PHYSICS 10 THIRD LONG EXAM

ASTRONOMY

Study of the universe as a whole,

and of celestial bodies and the
physics governing it
Universe (observable only)

**Hubble Space Telescope**

Revealed galaxies more than 10

billion light years away

HOLOGRAM
**speckle**

Holograms

Big Bang Theory

Origin of the universe

Source of universe as a primeval
atom (Monsignor Georges Leamitre)
Sudden expansion; not an explosion

Expanding universe

Red shift: light emitted by a source

that is moving away has increasing
wavelength
(lower
frequency);
measurement of red shift has
allowed measurement of the speed
at which galaxies are moving away
from us
Cosmic microwave background:
radiation from Big Bang Theory

like freckles; random but at angles,

you have equal probability
boiling effect (moving speckle)

record of interference of 2 beams

(object and reference beams) which
when illuminated, reconstructs the
complete object beam
film exposed to laser light and
produces a 3-D image

Dennis Gabor and Holo Knights

Hungarian: corrected observations in

microscopy
Leith
and
Upatnicks:
off-axis
hologram; well separated twin image
Holo Knights

Two- step process

1. Recording of holograms
2. Reconstruction of object beam
REFERENCE BEAM + OBJECT BEAM =
HOLOGRAM

**The whole universe was in a hot dense

state**

**exposed film developer bleach

fixer**

**Big Bang happened everywhere**

Application in non-destructive testing

**Universe is expanding**
Hubble Ultra Deep Field

Astronomers used the Hubble

Telescope to focus on an empty
patch in the sky near the Big Dipper
Telescopes CCD camera sensor
was exposed for 10 days

Measurement
of
micron-size
deformation using double exposure
holographic interferometry

Film vs. Digital Holography

Film: object beam reference beam film
hologram
Digital: object beam reference beam
camera PC Fresnel transform
Numerical focusing

Two parts: amplitude and phase

OPTICS
**Light is all around us**
Nature of light

Light is a form of energy

As electromagnetic wave
As particles of light (photon)

Light Sources

Luminescence
Chemiluminescence
Bioluminescence
Incandescence
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
Tribuluminescence
Electric discharge
Bremsstrahliang
Lasers

The Propagation of Light

Straight lines in the same medium

Change direction if there is a change
In media:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Absorption

The Detection of Light

Illumination
Object properties
Detector (camera/led)

Visual Systems

Illumination
Object properties
Detector (eye/retina)
Processing (brain)

Enhancing our Vision

Telescope
Microscope
Other devices

GRAVITY AND
EVERYTHING

THE

THEORY

OF

Theory of Everything

Coherent theoretical framework that

passes everything

General relativity
Special Relativity
Quantum Mechanics
Classroom Physics
Fundamental Forces

Gravity -> range: infinity

Electromagnetic -> range: infinity
Weak -> range: 10-17 to 10-16 cm
Strong -> range: 10-15

Relative Strengths

Gravity = 1
Weak = 1025
Electromagnetic = 1036
Strong = 1038

James Clark Maxwell

Light is a form of energy

Imaging System

Electric and magnetic forces are

different
manifestation
of
electromagnetic force

**4 forces manifestation of single force**

QUANTUM MECHANICS + SPECIAL
RELATIVITY = QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Quantum Field Theory

Force mediated by exchange of

particles
- Repulsion due to exchange of
particles
- Attraction due to exchange of
particles

- Weak force: wand z bosons

- Electromagnetic: photons
- Strong: gluons
Every particle has an anti-particle
- Pair annihilation
- Pair production
Vacuum- boiling with particles

COMPLEXITY SCIENCE
Complex Systems

Where is gravity?

Consider very massive and very

small
Very massive: blackholes; no light;
matter/signal can escape
Very small: Big Bang

**Blackholes has no hair**

Hawking Radiation

Blackhole will evaporate

Destroys information

**General relativity and quantum mechanics

cannot be simultaneously correct**
MATERIAL SCIENCE
Materials

Any object employed to achieve or

address a particular purpose
These
objects
are
employed
(application) by exploiting particular
properties of the object
Function, structure

How Physics is into Material Science

All matter is composed of atoms

Physics allow us to see how these
atoms are arranged in matter

**Structure is dictated by interaction**

Characteristics of complex systems

Composed of members of simple

rules
No central government

Complex networks

Skeletons of most complex systems

Nodes components, system parts
Links - interactions, relationships
between parts

Types of networks:
1. Ordered networks perfect lattice
2. Complex networks - small world,
scale free
3. Random
networks

random
connections
Small world networks

Material Science

Emergence of complexity
- The whole is not a simple sum
of its parts
- Quantum domain: nothingness
(wave nature)
- Classical domain: rigid bodies
(particle nature)
- Physics -> Chemistry -> Biology
-> Psychology
Self-organization
- Organization without central
governance

Tweaking of various structures of

matter to get desired properties

Small world- all are related (Think of

Pinoy telenovelas)
Six degrees of separation
- Actually
conducted
in
an
experiment
- Miligram experiment, 1950s:
snail mail
- Watts-Strogatz: e-mail
High clustering coefficient

Your friends are friends with

each other
Short characteristic path length
- Six degrees of separation
- Few link needed to reach
everybody
CONNECTIONS

Small world phenomenon

Social networking
- Friendster, Facebook

Scale-free: power law distribution of

links
Mechanism: Preferential attachment
- Barabasi- Albert model: we tend
to connect with most influential
Social
interactions:
Preferential
attachments
- Be friends with most influential
Economic interactions: Rich getting
richer
- Pareto 80-20 law: 80% of riches
owned by 20 % of population
Non-living entities: Self-organized
critically

Scale Free Mechanism

Airport networks
Human sexual contacts

Representatives:

Bill

Granular materials

Scale-free networks

House of
authorships

Conglomeration
of
discete
macroscopic particles
Second most manipulated industrial
materials
Have solid and fluid-like properties
Research concerns
- Stability
- Segregation/ Aggregation
- Clogging
Agriculture, construction, geological,
pharmaceutical
Brazil nut effect: the biggest is on
top

Stability of granular materials: solid

Applications:
landslide
prone
landforms
Stability can be increased by adding
optimal amount of finer granular
materials (optimal packing)

Granular jets: liquid

Imagine the sheet like fountain

Partial stopping of water from hose