Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
I.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Venezuela, named the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela since 1999, is located on the
northern coast of South America. The country comprises a continental mainland and
numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea. It borders Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south,
and Colombia to the west. Its Caribbean neighbors off the northern coast are Trinidad and
Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, Curaao, Bonaire, Aruba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
and the Leeward Antilles. Falling within the tropics, Venezuela sits closer to the Equator, in
the Northern Hemisphere.
Venezuela is known widely for its petroleum industry, the environmental diversity of its
territory, and its natural features. Home to a huge diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected
habitats, Venezuela is considered to be among the 17 most mega diverse countries in the
world. Venezuela is also among the most urban countries in Latin America. The majority of
the population is concentrated in the north, especially in the largest metropolis, Caracas.
Other major cities include Maracay, Maracaibo, Barquisimeto, Valencia, and Ciudad
Guayana.
Area: 912,050 square kilometers
People
Population: 28,946,101 (2011 census)
Languages: Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 92%, 8% Protestant or other
According to the 2010 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Venezuela consumed an average of
608.77 thousand barrels a day of oil in 2009, 0.7% of the world total and a change from
2008 of 0.93%. Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina are South America's main oil consuming
nations.
II.
INTRODUCTION
The Central Bank of Venezuela is responsible for developing monetary policy for the
Venezuelan bolvar, which is used as currency. The currency is primarily printed on paper
and distributed throughout the country. The President of the Central Bank of Venezuela is
More than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves is in gold, eight times more than the
average for the region. Most of Venezuela's gold held abroad is located in London. On
November 25, 2011, the first of US$11 billion of repatriated gold bullion arrived in Caracas;
Chvez called the repatriation of gold a "sovereign" step that will help protect the country's
foreign reserves from the turmoil in the U.S. and Europe. However government policies
quickly spent down this returned gold and in 2013 the government was forced to add the
dollar reserves of state owned companies to those of the national bank in order to reassure
the international bond market.
Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy
industry products such as steel, aluminium and cement, with production concentrated
around Ciudad Guayana, near the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world and the provider
of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes
electronics and automobiles, as well as beverages, and foodstuffs. Agriculture in Venezuela
accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least a quarter of
Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice, corn, fish, tropical fruit, coffee, beef, and
pork. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture. In 2012, total food
consumption was over 26 million metric tonnes, a 94.8% increase from 2003.
With social programs such as the Bolivarian Missions, Venezuela made progress in social
development in 2000s, particularly in areas such as health, education, and poverty. Many of
the social policies pursued by Chvez and his administration were jumpstarted by the
Millennium Development Goals, eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to
in September 2000. It is expected that Venezuela will meet all eight goals by the 2015
deadline.
GDP purchasing power parity: US$402.1 (2012 est)
GDP real growth rate: 2.6% (2Q 2013 est.)
GDP per capita: $13,200 (2012 est)
Industries: petroleum, construction materials, food processing, iron ore mining, steel,
aluminum; motor vehicle assembly, real estate, tourism and ecotourism
Agriculture products: corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef,
pork, milk, eggs, fish
III.
the
Spanish
viceroyalty
of
New
Granada
with
its
capital
at
Bogot.
The second half of the 18th century is a time of considerable progress in the region. Spain
relaxes the long-standing mercantilist restrictions on trade with its colonies, resulting in a
rapid increase in prosperity. An educated and professional class of Creoles begins to
emerge, self-confident and increasingly resentful of the privileges of the peninsulares. In
these circumstances New Granada is a natural region for the first resistance to imperial rule.
There is a brief uprising in Ecuador as early as 1809. But sustained opposition begins
elsewhere a year later.
Bolvar and Gran Colombia: 1810-1822
Simn Bolvar, Venezuelan by birth and the central figure in the story of the independence
movements of Latin America, is a young officer in Caracas in 1810. He is part of the
conspiracy by which a junta expels the Spanish governor of the province of Venezuela, on
April 19, and takes control. For the next twelve years Bolvar's efforts are directed singlemindedly towards liberating the whole of New Granada from Spanish rule. There are many
reverses on the way. The optimism of July 1811, when a national assembly in Caracas
formally declares Venezuela's independence, is followed by a complete reversal a year later.
Bolvar escapes to Cartagena, the main seaport of neighbouring Colombia. The city is in
rebel hands, and here he pens a powerful political pamphlet, the Manifesto de Cartagena,
addressed to the citizens of New Granada. In it he offers the inspiring vision of a united
effort to expel the Spaniards.
He soon proves his own abilities in this great enterprise. In 1813, at the head of an army of
liberation, he returns to Venezuela and wins six successive engagements against Spanish
forces. On 6 August 1813 he enters Caracas. Welcomed as the Liberator, he takes political
control with dictatorial powers.
Again success is short-lived. By July 1814 Bolvar has once more lost Caracas. He marches
instead to Bogot, which he succeeds in recapturing from the Spanish. He makes this capital
city his base for a while, but soon the Spanish recover it yet again. Bolvar flees into exile, in
Jamaica and Haiti. But by the end of 1817 he is back in Venezuela, building up a new army
in an inaccessible region on the Orinoco river.
Here he conceives a bold plan. He will not make another attempt on Caracas. Instead he will
strike at the capital city of New Granada by a route, which is considered impossible - along
the waterlogged plain of the Orinoco and then over the Andes for a surprise attack on
Bogot.
In 1819 Bolvar's small force, of only about 2500 men, uses cowhide boats to cross a
succession of flooded tributaries of the Orinoco (one of his men claims later that for seven
days they marched in water up to their waists). This ordeal is followed by one even worse, a
As yet the republic is little more than a notion, for Venezuela and Ecuador are still securely in
Spanish hands. But the Liberator soon puts this right. In Venezuela on 24 June 1821 he wins
a battle at Carabobo, which yields to him once again his native city of Caracas. And in
Ecuador on 24 May 1822 Bolvar's favorite general, the young Antonio Jos de Sucre, wins
a victory at Pichincha and brings the patriots into Quito. With this liberation of Ecuador, the
Republica de Colombia becomes a reality as a free republic. (To avoid confusion with later
republics of Colombia, historians have subsequently given Bolvars pioneering state, and
this now common anachronism is followed here.)
commanders,
Francisco
de
Paula
Santander,
native
of
Colombia.
The crisis of 1826 brings Bolvar back from Peru to Gran Colombia. He appeases Pez,
allowing him a degree of autonomy in Venezuela, but in doing so he provokes opposition in
Colombia - where he assumes dictatorial powers in 1828 (and later in the same year is lucky
By 1830 Bolvar is isolated, ineffective and increasingly ill. Santander has been exiled after
the 1828 attempt on Bolvar's life (in which he was not directly implicated). And in 1829 Pez
has launched a renewed separatist movement demanding Venezuelan independence.
In May 1830 Bolvar decides to leave Bogot, resigning as president and planning to retire to
Europe. He only gets as far as Santa Marta, on the Atlantic coast of Colombia, where he
dies of tuberculosis - but not before hearing of two final blows. In September both Ecuador
and Venezuela secede formally from Gran Colombia. And June has brought news of a more
personal loss.
Of his many devoted followers Bolvar has always favored the talented but unassuming
Antonio Jos de Sucre, treating him almost as a son and seeing him as his likely successor.
Early in 1830 Bolvar asks Sucre to preside over a congress in Bogot, in a final attempt to
hold Gran Colombia together. When the congress fails, Sucre sets off to ride home to Quito.
Agents of a political rival assassinate him on his journey,
probably.
Bolvar and his associates have won independence for the nations of Spanish America. But
the republics begin their separate histories in a lethal atmosphere of mistrust and political
gangsterism.
Paez is elected president in 1831 and remains the real power in the country until 1848. He is
seen as acting in the conservative interest, though his policies are far from conventional in
that respect (under his rule the church loses both its tax immunity and its monopoly of
education). When an opposition group is founded in 1840, it calls itself the Liberal party.
By 1848 the liberal cause is strong enough to force Paez into exile, but the country never
settles into the lasting Liberal and conservative clash which characterizes other nations in
Latin America. Instead it is the caudllo tradition, which prevails for nearly a century, with a
succession of corrupt dictators seizing power. Local strong men, anarchistic and
uncontrollable, reflect the same pattern at a provincial level. Their ability to do so is
increased by the extremely violent Federalist Wars of 1858-63, in which the liberal side
eventually prevails. It is thus able to insist on the principle of greater local autonomy, which
coincidentally gives carte blanche to the regional warlords.
With its long coastline on the Caribbean, Venezuela has more developed foreign contacts
than other South American countries. Its connection with European bankers involves the
nation in an international crisis in 1902. In that year Venezuela defaults on interest payments
due to British, German and Italian creditors. It also fails to pay compensation for property
damaged in local riots. The three countries send warships to threaten Venezuela, prompting
in turn the intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt. Twelve years later, in 1914, there
is even more significant foreign involvement. The British and the Dutch, in the form of RoyalDutch Shell, begin to pump oil near Lake Maracaibo.
The Maracaibo region proves to be one of the world's richest oil resources. By the end of the
1920s Venezuela exports more oil than any other nation, and is second only to the USA as a
Oil revenues help Venezuela through the depression years of the 1930s. After the death of
Gmez, in 1935, they also allow his successors in the presidency to undertake extensive
investment
in
the
infrastructure
of
transport,
water
supplies
and
electricity.
During this period Gmez's many political enemies are allowed to return from exile. They
begin to organize political parties. The result is a major turning point in the modern history of
Venezuela. In 1945 civilian politicians and the military join forces to overthrow the
government. They put in its place an interim junta, with the promise of elections to follow.
The renewed military dictatorship lasts for nearly ten years, most of them under the rule of
the spectacularly oppressive and corrupt Marcos Prez Jimnez. When he is finally toppled,
in a coup in 1958, he escapes to the United States with an estimated $200 million as his
Betancourt returns and is elected president for a five-year term in 1958. His term places
Venezuela securely back on the democratic track. Power has changed hands peacefully
every five years since then. In 1968 a Christian Democrat candidate wins for the first time.
He is Rafael Caldera, who is again successful, twenty-five years later, in 1993.
The elections of 1998, however, bring a dramatic new change of direction. Hugo Chavez,
a charismatic former paratrooper who has served two years in gaol for his part in a failed
military coup in 1992, wins the presidency with a large popular majority on a nationalist leftwing programmed.
Chavez, who sees himself as leading a new revolution, borrows the mantle of the liberator of
Venezuela, Bolvar. He renames the country the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and
appears on platforms with Bolvar's jewel-encrusted ceremonial sword as a prop.
Using army officers to run his administration, Chavez sets out to reverse the free-market
economic policies of the 1990, so as to benefit of the millions of Venezuelans living in
poverty.
Under a new constitution, limiting presidents to two six-year terms, he is re-elected in 2000
and again in 2006. By now - to the alarm of many who see ominous signs of a return to the
plague of Latin America, military dictatorship - he is proposing a change to the constitution to
allow a president unlimited terms of office. But when these proposals are put to a
referendum in December 2007, they are narrowly defeated (with 51% of the votes against).
IV. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
A. Location
The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on elevation. In the
tropical zonebelow convert|800 meterstemperatures are hot, with yearly averages
ranging between 26 and 28 C (78.8 and 82.4 F). The temperate zone ranges between 800
and 2,000 meters (2,625 and 6,562 ft) with averages from convert|12|to|25|C|F|1; many of
Venezuela's cities, including the capital, lie in this region. Colder conditions with
temperatures from 9 to 11 C (48.2 to 51.8 F) are found in the cool zone between 2,000 and
3,000 meters (6,562 and 9,843 ft). Pastureland and permanent snowfield with yearly
averages below 8 C (46 F) cover land above 3,000 meters (9,843 ft) in the high mountain
areas known as the pramos.
Average yearly rainfall amounts in the lowlands and plains range from a semiarid
430 millimeters (16.9 in) in the western part of the Caribbean coastal areas to around
1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta. Rainfall in mountainous areas varies
considerably; sheltered valleys receive little rain, but slopes exposed to the northeast trade
winds experience heavy rainfall. Caracas averages 750 millimeters (29.5 in) of precipitation
annually, more than half of it falling from June through August.
C. Topography
The Maracaibo lowlands form a large spoon-shaped oval bounded by mountains on three
sides and open to the Caribbean on the north. The area is remarkably flat with only a gentle
slope toward the center and away from the mountains that border the region. Lake
Maracaibo occupies much of the lower-lying territory. Areas around the southern part of Lake
Maracaibo are swampy, and, despite the rich agricultural land and significant petroleum
deposits, the area was still thinly populated in 1990.
V.
SOCIAL INSTITUTION
A. Family
Typically, both the immediate and the extended family unit in Venezuela is celebrated and
revered. Their elderly are respected and mostly cared for amongst family members with the
adult children often never leaving the parental home. Special occasions such as birthdays
and weddings are frequent, great social family affairs. Despite an increase in households
having to survive without a male role model due to absent fathers and an apparent increase
in murder rate amongst young men, the family unit remains a conventional, social supportive
institution.
In Venezuela, long-established male and female roles are still honored and upheld. Even in
a changing society where more women are attaining a tertiary education, the roles at home
remains traditionally defined. The Venezuelan man remains proudly macho and chivalrous.
B. Education
Venezuelan education starts at the preschool level, and can be roughly divided into Nursery
(ages below 4) and Kindergarten (ages 46). Students in Nursery are usually referred to as
"yellow shirts", after the color of uniform they must wear according to the Uniform Law, while
students in Kindergarten are called "red shirts".
Basic education comprises grades 1 through 6, and lacks a general governing programme
outside of the Math curriculum. English is taught at a basic level throughout Basic education.
Students are referred to as "white shirts". Upon completing Basic education, students are
given a Basic Education Certificate.
Middle education (grades 7-9) explores each one of the sciences as a subject and algebra.
English education continues and schools may choose between giving Ethics or Catholic
Religion. Students are referred to as "blue shirts". Venezuelans cannot choose their classes.
Once a student ends 9th grade, they enter Diversified education, so called because the
student must choose between studying either humanities or the sciences for the next two
years. This choice usually determines what majors they can opt for at the college level.
Students are referred to as "beige shirts". Upon completing Diversified education (11th
grade), students are given the title of Bachiller en Ciencias (literally, Bachelor of the
Higher education
Venezuela has more than 90 institutions of higher education, with 860,000 students in 2002.
Higher education remains free under the 1999 constitution and was receiving 35% of the
education budget, even though it accounted for only 11% of the student population. More
than 70% of university students come from the wealthiest quintile of the population. To
address this problem, instead of improving primary and secondary education, the
government established the Bolivarian University system in 2003, which was designed to
democratize access to "higher education" by offering heavily politicized study programmers
to the public with only minimal entrance requirements. Autonomous public universities have
had their operational budgets frozen by the state since 2004, and staff salaries frozen since
2008 despite inflation of 20-30% annually.
Higher education institutions are traditionally divided into Technical Schools and Universities.
Technical schools award the student with the tile of Tcnico Superior Universitario
(University Higher Technician) after completing a three-year programme. Universities award
the student with the title of Licenciado (Bachelor) or Ingeniero (Engineer) amongst many
others, according to the career and after completing a five-year programme in most of the
cases. Some higher education institutions may award Diplomados (Specializations) but the
time necessary to obtain one varies.
Post-graduate education follows conventions of the United States (being named "Master's"
and "Doctorate" after the programs there).
According to the QS Latin American University Rankings 2014 the top 5 universities in
Venezuela are: #1 "Universidad Central de Venezuela", #2 "Universidad Simon Bolivar", #3
C. Political system
Government type: Federal republic, with five branches of government: executive,
legislative, judiciary, electoral, and citizen.
Capital: Caracas
Executive branch: President Hugo Chavez Frias (since February 3, 1999) Chief of state
and head of government are held by the president elected by popular vote for a six-year
term with a two consecutive term limit. The president appoints the Council of Ministers. On
December 3rd, 2006, Hugo Chavez was reelected president with 62.9% of the vote against
Manuel Rosales with 36.9%, (Next election December, 2012)
Legislative Branch: Unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (165 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the
indigenous peoples of Venezuela).
Judicial Branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Suprema de Justicia. The National
assembly elects magistrates for a single 12-year term.
Citizen Branch: This branch ensures that citizens and government officials follow the
countries laws. It consists of the Attorney General (or Prosecutor General), the Comptroller
General, and the Defender of the People (Human Rights Ombudsperson).
Military Branches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN): Ground
Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada;
includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of
Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)
D. Legal system
In accordance with its juridical framework (the Constitution), the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela is a democratic and social state of law and justice. The Constitution provides that
the republic is a decentralized federal state and that sovereignty resides inalienably with the
people, who exercise it directly in the manner provided in the Constitution and the law, and
The trends away from the traditional society accelerated after 1945, particularly during the
decade of dictatorship from 1948 to 1958 and under the post-1958 democratic regime, which
is often described as the reign of the middle class. Despite the vast social and economic
changes that took place; however, the economic elite remained a small group separated
both economically and socially from the rest of society by an enormous income gap and by a
whiter and more Hispanicize ethnic makeup.
In general, those who considered themselves the Venezuelan elite, and were thus
considered by their fellow citizens, thought of themselves as the upholders of superior
values. Most claimed at least one postsecondary degree, possibly with a further
specialization abroad. Concentrated in business and the professions, the Venezuelan upper
class tended to disdain manual work and to patronize (in both senses of the word) members
of the lower classes. In this particular sense, Venezuela was one of the very few countries in
Latin America where a number of elite-supported scholarly and community welfare
foundations provided support for an imaginative variety of programs and scholarships. These
The members of the elite also tended to emphasize publicly their devotion to the Roman
Catholic Church and faith and to display a more stable family life than did the rest of the
society. That is, although divorce did occur in this class, children were usually born within a
legally constituted family union. Many of the younger women managed to combine
profession and family, often with the help of servants and members of the extended family.
Perhaps surprisingly for those who visit or observe Venezuelan society for the first time, the
elite is not a closed and static group. Prominent politicians, even those from humble
backgrounds, could easily marry into the elite. Successful professionals could also move up
and find acceptance among the upper class. This relative openness of the elite may serve to
mitigate to some extent the extremes that persist, particularly in economic terms, between
the Venezuelan rich and those considered "marginal."
A firm handshake, with direct eye contact and a welcoming smile are the standard
greeting. When shaking hands, always use the appropriate greeting for the time of
day - 'buenos dias', 'buenas tardes', or 'buenas noches'.
When meeting groups always introduce you to the eldest person first.
Since this is a formal culture, address people by their academic or professional title
and their surname until invited to move to a first- name basis.
Making appointments
Men should dress conservatively, in dark business suits made of lighter wools.
In business and in any of the more privileged circles, Venezuelan women tend to be
meticulous dressers who closely follow European fashion. Female visitors are
advised to bring conservative, stylish business clothes of the highest quality,
including one cocktail dress.
You may find it an asset to wear watches, jewelry, or other accessories made by
prestigious designers. Again, Venezuelan businesspeople tend to be very statusconscious and will often be impressed by these displays.
Shorts and tennis shoes are generally reserved for the beach.
Be sensitive to the fact that Venezuelans tend to position themselves extremely close
to others when conversing. The best policy is to respect this practice and accept that
it is the cultural norm. Attempting to move away will be perceived as a rejection.
It will be appreciated if you make the effort to learn about Venezuela's political and
cultural history.
People who do not have professional titles should be addressed using courtesy titles
such as Mr., Mrs., or Miss, plus their surnames. Mr. = Senor Mrs. = Senora
Miss = Senorita
Most Hispanics have two surnames: one from their father, which is listed, first,
followed by one from their mother. Only the father's surname, however, is used when
addressing someone. When a woman marries, she usually adds her husband's
surname and goes by that surname.
Some Venezuelans may decide to address you by a pet name that, when translated
into English, sounds bizarre.
Business hours in Venezuela are from 8.00am to 6.00pm with a two-hour break for
lunch between noon and 2.00pm.
Reconfirm meetings a few days beforehand as things can change at the last minute.
Be aware that negotiations can take some time in Venezuela so schedule sufficient
time.
Over the past few years women have increasingly entered the workforce and now
occupy high positions in politics and the economy. Venezuelan men are therefore
used to working with businesswomen.
Doing business in Venezuela is often based on nepotism and special privileges for
personal connections are not uncommon. However, favors should only be granted in
special circumstances, even more so as corruption is a sensitive matter in
professional contexts.
When you first meet your Venezuelan counterparts, keep an arms length distance
between men and women.
A firm handshake between men is the standard form of greeting while women tend to
shake hands more softly. Once a personal relationship is established a kiss on the
cheek or a hug might be exchanged instead, in both social and professional
situations, but wait for your Venezuelan counterparts to initiate it.
Managers are usually addressed using their surname and the formal Usted form of
you. Once relations become more personal, colleges may use the more informal
form T.
Business cards are commonly used and exchanged when first meeting your
Venezuelan counterparts. It is a good idea to have them printed on both sides with
information in Spanish and English.
Business attire is formal and conservative. Men typically wear dark suits and ties,
while suits or dresses are considered appropriate for women. A stylish appearance is
very important to Venezuelans.
Venezuelans are known for their open expression of feelings and affection, but they
tend to refrain from showing negative sentiments in public. Criticism should never be
vocalized in front of other people.
Do make eye contact when conversing. It shows interest in the subject and creates
an atmosphere of trust.
Do show gestures of affection when conversing with business partners you have
become familiar with.
Don't attempt to move back if you feel the person you are speaking to is standing too
close as this could be perceived as a cold rejection.
Don't point your index finger, as this considered rude and vulgar. Use your full hand
to indicate.
Don't be too dominant or aggressive when conversing with Venezuelans. Let them
take the lead.
Other religions that are practice in Venezuela are Protestantism, Islam, and Judaism. In
2002, Protestant churches are countrys most rapid growing part of the spiritual population
according to government report. Theres a large mosque in Caracas. There are around
100,000 Muslims in the country, 0.4% of Venezuelas population. A Jewish population of
numerous thousand was concentrated in the main cities, particularly in Caracas. The Mara
Lionza is a popular figure and one of the well-known indigenous religions in the country. Her
spirituality is a combination of Catholic, indigenous and African beliefs like the Caribbean
Santera. She is well regarded as a goddess of love, harmony, peace and nature. She has
devotee in numerous levels in the society of the country from small rural communities to
Caracas, where a statue locates in her honor. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the
Venezuelan constitution.
B. Aesthetics
Culture of Venezuela
The houses and churches of Venezuela also stand as proofs of the rich architectural
heritage of the country. The modern houses are built in simple styles. Venezuela art, and
theater of Venezuela also form inseparable parts of Venezuela Culture. Majority speaks
Spanish. However, native languages are prevalent in certain parts of the country.
Venezuela Literature
As far as Venezuela Literature is concerned, it started developing during the days of colonial
subjugation. Different types of poetry and archives formed the basis of the literature during
the 1700s. The 18th century opened a new chapter of Venezuela Literature. Slowly, a large
number of eminent poets, authors emerged in the country such as Teresa de la Parra and
Arturo Uslar Pietri
Some of the notable figures in the field of Venezuela fine art and literature, the cultural
heritage of the country are as follows:
Armando Reveron
Arturo Michelena
Gego
Marisol Escobar
Yucef Merhi
Festivals in Venezuela
Festivals in Venezuela bring color and fun to the country and let the Venezuelans enjoy their
culture and heritage. The Venezuelans celebrate festivals of Venezuela in a grand way with
high spirit. The country is well decorated and lit up. People spend their holidays during the
Festival in Venezuela, with their family and friends. Important Venezuelan Festivals
Carnival in Venezuela
Festivals in Venezuela, which are completely based on the tradition of the Venezuelans, are
enjoyed even in the present day. Festival Venezuela attracts a great number of tourists from
all over the world.
Carnival in Venezuela
Carnival in Venezuela is celebrated in the month of February forty days before the Easter
Sunday every year. It is one of the most popular festivals in Venezuela. Venezuela Carnival
is celebrated in the grandest way in the coastal towns and villages than any part of the
country. During the Carnival, Venezuela is lit up and decorated. People play with balloons
filled with water instead of air and throw them at each other. Carnival of Venezuela continues
for
four
days
when
people
indulge
in
wearing
new
outfits.
El Callao is the best and most popular Carnival in Venezuela. It also attracts a great number
of tourists from far and wide. Initiated in 1853, El Callao, which was called as Caratal in the
earlier days, is celebrated universally, when people meet their family and friends. Carnival in
In order to compare the nutrition conditions that existed twelve years ago, we source a study
carried out by specialist Elisa Quintana from the Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics of the
Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and published in 2001 in a specialized magazine. In
this study, Mrs. Quintana evaluated the consumption of legumes over a five-decade period
(from 1945 to 1997).
The research concludes that Venezuelans consumed 42 % less legumes during that period,
with a significant decline from 1966 on. Legumes in Venezuela include different kinds of
beans and peas. The minimum consumption touched a rock bottom of 31 grams a day
during the 90s. At that time, 55 % of Venezuelans consumed legumes.
Until 1992, the consumption peak was below 35%. After the establishment of the Bolivarian
Government and its first measures taken in the agricultural area, it was possible to keep that
status. According to figures provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), daily
With the design of the Trompo de los Alimentos (Spinning Top of the Foods) [See Image at
RIGHT], a new way to classify basic food groups was implemented, using this traditional
Venezuelan toy. In this new distribution, legumes are given a more important position along
with other products.
The Spinning Top is easy to understand and families, schools, peoples cafeterias and all
organizations involved in nutrition use it as reference. This system combines each of the
food groups and the result is an assorted and balanced food guide. Water consumption and
physical activity are included in the spinning top guide as key aspects of achieving excellent
health.
The way in which foods are organized in the spinning top is intended to guide the population
with respect to a proper and balanced intake of foods. That is to say, is provides a guide for
the body to achieve all the nutritional components to improve growth, development and
health.
Research shows that Venezuelan families now have more access to products such as
chicken, bologna, ham, eggs, beef liver, pork, aside from the usual consumption of beef.
Regarding fish, the consumption of sardines increased (both fresh and canned), as did the
consumption of tuna. Milk and dairy products are also more frequent in Venezuelans diet,
while visible fats (butter and mayonnaise) decreasing. Butter, in particular, had a 4%
reduction in its consumption in Venezuelan homes.
Wholesale markets were the main source to buy non-processed foods 12 years ago,
followed by the sporadic municipal and peoples markets, and the famous vegetable trucks,
which offer their products as they drive around the streets.
The big private chains strategically offered processed products as the first option to
consumers, leaving unsanitary spaces for the food groups that are considered important
nowadays.
B. Housing
In 1928, the Workers' Bank was founded as a public housing agency of the federal
government. Between 1959 and mid-1966, 23,881 low-cost units (houses and apartments)
were constructed by the Workers' Bank throughout the country. By spending 75% of housing
funds in rural areas and 25% in the cities, reversing the earlier ratio, the government hoped
to cut down the exodus of peasants to Caracas and to maintain the nation's essential
agricultural labor force. By 1969, the government had built 104,598 cheap and comfortable
homes for lower-income groups, 57,675 in cities and 46,923 in rural areas.
Construction of low-cost housing units during the early 1970s proceeded at a rate of about
100,000 a year. During 197781, the public sector built 167,325 housing units, and the
private sector 71,922. In 1981, the government introduced new low-interest housing loans,
but that policy did not prevent a housing slump that persisted from 1982 through 1986 as a
result of the general recession; housing units built by the public sector in 1986 totaled
91,666. The total number of housing units in the mid-1990s exceeded three million.
C. Clothing
The clothing in Venezuela is a blend of Spanish and French influences. Certainly the
occupation of Spain over Venezuela put its huge effects on its culture and heritage
development. This is the reason that the formal dress code in Venezuela resembles the
Spanish fittings even today. With the passage of time, the trends have been enormously
changed and the Venezuelans today prefer to wear modern day costumes.
The traditional dress of Venezuela is not much complicated but descent and decorated.
The women love to wear a long and decorative skirt along with an off the shoulder blouse.
The men however traditionally wear white, beige, cream or ecru colored the Liqui Liqui
made of linen or cotton cloth, although gabardine and wool can also be used in its
elaboration. It is also the national dress for men in Venezuela and Colombia.
Till Venezuela got independence in 1830, the usage of Spanish costumes not only in official
courts but also in day-to-day affairs was not out of question. But after this, the Venezuelans
adopted new dressing trends as they were tilted towards French fashion wear. Slowly the
Spanish dress code became the part of either the official ceremonies or the Venezuelans
started to consider it as religious attire.
Womens traditional costumes in Venezuela normally consist of long dresses with full,
flowing skirts. Floral designs and patterns are commonly reflected on their dresses. The
dresses, or blouses if a skirt-and-blouse combination is selected, are often worn off the
shoulder or have one sleeve off the shoulder. The outfits frequently feature ruffles, and
women usually put flowers in their hair.
E. Social security
It has a directory of more than 3,000 public institutions registered and affects a population of
more than 850,000 workers. The Social Security Treasury is responsible for managing the
Special Retirement and Pension System of the National Public Administration and
assign under the following conditions:
Regulatory Retirement: Every worker with 25 years of service in the public service
and aged 55 for Women and 60 for Men.
To enjoy this benefit, the agency or entity must be solvent with employer contributions and
contributions of workers.
F. Healthcare
Despite strenuous government efforts in the field of public health, Venezuela lacks a
sufficient number of physicians for its booming population. As of 2004, there were an
estimated 193 physicians, 64 nurses, and 52 dentists per 100,000 people. Total health care
expenditure was estimated at 4.2% of GDP.
Commonly reported diseases included malaria and tuberculosis. Leading causes of death
were: communicable diseases, neoplasm, injuries, and diseases of the circulatory system.
Venezuela is virtually free of typhoid and yellow fever. To maintain this status, the
Department of Health and Social Welfare continues its drainage and mosquito control
programs. It also builds aqueducts and sewers in towns of fewer than 5,000 persons.
Approximately 84% of the population had access to safe drinking water and 74% had
adequate sanitation.
As of 2002, the crude birth rate and overall mortality rate were estimated at, respectively,
20.2 and 4.1 per 1,000 people. The infant mortality rate, 50.2 per 1,000 live births in 1971,
fell to 22.20 in 2005. In the same year life expectancy rose to an average of 74.31 years.
About 13% of children under five years old were considered malnourished. Venezuela
currently fortifies maize flour with iron and vitamin A. Immunization rates for children up to
one year old were tuberculosis, 98%; diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 60%; polio, 76%;
and measles, 68%.
The HIV/AIDS prevalence was 0.70 per 100 adults in 2003. As of 2004, there were
approximately 110,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. There were an estimated
4,100 deaths from AIDS in 2003.
VIII. LANGUAGE
Venezuela Languages feature 40 different languages including Spanish, which is the official
language of Venezuela. The indigenous languages though are on the verge of being extinct
are still used by a few people residing in Venezuela. Languages of Venezuela are not always
formally spoken, as Venezuelans mostly prefer speaking informally. The foreign languages
spoken in Venezuela are Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, Arabic and English.
spoken. The German descendants, who migrated to Venezuela in 1843 from the Black
Forest region of Southern Baden mainly, speak this language. Thus, Aleman Coloniero
Language, Venezuela, being one of the Venezuela Languages, has several words that have
been taken from Spanish. Aleman Coloniero Language of Venezuela has a touch of the
other dialects of South Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
Cariban Languages in Venezuela are widely spoken by the people living in the northern
side of South- America. The other regions where Cariban Languages are spoken are the
Maracaibo region, Colombian Andes and the northern part of the Amazon River. Cariban
Languages in Venezuelawere initiated by a south-American family. The Cariban language
family is famous all over the world for "Hixkaryana" language. This indigenous family of
Venezuela is related to Tupi and Macro-Je languages. There are almost 25 to 40 Cariban
languages spoken in the country of Venezuela. Cariban languages in Venezuela came into
existence before the Spanish language gained popularity. Much before the Spanish invaders
occupied the land of Venezuela, the Caribs took over the region of the Lesser Antilles.
Cariban languages did not reach to the greater Antilles as well as the Bahama region.
Maku language Venezuela refers to the Maku speech that is spoken in the regions around
Uraricera river and Roraima. The other places where Maku language is widely spoken are
Padamo and the bordering regions of Venezuela. The Makus are an ethnic tribe who live on
hunting wild animals. The Maku people are the originators of Maku language. They dwell in
the regions of Hupda, Yuhup and Vaupes. The Maku language is an uncategorized language
Nheegate Language - The Yeral, Tupi, Geral, Waengatue tribesmen are the largest
speakers of Nheengatu Language, Venezuela. These ethnic groups dwell in the regions of
Southern Venezuela. Nheengatu Language of Venezuela is also called "lingua geral da
Amazonia"in Spanish and "lingua geral Amazonica" in Portuguese. Almost 2,000 people
speak the Nheengatu language. Nheengatu language in Venezuela is an Amerindian
language that hails from the Tupi-Guarani family.
commonly use this language for communication. Mainly the rural population of Venezuela
uses Nheengatu language. Nheengatu is also widely used by those tribes, who have lost
their original language that represented their indigenous identity.
Panare language of Venezuela has various sub-accents. The characteristic trait of Panare
language is that the syllables end with a nasal tone. All the vowels in this language are
nasalized. Some vowels have a weak nasal sound and the others are strongly nasalized.
The language consists of 25 segments. The phonetic sounds of the Panare language in
Venezuela are flexible in nature. The vowels have many realizations.
REFERENCES:
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab55#ixzz3KrYXTxFI
http://venezuelanalysis.com/basicfacts
https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/ven/en_ven-int-description.pdf
http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/venezuela.htm
http://www.mapsofworld.com/venezuela/culture/
http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/6352
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Venezuela.aspx