89/48/EEC
medicine
in
or
the
a
field
similar
discipline;
(f)
Pgina 375
(under e).
Applicability of the Notes of guidance for testing of cosmetic ingredients for their safety evaluation for tattoo colorants.
Volume 3 of The Rules Governing Cosmetic Products in the European
Union incorporates the Notes of guidance for testing of cosmetic
ingredients for their safety evaluation. These guidelines have been
prepared at the initiative of and by the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products
(SCCNFP)
of
and
the
Non-Food
Products
intended
for
Consumers
both the experiences gained by the SCCNFP in its past work in evaluating the toxicological profiles of many cosmetic ingredients, as
well as the development of scientific knowledge in the field of specific
areas of toxicology.
These Notes of guidance, which are not legally binding, should not be
used as a check list but could be of assistance for those responsible for
consumer health protection. Their purpose is to provide guidance for
testing cosmetic ingredients and for the safety assessment of the finished product, both to the
competent
VI
Pgina 376
with no need to test the final product. However, in a few cases, testing
of the final product may be necessary. Examples are when the vehicle
used results in considerably
when
Acute toxicity
2)
3)
Skin irritation;
4)
5)
Skin sensitisation;
6)
Sub-chronic toxicity;
7)
Mutagenicity;
8)
absorbing substances);
9)
Pgina 377
(e.g.
mutagenicity, genotoxic carcinogenicity). Furthermore, other data relevant to health risk assessment, such as irritancy or sensitisation are
considered separately.
The percentage or rate of skin absorption is normally determined by an
in vitro method. In case of tattoo colorants this percentage can be assessed as 100.
must not cause damage to human health when applied under normal
or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. This is a clear principle
and should be part of the legislation about the subject.
It is now the question how to perform the assessment of the safety
for human health of the ingredients and finished product. To that end
the manufacturer shall take into consideration the general toxicological
profile of the ingredient, its chemical structure and its level of exposure.
The cosmetic approach seems to be very suitable for tattoo & PMU
colorants too. This approach covers the control of production, the safety assessment and the judgement of the safety assessment.
Also the
Pgina 378
Pgina 379
full-time
of
this
area.
In
completely
Denmark
at
least
lack
the
basic
50-
60
basis
of
the
regulation
should
therefore
be
that
seri-
Pgina 380
Pgina 381
list)
Pgina 382
sell.
This set-up will be very cost efficient for the authorities.
1. The producer of colour pays for the approval of the colour
2. The performer pays for his own education
3. The performer pays for the regular visits from the health authorities
The performers do not need to know anything about the content of
the colours/jewellery he only has to look for the approval sign on the
product.
The producer of colour/jewellery only has to reveal his full recipe information to the approving party.
Disadvantages seen in this set up
The responsibility for the safety of the products will end up with the
authorities, as they
decide on the criteria that will be used in the evaluation of acceptable/non acceptable products.
Pgina 383
by
for
cos-
metic purposes, around the eyes and lips. Medicinal activity in this field
can cover the eyebrows, lips and nipples. If the eyes are close to the
area being tattooed the procedure must clearly be
cisely, with greater accuracy and technical skill than are needed in
more traditional tattooing. The situation
in
Pgina 384
clients
with
hygiene,
correct
technique,
ability
to
necessary information.
be
taken into consideration if safety is to be assured. Primarily, a thorough knowledge of the structure and behaviour of the skin is needed,
together with adequate general knowledge of the anatomy of the face
(including the eyes). A slight error in technical procedure can have
serious consequences (e.g. eye damage). For this reason, permanent pigmentation is primarily carried out (in Finland) by beauticians who have received advanced training.
Educational skills of traditional tattoo artists
Most traditional tattoo artists have learned their techniques from
experienced practitioners. Although the basic education of traditional
tattoo artists is reasonable, most know very little about the structure, physiology and anatomy of the skin. They have learned empirically during their career how to avoid risks.
Injection of substances into the dermis is, however, fairly demanding.
Pgina 385
be capable to make
body piercings.
Pgina 386
Practical considerations
The education of practioners of permanent pigmentation would seem
to be already under control, and to need only detailed refinement. It
would seem reasonable to preserve the current educational system.
The situation relating to the training of traditional tattoo artists is more
complex. Should it, for example, be private or official- Policy in relation
to education should in general favour an official approach. If training
were to be provided via private schools or courses there could be problems in relation to authorization and supervision.
The schools in which beauticians are trained would all be competent
to undertake training of traditional tattoo artists as well. The problem
would be how such schools could be motivated to undertake this kind
of education, since tattooing is not held in high regard.
Training could also be offered by other training centres associated
with provision of various kinds of health education.
98
Pgina 387
the immediate cause to set up local regulation for the tattoo studios
and later for the piercing industry. One of the measures, we took, was
to change the tattoo machine. From now on, needles could be changed
easily after every client. Later on, we introduce a lot of other changes.
Tattooing, Permanent make up and body piercing is normally done in
regulated and unregulated shops, jewellery shops, beauty salons and
homes in the Netherlands. Generally no antibiotic is used, and various
sterilisation methods are used. In general, tattooing and piercing is in
the hands of unlicensed personnel, who have learned techniques from
magazines, videos, and from other people who do tattoos and piercings. Although some piercers and tattooists claim to have
a quality
mark, there are no official agencies in the Netherlands that give quality
marks and it is up to the tattooist or piercer to understand and use
aseptic working techniques and sterilise equipment correctly.
Infection risks
Infection risks are caused by using dirty needles, needlebars and
tubes, dirty pliers, jewels and by using contaminated pigments. A
Dutch study1 on the microbiological conditions of tattoo- and permanent make up pigments proved that 18 % of the samples were
Pgina 388
healing of a tattoo takes one or two weeks, but the healing of a piercing can take more than 9 months. During that time its important that
the client is very careful with dirty hands, cloths and other possible infection sources. The Public Health Service would like to see that the
tattooist or piercer informs the client about these risks.
Listed below are the viruses and bacteria that can infect the client during and or after tattooing and piercing.
Viral infections
Blood borne viral infections like Hepatitis B and C and HIV can infect
the client. These infections are mainly transmitted by blood. In the
piercing and tattooing practice its possible that blood
infects the next client because, for example, by a dirty needle, needlebar, pliers
Just because more people are contaminated with Hepatitis B, but also
the Hepatitis B virus is easier to transmit than for example HIV. In
short we can say that after exposure to Hepatitis B positive blood, you
have 30 % risk of infection. After exposure
to Hepatitis C positive
but
Pgina 389
piercings
during intercourse
With tattooing the penetration is not so deep as with piercing. Infec-
Pgina 390
Complica-
for
tattoo,
knowledge and
Pgina 391
To bring quality on a high level the tattooist or piercer need the right
instruments. To work with these instruments they also
need experi-
needle
stick
acci-
dents. Never throw a used needle in a rubbish bag because a bin man
can easily prick himself when he collects the garbage. Its forbidden
to throw away a full needle box in the rubbish bin. They must bring the
full needle box to a pharmacist or specialised firm. Instruments and
jewellery that are used for
A good preparation
hands,
proper cloths and the wearing of gloves when its prescribed. So before starting to put in a piercing or tattoo all materials must be within
reach. When the spot that has to be tattooed or pierced is very hairy,
Pgina 392
group. The tattooist or piercer may use topical ointment only after prescription by a physician.
Last but not least its very important to keep sterilised instruments sterile.
4.
First of all calmness while tattooing or piercing is very important. Second, its important that the tattooist wears clean gloves while tattooing
and the piercer wears disinfected gloves while piercing. Its not necessary for them to wear sterile gloves because its almost impossible to
put on sterile gloves when you are alone and piercers mostly work
alone. Furthermore its not necessary because they dont work in a
sterile area like an operation room. In the case of tattooing one have
to use for every client single used ink caps. Thats important because,
while tattooing, the ink can be contaminated with blood. Never use ink
caps for the second time.
5.
The aftercare
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The inspector of the Public Health Service visits the studios at least
twice a year. He or she comes whenever he or she wants. The owner
of the studio has to let the inspector in and give all the information he
asks. With a checklist (according to the guidelines) the inspector
checks all
of Amsterdam has also rules for maintenance. The type of measures that has to be taken (a warning, a fine or closing of the studio)
depends on what kind of mistake a studio makes. If there is a direct
health risk than it is possible to close the studio immediately. When
there is not a direct health risk than we give
and the possibility (within some weeks) to adjust the situation. The
studio has to inform the Public Health Service when everything is adjusted, within the time we gave them. If not, they will get a fine.
Pgina 394
down a sterile jewel on an unsterile table. Tattooists smoke while tattooing and this, off course, isnt hygienic.
- In some aftercare instructions we read the most strange advises, for
example; to take a shower 5 times a day during the healing period of a
nipple piercing or rub the wound with ointment of dubious level.
- Tattooists and piercers use detergents and disinfectants not in the
right way. For example; a disinfectant for the skin is used for cleaning
the floor.
- Risks are not always mentioned before tattooing or piercing. For instance: a nipple piercing will heal within 6 to 9 months. Is the client
willing to take care of the piercing all this time- If not, dont do it, because the risk of an infection is high.
- The packing, opening and dating of sterilisation bags is not always
done properly.
- Some piercers use the informed consent to safeguard the piercer. Its
NOT a safeguard. A piercer is always responsible for his work. Furthermore the piercer must keep the informed consents for ten years.
Perhaps we can conclude that we hope to reduce the bacterial and viral
infections due to better hygiene and improving knowledge in the tattoo, permanent make up and piercing industry. But its important to
note that infections can not always be prevented and last but not least,
unknown infections may be recognised in the future.
Reference
(1)
Reus H.R., Buuren van R.D., Keuringsdienst van Waren Noord, Kleurstoffen voor
Tatoeage en Permanent Make-Up, november 2001 The Belgian Hygiene Quality Label - a
proposed model for the EU- Els Keytsman, Cel Economie, Begroting, Fiscaliteit Belgium
Fullltext available on request. Summary Version to be included in the proceedings
Pgina 395
Pgina 396
Roundtable discussion
To be inserted
Conclusions
To be inserted
Pgina 397
Wolfgang BAEUMLER
Department of Dermatology,
University of Regensburg
Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11
D - 93042 REGENSBURG
tel. :+49 941 9449607 - fax: +49 941 9449647
e mail:
baeumler.wolfgang@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
Albert BOONSTRA
GG&GD
Nieuwe Achtergracht 100
NL - 1018 WT AMSTERDAM
tel. :020 5555501 - fax: 020 5555691
e mail: aboonstra@gggd.amsterdam.nl
Joe BROWN
Scottish Executive Health Department
Room 3E(S), St. Andrew's House, Regent
Road
UK - eh 1 3 DG EDINBURGH
tel. :+44 131 2440425
fax: +44 121 2442157
e mail: joe.brown@scotland.gov.uk
Teresa CODY
Department of Health & Children
Hawkins House
IRL - 2 DUBLIN
tel. :+353 1 6354366 - fax: +353 1 6354369
e mail: teresa_cody@health.irlgov.ie
Davy D'HOLLANDER
Vlaamse Piercing Bond
Vrisheidstraat 45
B - 2000 ANTWERPEN
tel. :+32 475688209 - fax: +32 32328416
e mail: davy.dh@pandora.be
Panagiotis DASKALEROS
European Commission - DG SANCO
232 Rue Belliard
B - 1049 BRUSSELS
tel. :+32 2 2956774 - fax: +32 2 2991858
e mail: panagiotis.daskaleros@cec.eu.int
Michel DONAT
Federal Office of Public Health
P.O.Box
CH - 3003 BERNE
tel. :+41 31 3229581 - fax: +41 31 3229574
e mail: michel.donat@bag.admin.ch
Jorgen ESMANN
Hellerup Privathospital
Ryvangs All
DK - 2900 HELLERUP
tel. :+45 39458700 - fax:
e mail: je@hellerupprivathospital.dk
Antonio ESTEVES
Instituto do Consumidor
Praca Duque de Saldanha, N31
P - 1069013 LISBOA
tel. :+35 1213564600 - fax: +35 1213564719
e mail:
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Barbara WOLLENBERG
University Schleswig-Holstein, Campus
Luebeck
Rutzeburger Allee 160
D - LUEBECK
tel. :+49 4515002241 - fax: +49 4515002249
e mail:
barbara.wollenberg@mail.uni.luebeck.de
Joan WORP
GG&GD A'dam
Nieuwe Achtergracht 100
NL - 1018 WT AMSTERDAM
tel. :+020 5555501 - fax: +020 5555671
e mail: jworp@gggd.amsterdam.nl
Alexandre ZENI
European Commission, JRC - IHCP
Via E.Fermi 1
I - 21020 ISPRA
tel. :+39 0332 785285
fax: +39 0332 789256
e mail: alexandre.zenie@jrc.it
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