07/10/2011

Karakteristik Danau
- Daerah cekungan tertutup, dgn air tergenang (lentic waters)
- Retensi/daya simpan air (waktu rata2 molekul2 air utk
tersimpan dlm danau) bervariasi :
hanya bbrp hari s.d.ratusan tahun, tergtg dr ukuran
danau & laju inflow/outflow

- Stratifikasi thermal stratification

Lake types :
~ Temperate lakes
~ Tropical lakes: water never cools
below 4C & stratified
~ Polar lakes: temperatures never
rise above 4C and water is
inversely stratified with a single
period of summer circulation

Retention Time / Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT)

Panjang waktu/lamanya
air utk tetap berada dlm
danau
Danau yg besar &
dalam + inflow sedang :
mpy HRT lebih lama
drpd danau dangkal +
inflow sedang

HRT diperlukan utk menentukan kebutuhan/pasokan tahunan

danau : air, nutrien, panas, kontaminan & herbisida

Thermal stratification
- Melelehnya salju saat musim semi densitas air lebih tinggi,
tenggelam & terjd percampuran dg volume danau/reservoir
~~> turnover
- Saat air permukaan panas & densitas air kurang, peningkatan
kekuatan utk tidak bercampur
- Perbedaan temperatur antara lapisan2 kolom air meski hanya
bbrp derajat cukup utk mencegah terjdnya sirkulasi air
danau/reservoir terstratifikasi termal
Forel (1904) developed a thermal classification system
a.Temperate lakes
b.Tropical lakes
c. Polar lakes

Very short residence times (i.e., a lake with a small volume

and high inflow and outflow rates) :
algae may get flushed out of the lake so fast that they
dont accumulate.
Intermediate residence times :
allow algae and aquatic plants plenty of time to take
advantage of the nutrients that are present.
Longer residence times :
phosphorus coming into the lake tends to have more time
& opportunity to bind to particles, either through biological
activity or through chemical and physical processes.
Determining residence time for your lake is probably not a
job you can take on without some expert help, but it is an
important characteristic of your lake !!

Thermal classification was introduced by Hutchinson &

Lffler (1956)
LAKE TYPE

CHARACTERISTICS

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

Amictic Lakes

Lack of mixing, no vertical mixing, Antarctica,

sealed off perennially by ice.
altitude mountains.

Holomictic Lakes

Entire mixing, complete vertical

mixing at least once a year.

Cold Monomictic

Water temperatures never greater

than 4C & with one circulation in
the summer at or below 4C.
One regular period of mixing
during the year

Near the polar areas,

Arctic and high mountains
lakes.

Warm Monomictic

Water temperatures never drop

below 4C, they circulate freely in
the winter at or above 4C and
stratified in summer.

Coastal areas of Northern

Europe and North America.

Dimictic

Two periods of mixing, one

spring and one autumn.

Cool temperate regions,

high elevations in subtropical regions.

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Oligomictic

Tropical, with rare circulation

at irregular interval, and
temperatures above 4C,
mixing is unusual, irregular
and of short duration

Equatorial regions with

high humidity, mostly
tropical, few in number
and

Polymictic

Lakes with frequent or

continuous circulation.

Shallow lakes

Glacial lake basins

Most recent ~14,000

b.p. (
ice scour lakes
morainal lakes
ice block/kettle lakes
Includes most of the

lakes in the Upper

Great Lakes and New
England region

Pembentukan Danau
Cekungan danau terbtk dr proses2 seperti :
Aktivitas glasial
Pergerakan kulit/kerak bumi
Sungai-sungai
Proses2 pelarutan mineral dlm tanah
Aktivitas manusia

Moraine :
- bentukan oleh bagian depan sungai
es yg bergerak maju.
- terbentuk selama akhir abad es.
- sangat tidak stabil dan kadangkadang menimbulkan banjir besar
sementara gletser menyusut,
semakin banyak danau moraine
mel ap
meluap.
Ice scour :
Lembaran/pecahan es bergerak di permukaan
menghasilkan danau2 kecil

Lakes formed by Glacial Processes

Lakes formed by Glacial Processes

They are also found

in flat terrain where
damming by
moraines or ice
blocks left behind in
glacial drift is the
mechanism

Glacial activity has

resulted in the greatest
number of lakes and
some of the largest
lakes in area
The lakes of Minnesota,
US (Land of 10,000
Lakes) and the
Adirondacks in New
York are attributable to
glacial activity

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HW

Beautiful glacial lake basins

Castle Lake, CA:

TM

cirque lake formed by glacier

scour leaving a terminal moraine
at the outflow & a lateral moraine
than separates a 5 m deep littoral
plain from a 35 m deep bowl

TM

Lake formed by Crustal Movement

Tectonic Activity (crustal
instability and movement)
- Graben = fault-trough =
rift lake
- Formed between two
faults
movements of the earth's
crust in such a way as to
create a basin that can fill
with water

HW

TM

(Graben = blok patahan yg mengalami penurunan di antara

dua blok patahan yg naik/horst)

HW

Tectonic lake basins Graben-Rift

Faults and depressions

created from crustal

movements
The deepest lakes in the
world were formed from
parallel fault blocks that
p
sank to create flat-bottomed
grabens

The deepest and oldest

lakes in the world are
those formed by crustal
movement
The deepest and oldest
lake in the world is
Lake Baikal in Siberia

Lake Tahoe, CA-NV

Landslide formed

Tectonic Basins Uplifted sea beds

Slow uplifting of ancient sea beds to form

shallow depressions

L. Okeechobee, FL

Landslide Lakes
Mountain Lake, VA, US
One of two natural
lakes in Virginia
Formed when
landslide dammed a
mountain valley
The lake is estimated
to be about 6,000
years old and
geologists believe it
must have been
formed by rock slides
and damming

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Volcanic Caldera Lakes

Crater Lake- 589 m deep
(Mt. Mazama exploded)
Very low watershed to

lake area ratio (Aw : A0)

Crater/caldera Lakes
Lake occupies a
caldera or collapsed
volcanic crater/cone
If cone blows out the
side like Mt. St. Helens,
no basin left

http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs092-02/

Steep sides
Low nutrient soils
Unproductive
Extremely clear
www.cs.uoregon.edu/.../oregon/large/

Rivers Formed Lakes

Alluvial rivers leave behind bends
that become oxbow lakes
Oxbow lakes are localized to areas
in alluvial floodplains, like the lower
Mississippi valley

Oxbow lakes the river changed course

As the outer banks of a meander continue to be
eroded through processes such as hydraulic
action the neck of the meander becomes narrow
and narrower.

Deposition gradually seals off the old meander bend forming a new straighter
river channel.
Due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated from the main channel

Solution Lakes
Lake basins can be formed
when subsurface mineral
deposits (like halite or
limestone) dissolve leaving a
void which collapses resulting
in a basin
Florida,
The lakes of central Florida
US, form a solution basin lake
district

Solution lakes formed by the dissolution of

limestone deposits
Areas with numerous solution lakes are known as
Karst topography

USBR: http://www.hooverdam.usbr.gov/

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Lakes formed by Human Activity

Salt collapse
basins
Underground
seepage
dissolves salt
lenses, ground
collapses and
basin fills

These may be intentional, as in the

case of reservoirs created for
recreation, flood control, irrigation,
navigation, hydropower
Or they may be incidental, as in the
case of flooded peat digs or rock
quarries

Reservoirs Whats that dammed lake for ?

usually created for multiple uses and so result in multiple
conflicts