Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calculations
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2-3
Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 2-3
Unit A: Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Unit A Quiz............................................................................................................................................ 2-6
Unit B: Capacity, Rate, and Hydrostatic Pressure ..................................................................................... 2-7
Rectangular Volume .............................................................................................................................. 2-7
Cylindrical Volume................................................................................................................................ 2-8
Capacity ................................................................................................................................................. 2-8
Annular Capacity ................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Hydrostatic Pressure ............................................................................................................................ 2-10
Fill-Up.................................................................................................................................................. 2-10
Rate ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Unit B Quiz .......................................................................................................................................... 2-12
Unit C: Fluid Flow................................................................................................................................... 2-13
Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids................................................................................................. 2-13
Fluid Density........................................................................................................................................ 2-14
Fluid Flow Patterns .............................................................................................................................. 2-14
Friction Pressure .................................................................................................................................. 2-15
Unit C Quiz .......................................................................................................................................... 2-16
Unit D: Job Design Calculations ............................................................................................................. 2-17
Working with Equations ...................................................................................................................... 2-17
Bottomhole Treating Pressure.............................................................................................................. 2-18
Friction Loss in Pipe ............................................................................................................................ 2-18
Slurry Density and Volume.................................................................................................................. 2-19
Wellhead Pressure................................................................................................................................ 2-21
Hydraulic Horsepower ......................................................................................................................... 2-21
Pump Rate............................................................................................................................................ 2-22
Unit D Quiz.......................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Self-Check Test: Calculations ................................................................................................................. 2-25
Answers to Unit Quizzes ......................................................................................................................... 2-27
Self-Check Test Answer Key............................................................................................................... 2-32
21
2005, Halliburton
Stimulation I
Calculations
2005, Halliburton
22
Stimulation I
Calculations
Introduction
Stimulation work today ranges from very small,
one transport acid jobs to large frac jobs where
more than 1 million gallons of fluid are pumped.
Since the best job for a given set of conditions
needs to be run, the design of these jobs is
critical. Although it may seem that small and
large jobs have little in common, this is not the
case. Every stimulation job is affected by some
of the same factors such as fluid properties, flow
rates, and well configurations. These factors are
the basis for job calculations, which are essential
to stimulation work. Job design relies on the
values that these calculations give. This section
is designed to help you understand the how and
why of the calculations necessary for
stimulation work.
2005, Halliburton
Objectives
After completing this section, you will be able to
23
Stimulation I
Calculations
Unit A: Definitions
There are a variety of terms used in calculations
for stimulation work. These terms need to be
clearly defined and understood before a job
design can be attempted. This unit defines many
of these terms and can be used as a reference
when necessary.
kAP
L
where:
K
A
P
Permeability
Area
Delta Pressure
Viscosity
Length
2005, Halliburton
=
=
=
=
=
24
Stimulation I
Calculations
Mgal - The M is the Roman numeral for onethousand. Therefore, this refers to Thousands of
Gallons. Used in concentration statements.
2005, Halliburton
25
Stimulation I
Calculations
Unit A Quiz
Fill in the blanks with one or more words to check your progress in Unit A.
1. The term BHTP stands for the bottomhole _____________________ _______________________.
2. The BHTP gradient is also referred to as the ______________________ gradient.
3. bbl/min refers to the pump rate in ___________________________________.
4. ISIP is the _______________________ ______________________ pressure, which can be
determined during a __________________________ test. In this test, the formation is fractured.
5. Pw stands for ____________________________ pressure.
6. Pfrict is the ______________________________ loss in pipe.
7. ________________________ is defined as the part of the rock that is not rock.
8. Dirty volume is the _______________________ plus the __________________________.
9. Hydrostatic pressure is calculated from _________________________ and ____________________.
10. Net pressure is defined as the difference between ___________________ and __________________.
Now, compare your answers with the Answer Key.
2005, Halliburton
26
Stimulation I
Calculations
displacement volume
Solution:
(a)
Volume = L W H = 20 ft 16 ft 10 ft
= 3200 ft 3
Rectangular Volume
Looking first at rectangular objects, volume can
be calculated by multiplying length, by width,
by height. Figure 2.1 illustrates these
dimensions.
Solution:
bbl
ft 3
= 2,564.64 bbl
Volume = 12 ft 30 ft 40 ft 0.1781
gal
= 107,714.88
bbl
gal
Width
Length
Solution:
Tank Example:
10ft 12
in
= 120 in deep
ft
569.92bbl
bbl
rate factor =
= 4.7493
120in
in. of depth
2005, Halliburton
27
Stimulation I
Calculations
bbl
= 313.456 bbl
in
2564.64bbl
bbl
= 213.72
12ft
ft
Cylindrical Volume
Solution:
in
= 240 in.
ft
629.459 bbl
bbl
= 2.623
factor =
in.
240 in.
Ac = 0.7854 d 2
factor =
20ft 12
629.459 bbl
bbl
= 31.473
ft
20ft
Diameter
Solution:
Height
Rate = 31 .473
Radius
bbl
1.0ft
= 3.1473 BPM
ft 10 min
Figure 2.2
Capacity
Cylindrical Tank Example:
bbl
3534.3ft 3 0.1781 3 = 629.459 bbl
ft
2005, Halliburton
28
Stimulation I
Calculations
Solution:
gal
5000ft = 4882 gal
ft
bbl
Capacity (bbl) = 0.0232
5000ft = 116 bbl
ft
This is the amount of fluid needed to displace all
the treating fluids out of the casing or to load it.
Capacity Example:
Solution:
To calculate the capacity factor, open the Red
Book to Section 221, Vol. & Hgt. Between:
Tbgs., Tbg & Csg., Csgs, D.P. & Csg.
Annular Capacity
ONE STRING
Look for 7, 26.00 row
From the Barrels Per Lin Ft column, the factor
is 0.0328 bbl/ft.
Volume = 7500ft 0.0328
2005, Halliburton
29
bbl
= 246 bbl
ft
Stimulation I
Calculations
Solution:
Hydrostatic Pressure
Ph = 6000ft 0.433
= 2598 psi
Fill-Up
The Fill-Up of pipe is defined as the length of
pipe a specified volume will fill. Fill-up factors
are listed in Section 210 (Capacity) of the Red
Book.
Fill-Up Example:
How many feet of 2-7/8 in., External Upset
(EUE), 6.5 lb/ft tubing will 25 barrels of acid
fill?
Solution:
Fill-up Factor = 172.76 ft/bbl (from Red Book)
Fill = 172.76
ft
25 bbl = 4319 ft
bbl
Rate
Solution:
The Red Book value is 0.6234 psi/ft.
Example:
The density of fresh water is 8.33 lb/gal at 68F.
This exerts a pressure of 0.433 psi/ft (See
below). With perforations at 6000 ft, what is the
hydrostatic pressure at that location?
7 in.- 29 lb/ft
8.33 lb/gal
psi
ft
Casing
6,000 ft
Perf Location
6,100 ft
Total Depth
Figure 2.4
2005, Halliburton
2 10
Stimulation I
Calculations
Solution:
25 bbl
0.042
gal
4 gal
= 4.2
min
bbl
min
bbl
gal
gal
42
= 1050
min
bbl
min
gal
gal
4
1050
min
Mgal
gal
Additive Rate =
= 4.2
gal
min
1000
Mgal
Clean Rate = 25
bbl
1000 gal
bbl
= 52.2 bbl
ft
52.2 bbl
Pipe Time =
= 2.09 min.
bbl
25
min
to get:
0.042
bbl
2005, Halliburton
2 11
Stimulation I
Calculations
Unit B Quiz
Solve the following problems to check your progress in Unit B:
1. If we have a rectangular tank that is 132 in. wide, 21 ft long and 6 ft deep, what is the volume of the
tank in barrels? In gallons?
2. We are pulling fluid from a pit that is 50 ft long, 30 ft wide and 15 ft deep, what is the volume of the
pit in barrels? In gallons?
3. What is the bbl/ft of depth factor for question 1? For question 2?
4. How many barrels of water is in a cylindrical tank that is 20 ft high with a diameter of 6 ft?
5. If you are pumping out the cylindrical tank in question 4 at 1 ft/minute, what is the pump rate in
bbl/min?
6. You are on a job reflecting the following data:
2 7/8 in, 6.5 lb/ft external upset N-80 tubing
5 in, 15.50 lb/ft J-55 casing
A packer is on the end of the tubing and set at 8000 ft
Perforations are at 8213 ft
Treatment fluid is 9 lb/gal, 30 lb/Mgal WG-19
ClaySta XP added at 4 gal/Mgal
ScaleChek added at 1 gal/Mgal
Surface clean pump rate of 18 bbl/min
Calculate:
a. Displacement to perforations in barrels
b. Pipe time to perforations
c. Amount of fresh water (8.33 lb/gal) needed to fill annulus in barrels
d. d. Hydrostatic pressure at perforations.
e. Additive pump rate needed for the ClaySta XP? For the ScaleChek?
Now, look up the answers in the Answer Key.
2005, Halliburton
2 12
Stimulation I
Calculations
Fluid density
Friction pressure
Figure 2.5
2005, Halliburton
2 13
Stimulation I
Calculations
Most of the fluids we use in the oilfield are nonNewtonian "pseudo plastic" or shear thinning
fluids. This behavior is represented graphically
in the figure below.
Velocity
Length
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 2.6
Fluid Density
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 2.7
2005, Halliburton
2 14
Stimulation I
Calculations
100009
Pressure
8
7
Rate
W4
5.00 279.7
10009
8
7
6
5
4
100
1
10
Rate (bpm)
Friction Pressure
StimWin v4.3.0
20-Jul-00 14:34
2005, Halliburton
2 15
Stimulation I
100
Calculations
Unit C Quiz
Fill in the blanks with one or more words to check your progress in Unit C.
1. A Newtonian fluid has the same ____________________________ regardless of the rate of
___________________________.
2. Density of fracturing fluids must be considered since it affects ______________________________.
3. Two fluid flow patterns of fluids are _______________________ flow and ____________________
flow.
4. Friction pressure is dependent upon _________________, ________________, _________________,
__________________, and __________________.
5. Halliburton assumes that all apparent viscosity values for linear gels are at _____________ rpm with
a B1 bob, unless otherwise stated.
6. The Halwin/StimWin program that is used to calculate friction is _________________________.
Now, look up the suggested answers in the Answer Key.
2005, Halliburton
2 16
Stimulation I
Calculations
WHTP
Maximum friction
pressure occurs at
the top of the well.
Maximum
hydrostatic pressure
occurs at the bottom
of the well.
BHTP
P -Hydrostatic
P - Friction
Figure 2.10 -
2005, Halliburton
2 17
Stimulation I
Calculations
BHTP = Pisip + Ph
PISIP = 1800 psi (given)
psi
7050ft
ft
= 3052.65 psi
BHTP = 1800psi + 3052.65psi
Ph = 0.4330
= 4852.65psi
BHTP - Ph = PISIP + Ph Ph
On the right side of the equation, Ph minus Ph
cancels out, so you are left with BHTP - Ph =
PISIP. You can now solve for PISIP by subtracting
Ph from BHTP.
Example:
Example:
a. Solution:
a. In StimWin choose Fresh Water
c. Set Increment to 1
e. Go to the Wellbore tab by clicking the
right or left arrow on the toolbar.
f.
Navigation icons
Solution:
2005, Halliburton
2 18
Stimulation I
Calculations
i.
j.
DO icon
k.
l.
Text icon
Example:
Solution:
Specific
Gravity
(g/cc)
Absolute
Volume
(gal/lb)
20/40 Ottawa
95.9
2.65
0.0452
102
2.55
0.0470
100
2.57
0.0466
20/40 SUPER HS
95.5
2.55
0.0470
96
2.70
0.0444
97
2.71
0.0442
97
2.71
0.0442
117
3.27
0.0366
120
3.32
0.03671
120
3.13
0.0383
128
3.56
0.3366
128
3.56
0.3366
128
3.56
0.3366
128
3.56
0.3366
Absolute
Volume
(gallons)
Fresh
Water
8.33
----
Sand
0.0452
0.0912
TOTALS
10.33 lb
1.0912 gal
Absolute
Volume
Factor
(gal/lb)
Materials
PROPPANT TYPE
Materials
(pounds)
Slurry Density =
10.33 lb
lb
lb
=
= 9.4666
gal 1.0912 gal
gal
lb
2005, Halliburton
2 19
Stimulation I
Calculations
Example:
Example:
Diesel #2
Sand
TOTALS
Materials
(pounds)
Absolute
Volume
Factor
(gal/lb)
Absolute
Volume
(gallons)
7.33
----
10
0.0452
0.452
17.33 lb
Slurry Density =
1.452 gal
lb
17.33lb
lb
=
= 11.935
gal 1.452gal
gal
"Dirty" Volume =
"Clean" volume + (sand concentration
clean volume absolute volume factor)
lb
gal
10,000 gal + 10
10,000 gal 0.0452
lb
gal
= 14,520 gal " dirty" volume
where:
lb
= 6807.927 lb
gal
Vs =
lb
gal
Abs Vol factor
1 + Prop Conc
lb
gal
6807.9268 lb
= 71 sacks of sand
lb
95.9
sk
2005, Halliburton
gal
ft
2 20
Stimulation I
Calculations
Slurry Density =
lb
0.05195
gal
psi
= 0.5469
ft
psi
Ph = 3000 ft 0.5469
ft
= 1640.6 psi
or
Ph Gradient = 10.5268
= 4741.1psi
= 1636.5 psi
Hydraulic Horsepower
Wellhead Pressure
bbl
Pw (psi ) Rate
min
HHP =
40.8
or
Where:
BHTP = Bottomhole Treating Pressure
Ph = Hydrostatic Pressure
gal
Pw (psi) Rate
min
HHP =
1713.6
Example:
Example:
2005, Halliburton
2 21
Stimulation I
Calculations
Solution:
lb
h- 8.33
gal
bbl
Pw (psi ) Rate
min
HHP =
40.8
bbl
3000 psi 30
min
=
40.8
= 2205.88 HHP
P
h-10
Packer at 9000 ft
ISIP-10
psi
9100 ft = 4727.45 psi
ft
lb
gal
Pump Rate
By rewriting the base equation for HHP, you can
obtain an equation for calculating bbl/min.
Multiply both sides of the equation by 40.8:
HHP 40.8 = Pw Rate
Solution:
Pfrict = 70
= 0.5195
psi
9100 ft = 3940.3 psi
ft
Example:
lb
gal
= 0.433
psi
9000ft = 6300psi
100ft
HHP 40.8
bbl
= Rate
Pw
min
Example:
Solution:
bbl
bbl 1000 HHP 40.8
Rate
= 7.1579
=
5700 psi
min
min
2005, Halliburton
2 22
Stimulation I
Calculations
Unit D Quiz
Solve the following problems to check your progress in Unit D.
2005, Halliburton
2 23
Stimulation I
Calculations
f) If you are on the 5 lb/gal proppant stage and the well screens out with the well full of
slurry, what is the hydrostatic pressure at the perfs?
g) How much proppant is left in the well (sacks)?
Now, look up the suggested answers in the Answer Key.
2005, Halliburton
2 24
Stimulation I
Calculations
1. The flow pattern of fluid where fluid velocity and friction are high, and the fluid moves primarily as
one unit is called what? ___________________ ______________________.
2. bbl/min stands for _______________ _____ ______________.
3. Perforations are at 8,000 ft. The well fluid is 2% KC1 water which is 8.42 lb/gal. PISIP = 2,575 psi.
Calculate BHTP:
_______________ psi/ft 8,000 ft = _______________ psi
BHTP = 2,575 psi + _______________ psi = ______________ psi
4. Perforations are at 11,000 ft. BHTP gradient is 0.82 psi/ft.
BHTP = _______________ psi
5. Perforations are at 9,060 ft.
BHTP gradient is 0.72 psi/ft.
Fracturing fluid is 2% KC1 water mixed with WG-19 at 40 lb/Mgal
Proppant is 20/40 Econoprop at 3 lb/gal
Calculate PISIP with sand-laden fluids.
Materials
Materials
(Pounds)
Absolute
Volume Factor (Gal/Lb)
Absolute
Volume (Gallons)
2% KC1 _______________________
_________________________
____________________
Proppant _______________________
_________________________
____________________
TOTAL _______________________ lb
_________________________gal/lb
____________________ gal
BHTP = _______________________ ft
_________________________psi/ft =
____________________ psi
Ph
_______________________ ft
_________________________psi/ft =
____________________ psi
_______________________ psi -
_________________________psi =
____________________ psi
PISIP =
6. Casing is 5 1/2 in., 20 lb/ft, J-55 to 6300 ft. Perforations are at 6300 ft.
Treating fluid is salt water mixed with WG-17 at 40 lb/1000 gal.
Injection rate is 40 bbl/min. Pfrict gradient is 7.68 psi/100 ft.
Pfrict = _________________ psi
2005, Halliburton
2 25
Stimulation I
Calculations
2005, Halliburton
2 26
Stimulation I
Calculations
1.
treating pressure
2.
Frac
3.
4.
instantaneous shut-in/pump-in
5.
Wellhead
6.
Friction
7.
Porosity
8.
9.
1.
132 in.
21 ft 6 ft = 1386ft 3
in
12
ft
bbl
1386ft 3 0.1781 3
ft
= 246.847 bbl
246.8466 bbl 42
gal
bbl
= 10,367.56 gal
2.
50 ft 30 ft 15 ft = 22,500 ft 3
bbl
22,500 ft 3 0.01781 3
ft
= 4007.25 bbl
4007.25 bbl 42
gal
bbl
= 168,304.5 gal
246.8466 bbl
bbl
= 41.14
6ft
ft
4007.25 bbl
bbl
Q2=
= 267.15
15 ft
ft
Q1=
3.
2005, Halliburton
2 27
Stimulation I
Calculations
565.488ft 3 0.1781
bbl
ft 3
= 100.713 bbl
100.71341 bbl
bbl
= 5.0357
20ft
ft
ft
bbl
1
5.0357
= 5.0357 BPM
min
ft
5.
bbl
ft
= 46.322 bbl
6. a.
bbl
ft
= 5.0694 bbl
5.0694 bbl + 46.322 bbl
= 51.389 bbl
b. T
51.389 bbl
= 2.8550 min
18BPM
c. V = 8000ft 0.0158
d.
bbl
= 126.4 bbl
ft
lb
gal
0.05195 2
gal
in ft
= 3839.99psi
Ph = 8213ft 9
18bbl 42gal
4gal
min
bbl 1000gal
gal
= 3.024
ClaySta XP
min
or
Rate 1 =
gal
min
e.
gal
1gal
bbl
Rate 2 = 18
42
min
bbl 1000gal
gal
= 0.756
ScaleChek
min
or
gal
18 .042 1 = 0.756
min
18 .0 42 4 = 3.024
2005, Halliburton
2 28
Stimulation I
Calculations
1.
psi
8000ft
ft
= 3864.8 psi
Ph = 0.4831
Ph = 0.5039
2.
Frac Grad. =
13.92 lb
lb
= 11.1485
1.2486 gal
gal
psi
BHTP = 7450 ft 0.65
ft
= 4842.5 psi
psi
3. Ph Grad = 0.5766
(RedBook)
ft
psi
Ph = 7450 ft 0.5766
ft
= 4295.67 psi
PISIP = 4842.5 psi 4295.67 psi
= 546.83 psi
Density =
2005, Halliburton
2 29
Stimulation I
Calculations
bbl
ft
= 52.11 bbl
4. a. Casing = 50ft 0.0393
bbl
ft
= 1.965 bbl
Volume = 52.11bbl + 1.965bbl
= 54.075 bbl
b.
bbl
ft
= 281.7 bbl
psi
100ft 9000ft
Pfrict =
ft
100
100ft
= 3447 psi
38.3
c.
ISIP 10
gal
lb
h 10
gal
h 8.9
d.
lb
gal
= 0.5195
psi
9050 ft
ft
= 4701.475 psi
psi
= 0.4623
9050 ft
ft
= 4183.815 psi
Ph = 4701.475 4183.815
= 517.66 psi
lb = 2000 psi + 517.66 psi
ISIP 8.9
gal
= 2517.66 psi
Pw = 2517.66 psi + 2447 psi
= 5964.66 psi
Pw Q
40.8
5964.66psi 20BPM
=
40.8
= 2923.853 HH P
HHP =
e.
2005, Halliburton
2 30
Stimulation I
Calculations
f.
lb
gal
0.0444
Vol factor = 1 + 5
lb
gal
= 1 + 0.222
= 1.222
8.93 lb + 5 lb
lb
Density =
= 11.399
1.222gal
gal
Ph = 9050ft 0.5922(RedBook )
= 5359.41 psi
Clean Vol =
54.075bbl 42
gal
bbl
1.222
= 1858.55 gal
g.
Wsand = 1858.55gal 5
lb
gal
= 9292.76 lb
Vsand =
9292.76lb
= 96.8 sks
lb
96
sk
2005, Halliburton
2 31
Stimulation I
Calculations
psi
(RedBook) 8000ft = 3491.2 psi
ft
BHTP = 2575psi + 3491.2psi = 6066.2 psi
4.
5.
Ph = 0.4364
psi
= 9020 psi
ft
Proppant
TOTALS
11.4
0.0444__
11.42lb
lb
= 10.0777
1.1332gal
gal
psi
BHTP = 9060 ft 0.72
= 6523.2 psi
ft
psi
Ph = 9060 ft 0.5247
(RedBook) = 4753.78 psi
ft
PISIP = 6523.2 psi 4753.78 psi = 1769.42 psi
SlurryDensity =
psi
100ft 6300ft = 483.84 psi
100ft
7.68
6.
7.
Pfrict =
HHP =
6000psi 12
40.8
bbl
min = 1764.706 HHP
8 a.
bbl
= 40.6350 bbl
ft
bbl
= 5.8125 bbl
ft
= 40.6350bbl + 5.8125bbl = 46.4475 bbl
2005, Halliburton
2 32
Stimulation I
Calculations
b.
bbl
= 106.05 bbl
ft
c.
bbl
= 284.96 bbl
ft
d.
bbl
PumpRate
min
in
Rate
=
min TankFactor bbl
in
284.96bbl
bbl
= 2.96833
Tank Factor =
96in
in
bbl
10
in
in
min
= 3.369
Rate
=
min
min 2.96833 bbl
min
e.
Pfrict = 41.96
f.
psi
10,500ft = 4405.8 psi
100ft
7505.8psi 10
bbl
min = 1839.657 HHP
g.
HHP =
h.
lb
gal
= 1.3064
Volume Factor = 1 + 8
0.0383
lb
gal
gal
46.4475bbl 42
bbl = 1493.260 gal
CleanVolume =
1.3064
lb
WInterProp = 1493.260gal 8
= 11,946.08 lb
gal
11,946.08lb
VInterProp =
= 99.551 sacks
lb
120
sk
40.8
2005, Halliburton
2 33
Stimulation I
Calculations
lb
lb
+8
gal
gal
lb
Slurry Density =
= 12.569
1.3064
gal
lb
Ph = 10875ft 12.569
0.05195 = 7100.935 psi
gal
8.42
i.
ft 3
(RedBook) = 32.7ft 3
ft
= 99.551ft 3 32.7ft 3 = 66.851ft 3
j.
VProp in tubing
ft
(RedBook) = 3079.625ft
ft 3
Top of Proppant = 10,500ft - 3079.625ft = 7420.375 ft
Fill = 66.851ft 3 46.067
l.
Pipe Time =
46.4475 bbl
= 4.64475 min
bbl
10
min
LA - Rate = 10
= 0.84
min Mgal
bbl
2005, Halliburton
gal
min
2 34
Stimulation I