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I. Intramolecular forces:
(& electronegativity)
Bond formation
Properties
Names & formulas
II.
III.
Octet Rule
Bonding & Non-bonding electron pairs
Exceptions to octet
Resonance
VSEPR theory
-
-
-
-
forces.
forces.
1. Intra-molecular Bonds
Are the Chemical Bonds or Forces that hold elements together, forming compounds.
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- There are 3
metallic compound.
- Alloys are held together by delocalized electrons, that are able to move throughout (3-D) the
metal atoms, and not attracted to any specific atom, called the electron sea model.
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less than
0.5
- One element gains an electron and one element loses an electron called transfer.
(ionic bonds are stronger than covalent & metallic bonds.)
Example:
- Electrolyte is any compound that conducts electricity when melted or dissolved in water (aqueous).
- An ionic compound is an electrolyte because it conducts an electric current when it is dissolved in water, producing ions
(+) and ( - ).
Sodium chloride in solution
NaCl
Covalent Compounds
Also called
Molecular compounds
also called
molecules
Properties include:
Are usually soft, and easily deformed. (like silly putty)
Mainly Gases or Liquids at room temperature.
Molecules have low melting points, low boiling points.
Tend to be insoluble in water, but will dissolve in organic solvents.
Do not conduct electricity in water (poor electrolytes).
Coal
Graphite
Diamond, are all
carbon compounds.
Example
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Example
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The longer the bond length, the weaker it is and less energy is needed to break it.
The shorter the bond length, the stronger it is and more energy is needed to break it.
Energy is absorbed when bonds break, and energy is released when bonds form.
(endothermic)
(exothermic)
The amount of energy required to break a covalent bond is called the bond
Dissociation Energy
can be polar or
non-polar
Example:
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(is the entire molecule polar or nonpolar)
Molecular Polarity
1. Asymmetrical,
is determined by
Example