Computer Networks

Network Layer, Virtual Circuits

and Datagram Networks
Based on Computer Networking, 4th Edition by Kurose and Ross

Stan Kurkovsky

Network layer
transport segment from sending to
receiving host
on sending side encapsulates
segments into datagrams
on rcving side, delivers segments
to transport layer
network layer protocols in every
host, router
Router examines header fields in
all IP datagrams passing through it

application
transport
network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical

network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical

application
transport
network
data link
physical

Stan Kurkovsky

Key NetworkNetwork-Layer Functions

forwarding: move packets
from routers input to
appropriate router output
routing algorithm

Takes place inside a

router
analogy: process of
planning trip from source
to dest

local forwarding table

header value output link

routing: determine route

taken by packets from
value in arriving
source to dest

0100
0101
0111
1001

3
2
2
1

packets header

Takes place between

routers

0111

Routing algorithms
analogy: process of
getting through single
interchange

1
3 2

Stan Kurkovsky

Network service model

Q: What service model for channel transporting datagrams from sender to
rcvr?
Example services for individual datagrams:
Guaranteed delivery
Guaranteed delivery with less than 40 msec delay
Example services for a flow of datagrams:
In
In--order datagram delivery
Guaranteed minimum bandwidth to flow
Restrictions on changes in interinter-packet spacing

Stan Kurkovsky

Network layer service models

Network
Architecture
Internet

Service
Model

Guarantees ?

Congestion
Bandwidth Loss Order Timing feedback

best effort none

ATM

CBR

ATM

VBR

ATM

ABR

ATM

UBR

constant
rate
guaranteed
rate
guaranteed
minimum
none

no

no

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

yes

no

no (inferred
via loss)
no
congestion
no
congestion
yes

no

yes

no

no

Stan Kurkovsky

Network layer connection and connectionconnection-less service

Datagram network provides networknetwork-layer connectionless service
VC network provides networknetwork-layer connection service
Analogous to the transporttransport-layer services, but:
Service: host
host--toto-host
No choice: network provides one or the other
Implementation: in the core

VC: ATM networks

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Stan Kurkovsky

Virtual circuits
source--tosource
to-dest path behaves much like telephone circuit

performanceperformance-wise
network actions along sourcesource-toto-dest path

call setup, teardown for each call before data can flow
each packet carries VC identifier (not destination host address)
every router on sourcesource-dest path maintains state for each passing
connection
link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC

A VC consists of:
1. Path from source to destination
2. VC numbers, one number for each link along path
3. Entries in forwarding tables in routers along path

Packet belonging to VC carries a VC number.

VC number must be changed on each link.

New VC number comes from forwarding table

Stan Kurkovsky

Forwarding table
VC number
22

12

32

interface
number

Forwarding table in
northwest router:
Incoming interface

Incoming VC #

1
2
3
1

12
63
7
97

Outgoing interface

Outgoing VC #

3
1
2
3

22
18
17
87

Routers maintain connection state information!

Stan Kurkovsky

Virtual circuits: signaling protocols

used to setup, maintain, teardown VC
used in ATM, frameframe-relay, X.25
not used in todays Internet

application
transport 5. Data flow begins
network 4. Call connected
data link 1. Initiate call
physical

6. Receive data application

3. Accept call transport
2. incoming call network

data link
physical

Stan Kurkovsky

Datagram networks
no call setup at network layer
routers: no state about endend-toto-end connections
no networknetwork-level concept of connection

packets forwarded using destination host address

packets between same sourcesource-dest pair may take different paths

application
transport
network
data link 1. Send data
physical

application
transport
2. Receive data network
data link
physical

Stan Kurkovsky

Forwarding table

4 billion possible entries

Destination Address Range

Link Interface

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000

through

11001000 00010111 00010111 11111111

11001000 00010111 00011000 00000000

through

11001000 00010111 00011000 11111111

11001000 00010111 00011001 00000000

through

11001000 00010111 00011111 11111111

otherwise

Stan Kurkovsky

Longest prefix matching

Prefix Match
11001000 00010111 00010
11001000 00010111 00011000
11001000 00010111 00011
otherwise

Link Interface
0
1
2
3

Examples
DA
DA:: 11001000 00010111 00010110
00010110 10100001
DA
DA:: 11001000 00010111 00011000
00011000 10101010

Stan Kurkovsky

Datagram or VC network: why?

Internet

ATM

data exchange among computers

elastic service, no strict
timing req.
smart end systems (computers)
can adapt, perform control,
error recovery
simple inside network,
complexity at edge
many link types
different characteristics
uniform service difficult

evolved from telephony

human conversation:
strict timing, reliability
requirements
need for guaranteed service
dumb end systems
telephones
complexity inside network

Stan Kurkovsky