Chapter I

Introduction
A. Background
Baluran National Park national park is a complex nature conservation area.
Baluran National Park national park habitat is very different from other regions of
Java Island. The climate area is due to its geographical position is also caused by
the physical arrangement of chemically fertile soil but do not have the ability to
store water is good, especially in the area lowlands. Whereas, in the mountains as
a result of volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago in Baluran National
Parknational parkalso creates many rivers and streams that lead to the entire radial
region Baluran National Parknational park , even a spring coming out of the
mountain peaks glaze.The physical condition of a typical Baluran National
Parknational parkeventually create many various types of vegetation ranging from
evergreen forest types, forest season, coastal forest, mangroves, sea grass ,
savanna

and

coral

reefs.

Many types of vegetation createsmany diversity of plants and infauna, especially

in coastal forests. In addition to the diversity of plants and infauna also present
symbiosis between them.
Coastal Forest inBaluran National Parknational parkconsists of black sand,
small black coast stone, or rock bevel, depending on the area. The coastal
vegetation is formed of Barringtonia, which grows between Pandean and
TanjungCandibang and in LabuhanMerak, Pandanustectorius in TanjungBendi,
Pemphisacidula in Air Karang, Acrophora, Poriteslutea,Serioptophorahisterix
and Stylophora species.
Coastal forest Baluran National Parkhas thepotential ofbiodiversityis
quitehigh of flora, fauna, and both interaction includingthe beauty ofnatural
scenery.

The temperature varies between 27,2C 30,9C, humidity 77%, wind velocity 7
knot and the wind direction is influenced by strong south east wind. This
condition match with the dominancy of flora such as pandaean.
B. Problem
What is the effect of biotic and abiotic factors to the biodiversity of plant and
infauna also that symbiosis in Coastal ForestBaluran National Park National Park?
C. Researches questions
a. How is the diversity of plant in Coastal Forest of Baluran National
Park National Park?
b. How is the diversity of infauna in Coastal Forest of Baluran National
Park National Park?
c. Is there any influence of abiotic factors in Coastal Forest of Baluran
National Park National Park?
d. Is there any symbiosis interaction in Coastal Forest of Baluran
National Park National Park?
D. Objectives
a. To know the diversity of plant vegetation in Coastal Forest of Baluran
National Park National Park
b. To know the diversity of infauna in bama Coastal Forest of Baluran
National Park National Park
c. To know the influence of abiotic factors to the development of plant and
infauna in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Park
d. To know the symbiosis interaction Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park
National Park
E. Benefit/ Uses
The usefulness of these observations can provide scientific information about
plant diversity of vegetation and infauna including that symbiosis also the
influence of abiotic factors in Coastal Forest ecosystem of Baluran National Park
National Park.

Chapter II
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION

Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park

A. Coastal forest
Coastal forest ecosystem types found in dry areas by the beach
with sandy or rocky soil conditions and is located above the highest tide
line. In areas like that in general, rarely flooded by sea water, but often
exposed

to

high

winds

or

gust

of

salt.

Tree species are generally found in coastal forest ecosystems such as

Barringtoniaasiatica,

Terminaliacatappa,

Calophylluminophyllum,

Hibiscus tiliaceus, Casuarinaequisetifolia, and the Pisoniagrandis. In

addition to these tree species, proved sometimes there is also
Hernandiapeltata tree species, Manilkarakauki, and Sterculiafoetida.
B. Analysis of vegetation
To knowthe structureandcomposition

ofvegetationinBaluran

National Park National Parkwe have to conduct analysis of vegetation.

Analysis of vegetationconducted on30plotsthatare spreadevenlyin the
regionsecotone.
Ecotoneregionisazone(area) transition(transition) orthe junction
between

twodifferent

communitiesandshowtypicalproperties.

Ecotoneareais an area thatis verysensitive toenvironmental changes.

Environmental changescan affectvegetationstructure andcomposition.
AccordingMarsono(1977)that thestructure andcomposition ofvegetationis
influencedbyseveralfactors:growingplants andplaces(habitat) in the form
of climateandsoil conditionsthe situation. The arrangement andnumber
ofspeciescompositioniscontained

inaplant

community,

while

thevegetationstructureis definedas anorganizationin thedivulgingof space,

stand, vegetation typesorplantassociations(Mueller-DomboisandEllenberg,
1974).
Analysis ofvegetationinBaluran National Park national park isdone
on-shore

mangrove,

coastal,

lowland,lowlands,

savannas,

evergreenlowlandandhighland-lowland.
C. Distribution of Coastal Forest Plants
Baluran National Park is a conservation area which has a wealth of as
many as 444 species of flora consisting of 138 species of trees (7 exotic),

76 species of shrubs (4 exotic species), 37 species of vines (an exotic

species), 120 kinds of herbs (9 exotic species) , 6 species of orchids, 13
species of ferns, 52 species of grass and two species of parasites and
epiphytes holongan (BTN Baluran National Park, 2009). Of all the types
of flora mentioned above, especially those in the National Park there are
423 types of Baluran National Park 87 family is scattered in the region and
form a diverse ecosystem (heterogeneous), thus providing its own worth in
terms of both economic and ecological (BTN Baluran National Park, ,
2005). Several plant species can live more than one type of forest. Gebang
types (Coryphautan), Kalamanthang (Anomianthusauritus), and Mimba
(Azadirachtaindica) is distributed in the coastal forest, Evergreen and
lowlands. Types of Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Asem (Tamarindusindica)
distributed on the beach, savannah and lowland. Kesambi types
(Schleicheraoleosa) distributed in the coastal forest, savanna, lowland and
highland.

Mimba

types

(Azadirachtaindica)

and

Kesambi

(Schleiceraoleosa) abundant in number and almost evenly inBaluran

National Park
- Distributionin coastal forest
When viewedthe development ofexisting vegetationin coastal(littoral),
then

indeedoften

foundtwovegetationformations,

namely

the

formationPescapraeandBarringtoniaformations.
1. Pescaprae vegetation
This formation isfound inpiles ofsand thathastheelevationalong
thecoast, andmostare found in allthe coastof Indonesia.Compositionof
plant

specieson

theformationpescapraenearly

all

sameasspecies

ofvegetationdominated byIpomoeapescaprae(katang-katang) a species

ofcreeper, a lowherbwhose roots areable tobindthe sand. There
areother

plantspeciescommonlyfound

asCyperuspenduculatuspescaprae,

informationssuch
Cyperusstoloniferus,

Thuarealinvoluta, Spinifexlittoralis, Vitextrifolia, Ishaemummuticum,

Euphorbiaatoto,
Canavaliaabtusiofolia,

Launacasarmontasa,
Triumfettarepens,

Fimbristylissericea,
Uignamarina,

Ipomeacarnosa, Ipomoeadenticulata, andIpomoealittoralis.

2. Barringtoniaformations

Barringtoniaformationsisthe dominantplant speciesin this areais a

species oftreeBarringtoniaasiatica. The icon of coastal forest is
theBarringtoniaformation. Someof treesthat growon the coastandupof
coastforestecosystemareBarringtoniaasiatica, Casuarinaequisetifolia,
Terminaliaeatappa,

Hibiscustiliaceus,

Calophylluminophyllum,

Hernandiapeltata, Sterculiafoetida, Manilkarakauki, Cocosnucifera,

Crinumasiaticum,

Cycasrumphii,

Caesalpiniabonducella,coryphautan,Morindacitrifolia,
Oehrocarpusovalifolius, Taeealeontopetaloides, Thespesiapopulnea,
Tournefortiaargentea,

Wedeliabiflora,

Ximeniaamericana,

Pisoniagrandis, Plueheaindica, Pongamiapinnata, Premnacorymbosa,

Premnaobtusifolia,

Pemphisacidula,

Planchonellaobovata,

taccadaScaevola,

Scaevolafrutescens,

Desmodiumumbellatum,Dodonaeaviscesa,

Sophoratomentosa,

Erythrinavariegata,

Guettardaspeciosa,

bidurPandanus,

Pandanustectorius, andNephrolepisbiserrata.
D. Abiotic factors
Abiotic environment often also referred to the physical environment, it
affects the lives of organisms. Here some example abiotic factors in the
ecosystem.
1. water
Water is essential for all organisms. Most of our earth is water, because
water covers nearly 71% of the earth's surface. However, most of the water
contained in the sea as salt water and the layers of ice (in polar and
mountain peaks). In addition there is also water in the form of clouds, rain,
river water, fresh water, moisture, etc.. All the water that is in the earth's
surface moves follow a cycle called the water cycle (cycle hiodrologi) .
2. air
air in the atmosphere consists of a mixture of various gases such as
nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), argon (0.93%), CO2 (0.038%),
and other gas of 1%. Various gas plays an important role in the life of
the organism, for example oxygen. Availability of oxygen is
determined

by

the

presence

of

chlorophyll

plants

during

photosynthesis, and the lack of oxygen would affect the living things
that exist within ecosystems tersebut.
3. Temperature
The air is also very closely related to temperature great influence on
living organisms. Ecosystems that have a high temperature will have a
variety of different organisms in ecosystems with low temperature
.Temperature will also affect the activities taking place in the
ecosystem, such as energy flow.
E. Symbiosis
Most of the interactions between species involve food:

competing for the same food supply

eating (predation)
avoiding being eaten (avoiding predation)

These interactions are often brief. There are many cases, however, where two
species live in close association for long periods. Such associations are called
symbiotic ("living together"). In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair
benefits from the relationship. The other member may be :

injured ( = parasitism)
relatively unaffected ( = commensalism)
may also benefit ( = mutualism). (Some people restrict the term
symbiosis to only these mutually beneficial interactions, but we
shall not.)

Ant-acacia mutualism
In this relationship found most commonly in Baluran National Park Coastal
Forest, the ant hollows out the large thorns of the plant for nests, feed on sweet
secretions from the four nectaries at the base of each petiole and on the protein
rich Beltian bodies found on the tips of the leaves, which together provide an
almost complete diet for the ant. The ants in return protect these trees from
invertebrate as well as vertebrate herbivores.With any movement of the branch,
the ants emerge releasing a nasty odor as well as physically attacking the surprised
herbivore. They are quite effective.

Baluran ants and acacia trees get along

great: The ants live in the acacia's special
swollen thorns and pay the tree by
attacking leaf-eating insects. But the ants
steer clear of bees and other insects that
pollinate the acacia's flowers, allowing the
tree to reproduce, which in turn keeps alive the symbiotic relationship. why the
ants turn up their feelers at pollinators: The tree exudes a chemical that tells ants
to keep away. The findings, reported in Nature, show how a plant has evolved a
way to thwart a potential conflict with a symbiotic insect.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

Time and Place of Observations

Day/ date
: 26th of May 2012
Time
: 07.00 16. 30 WIB
Place
: Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park
Sample Method
: Sampling methods that were used are
quadrant and line transect. Quadrant method was used to conduct
vegetation analysis, meanwhile line transect was used to determine
zonation of coastal forest at Baluran National Park.
The size of each group of samples taken is 35 meter width,
and length of each group is determined from the lips of the coastal
forest to the border with the coastal mangrove forests. Quadrant

samples of each small group at least consist of 3 quadrants with

size 15x15 meters. Quadrant is selected by zoning, see the state
near the border of the transition forest, in the middle and the border
of mangrove forest. Quadrant size is determined based on
preliminary calculations 20% of the area that we will take the
location of the sample. This observation is biotic observation that
includes vegetation analysis, vertical analysis, the diversity of
infauna and action interaction. While abiotic factors that we
observed are temperature, wind speed, humidity, evaporation, light
intensity. Edaphic factors consist of humidity, temperature, pH, and
air in the soil.
35 m
15mx1
5m

15mx1
5m

Border of coastal forest with

mangrove

Border of transition forest

with coastal forest

No.
1.

Observation
Biotic

15mx1
5m

Apparatus and substances

Measure
Vegetation
analysis

Apparatus
Material
-Meters
-rope
-Quadrant 15x15

meters
-Specimen bag
Vertical analysis -Meters
Diversity
of -Specimen bag
-shovel
infauna
-strainer

Senses
Eyes

Eyes
eyes

2.

3.

Climatic

Wind speed

Anemometer

Humidity

Dry-wet

Evaporation
Temperature
Light intensity
Temperature
Humidity
Soil pH
Air in the soil

Edaphic

thermometer
Evaporimeter
Thermometer
Luxmeter
Thermometer
Soil Tester
Soil Tester
Filter paper
Pippete
Soil corer

Eyes
Water

Eyes
Eyes
Eyes
Eyes

HCl
KCNS
K3Fe(CN)6

Procedure
1. Vegetation analysis
a. Measure total area of coastal forest at Baluran National
Park.
b. The total area is divided into 5 sub-area with 35 meter
width, and length of each sub-area is determined from
the lips of the coastal forest to the border with the
coastal mangrove forests.
c. Make 3 quadrants with size 15 meter x 15 meter in each
sub-area. Quadrant is selected by zonation, see the state
near the border of the transition forest, in the middle and
the border of mangrove forest. Quadrant size is
determined based on preliminary calculations 20% of
the area.
d. Conduct vegetation analysis in each quadrant by
identifying name and amount of vegetation.
e. Calculate density, relative density, frequency, relative
frequency, dominancy, relative dominancy to get
important value index
2. Vertical analysis
a. Make a quadrant 25cm x 25cm
b. Conduct vertical analysis by using quadrant 25cm x
25cm for each trees from 0m height until 1.9meter
height
c. Observe and identify vegetation that present on the trees

d. Write down the result on the observation table

e. Repeat step a-d for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
3. Diversity of Infauna
a. Put 1 quadrant 25cm x 25 cm in each quadrant 15m x
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

15m
Dig the soil by using shovel until 25cm depth
Take the soil and put into speciment bag
Sort the soil by using strainer
Observe the organisms that present on the soil
Write down the result on the observation table
Repeat step a-f for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-

area
4. Wind speed
a. Turn on anemometer
b. Anemometer is directed toward wind direction
c. Observe the number that appears on the screen for about
5 minutes
d. Do this observation with 3 times replication
e. Write down the result on the observation table
f. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
5. Air humidity
a. Pour small amount of water into wet-thermometer tube
b. Wait until 5 minutes
c. Observe the scale that appears on dry thermometer and
wet thermometer
d. Calculate the range and see the number of air humidity
on the table that provided in dry-wet thermometer
e. Do this observation with 3 times replication
f. Write down the result on the observation table
g. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
6. Evaporation
a. Turn on evaporimeter
b. Wait until 5 minutes
c. See the scale that appears
d. Do this observation with 3 times replication
e. Write down the result on the observation table
f. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
7. Air temperature

a. Hold the thermometer by your hand or hang it on on the

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

tree branch (do not touch the mercury)

Wait until 5 minutes
See the number that appears on the scale
Do this observation with 3 times replication
Write down the result on the observation table
Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-

area
8. Light intensity
a. Turn on luxmeter
b. Open the sensor of light
c. Set the range while the sensor is directed to the light
d. Wait until 5 minutes
g. Press hold button and see the number that appears on
the scale
h. Do this observation with 3 times replication
i. Write down the result on the observation table
j. Repeat step a-i for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
9. Soil Temperature
a. Put thermometer into the soil for about 5cm-10cm depth
b. Wait until 5 minutes
c. See the number that appears on the scale
d. Do this observation with 3 times replication
e. Write down the result on the observation table
f. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
10. Soil humidity
a. Put soil tester into the soil until the sensor is covered by
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

soil surface
Hold the white button on soil tester for about 5 minutes
See the number that appears on the scale
Do this observation with 3 times replication
Write down the result on the observation table
Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-

area
11. Soil pH
a. Put soil tester into the soil until the sensor is covered by
b.
c.
d.
e.

soil surface
Wait for about 5 minutes
See the number that appears on the scale
Do this observation with 3 times replication
Write down the result on the observation table

f. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all subarea
12. Air in the soil
a. Prepare 2 filter papers
b. Fold it into 2 parts, right side for K3Fe(CN)6 and left
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

side for KCNS

Take soil sample until 15cm depth by using soil corer
Pack the soil tightly
Put the soil at both side of filter paper
Give 2 drops of HCl on each sample
Fold filter paper and press it until HCl is filtered
Drop KCNS to the left side and K3Fe(CN)6 to the right

side
i. Observe color changing that happen
j. Write down the result on the observation table

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Observation Result

Abiotic Factors (Climatic)

Table xx Air Temperature of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park
Observation Spot
1
A
2
3
1
B
2
3
1
C
2
3
1
D
2
3
1
E
2
3
Average Temperature (oC)

Temperature
(oC)
29
30
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
29
29
30
28
29
29

Average
Temperature
(oC)
29,33
30
30
29,33
28,67
29,47

Table xx wind speed of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Wind

Observation Spot
1
A
2
3
1
B
2
3
1
C
2
3
1
D
2
3
1
E
2
3
Average wind speed (m/s)

speed Average wind

(m/s)
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

speed (m/s)
0,1
0,13
0,067
0
0
0,059

Table xx Humidity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Humidity (%)

Observation Spot

A
B
C
D

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2

3
Average Humidity(%)

66
70
68
72
70
68
66
70
72
70
66
68
66
70
72

Average
(%)
68
70
69,3
68
69

68,8

humidity

Table xx Evaporation of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Evaporation

Observation spot

(ml/minute/4cm2)

1
0
A
2
0,02
3
0
1
0,02
B
2
0,02
3
0,02
1
0
C
2
0
3
0,01
1
0,02
D
2
0
3
0
1
0
E
2
0
3
0,01
Average Evaporation (ml/menit/4cm2)

Average
Evaporation
(ml/minute/4cm2)
0,007
0,02
0,003
0,007
0,003
0,008

Table xx Light Intensity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Observation Spot

A
B
C
D
E

Light Intensity (lux)

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

130
351
468
366
655
637
425
712
746
611
624
604
357
394
682

Average

Light

Intensity (lux)
316
552
627
613
477

Average Light Intensity (lux)

517

Abiotic Factors (Edaphic)

Table xx Soil Temperature of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Observation Spot
1
A
2
3
1
B
2
3
1
C
2
3
1
D
2
3
1
E
2
3
Average Soil Temperature (oC)

Soil

Average

Soil

Temperature

Temperature

(oC)
25,7
26,3
26
25
27,3
27
29
27
26
27,2
27
26
21

(oC)
26
27,4
27,3
26,7
21,2
25,7

Table xx Soil pH of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Plot
A1
A9
B4
C4
IPSE
Average

pH
1
6,4
7
7
6,8
7

2
6,8
6,8
6,8
6,8
7

3
6,8
6,4
6,8
7
6,8

Average
6,67
6,73
6,87
6,87
6,93
6,85

Table xx Soil Humidity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Plot

Soil Humidity (%)

Average (%)

A1
A9
B4
C4
IPSE
Average (%)

1
95
85
80
90
75

2
90
90
85
85
80

3
90
80
90
85
85

91,67
85
85
86,67
80
85,68

Table xx Air in the Soil of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park

Observation Spot
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

A
B
C

Air in the Soil

A little
A little
A little
A little
A little
A little
A little
A little
A little

Average
A little
A little
A little

Average

A little

Table xx Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of Coastal Forest at Baluran National Park
Coastal
Forest
Plot 1
Plot 2
Plot 3

Replication
1
2
3

Average

26
25
39

24,3
23
39,33

23
23
39

24
21
40

ml

ferro ml

sample
1,05
1 ml
1,22 ml

fero

blangko
8 ml
8 ml
8 ml

Percentage SOM
10(1-0,131)X1,34= 11,644
10(1-0,125)X1,34= 11,725
10(1-0,1525)X1,34=
11,356

Conclusion Table
Climatic

Edaphic

Temperature (oC)
Wind speed (m/s)
Humidity (%)
Evaporation

29,47
0,059
68,,8
0,008

(ml/minute/4cm2)
Light Intensity (lux)
Humidity (%)
Temperature (oC)
pH
Air in the Soil
Soil Organic Matter

517
85,68
25,7
6,85
A Little
11.575%

Biotic Factors
Vertical Analysis
Quadrant Area
Height
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

: 25 cm x 25 cm
: 0-1,9 m
Plant Name
Graphis sp.
Graphis scripta
Bassidiomycetes
Lichen Colony
Moss Colony
Caloplaca sp.
Ganoderma sp.

Amount
72
32
12
76
54
21
4

Explanation
Found until 5 m height
Found above soil surface + 10m height
Found until 3 m height
Found above soil surface + 20m height
found 0,5m from soil surface

Vegetation Analysis
Quadrant Ares : 15 m x 15 m
No

Plant Name

Observation Spot
A
B
C
D

Amount

Density

KR

Frequenc

FR

Dominan

DR

INP

.
1.

Calophyllum

68

70

0,31

(%)
24

y
0,5

(%)
5,6

cy
0,05

(%)
0,5

30,1

inophyllum
Buchanania

22

23

0,1

0,8

0,5

5,6

0,02

0,2

6,6

3
4

arborescens
Corypha utan
Scheichera oleosa

29
-

94
-

20
2

40
-

183
2

0,81
0,008

6.5
0,1

1
0,25

11,1
2,8

0,12
0,01

1,2
0,1

18,8
3

5
6
7
8

Terminalia cattapa
Azadirachta indica
Acacia nilotica
Syzygium

24

4
3
4
34

24
37

4
3
28
433

0,02
0,01
0,12
1,92

0,2
0,08
0,96
15,3

0,25
0,25
0,5
0,75

2,8
2,8
5,6
8,3

0,003
0,002
0,02
0,29

0,03
0,02
0,2
2,9

3,03
2,9
6,76
26,5

9
10
11
12

polyanthum
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Caesalpiniaceae
Ropaya exandra
Ipomoea pes caprae

75

3
42

20
-

5
11
35
72

20
14
35
185

0,09
0,06
0,16
0,83

0,7
0,5
1,3
6,63

0,25
0,5
0,25
0,75

2,8
5,6
2,8
8,3

0,01
0,009
0,02
0,13

0,1
0,09
0,2
1,3

3,6
6,19
4,3
16,2

0,004
0,0007

0,04
0,00

3
3,04
2,83
3,03
5,1
4,03
3,6
3,27
3,39

13
14

Calamus rotang
Lantana camara

6
1

6
1

0,03
0,004

0,2
0,03

0,25
0,25

2,8
2,8

15
16
17
19
20
21

Streblus asper
Shizigium brahida
Hibiscus sp.
Azederatha indica
Osmum gratisimum
Epathium

4
53
29
17
11
13

4
53
29
17
11
13

0,02
0,24
0,13
0,08
0,05
0,06

0,2
1,9
1,03
0,7
0,4
0.5

0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25

2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8

0,003
0,04
0,02
0,01
0,007
0,009

7
0,03
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,07
0,09

22
23

odorathum
Poaceae
Verbenaceae

14
-

65

14
65

0,06
0,29

0,5
2,3

0,25
0,25

2,8
2,8

0,009
0,04

0,09
0,4

3,39
5,5

24
3

238
-

238
24
3
1478

1,06
0,1
0,01
12,512

8,4
0,8
0,08

0,25
0,25
0,25
9

2,8
2,8
2,8

0,16
0,016
0,002
9,98

1,6
0,16
0,02

12,8
3,76
2,9

24 Anacardiaceae
25 Ficus hispida
26 Arcidia sp.
Jumlah

Zonation
Metode: Line Transect
Length
20
40
60

80

100

Most Dominant Plant

A
B
Shizigium
Verbenaceae
brahida
Corypha
Hibiscus sp.
utan
Ipomea
Anacardiacea
pescapre

Ipomea

Ipomoea

pescaprae

pescapre

C
Corypha utan

D
Arecacea

E
Buchanania

Corypha utan

Corypha utan

arborescens
Corypha

Corypha utan

utan
Terminalia

Ipomea

cattapa
-

Corypha utan
Corypha utan

pescaprae
Syzygium

Ipomea

polyanthum

pescaprae

Action Interaction
N

Species 1

Species 2

Action Interaction

o
1.

Monkey

Acacia

Mutualism

nylotica

Seed of Acacia nylotica is consumed by monkey.

While monkey take a role in dispersion of Acacia
nylotica.

Figure

2.

Fungi

Alga

Mutualism

Fungi obtain food from photosynthetic process of

aga because alga is autothrop organism. Meanwhile,
heterothropic fungi provide water, mineral, conduct
gas circulation and protect alga. This symbiosis is
known as lichen

Lichen
Source:

personal

documentation
3

Butterfly

Flower

Mutualism

Butterfly gets nectar from flower as food source.

Meanwhile flower get help from butterfly in
polination process.

Butterfly
Source:

personal

documentation
4

Fungi

Tree

Parasitism

Fungi live as parasite in tree. Fungi get food from its

host/ stem of tree.

Ganoderma sp.
Source:

personal

documentation

Ipomoea pes

Acacia

caprae

nylotica

Competition

Ipomea pescapre
Source:

personal

documentation
Calamus rotang is climbing liana or hanging
6.

Corypha utan

Calamus
rotang

Competition

Corypha utan. Calamus rotang usually not parasite

but it could weaken another plant and compete
against the light.
Cucurbitaceae is

7.

Anacardiacea
e

Cucurbitaceae

Competition

climbing

liana

or

hanging

Anacardiaceae. Cucurbitaceae usually not parasite

but it could weaken another plant and compete
against the light.
Ants stay alive on a tree branch Corypha utan. Ants

8.

9.

Ant

Termites

Corypha utan

Anacardiacea
e

do not interfere or take nutrients from

Corypha

utan.
Termites live ride, making a house on a tree branch
Comensalism

of Anacardiaceae. Termites Ants do not interfere or

take nutrients from Anacardiaceae.

Infauna diversity
Method
: Quadrant 25 cm x 25 cm with 25 cm depth
N

Line / Quadrant Width of Litter Taxa Infauna

Amoun

/ Titik

t
1
1
1

1.

2/Quadrant 1

(cm)
-

2.

2/Quadrant 2

3.

2/Quadrant 3

1/Quadrant 1

3 cm

1/Quadrant 2

2 cm

1/Quadrant 3

Amount

Oppia quadricarinata
Compodea staphylinus
Necrophloeophagus
longicornis
Formicidae
Lumbricidae
Myrmyeleontidae
Ocypodidae
Collembola
Larva Diptera
Chilopoda sp.
Lumbricidae
Formica sp.
Lumbricidae
Larva insect
Chilopoda sp.
Formicidae
Lumbricidae
Chilopoda sp.

2
10
1
1
1
2
2
11
9
6
1
1
2
11
3
64

DISCUSSION

Abiotic factors
Based on the climatic factors observation, the temperature was about 29.47 C, it is quite
hot. It could be occurs because the location of the coastal forest near of the marine area. And for
the light intensity was about 517 lux with a range of 100. Wind speed was about 0.059 m / s, we
got the lower number of wind speed and light intensity because the most of the trees in there has
a big canopy and it will block the wind to pass through the trees. And it will affect the humidity.
Humidity is about 68.8%. the number is quite high due to the situation in the area covered by
canopy and the distance between each tree is quite closed. The water evaporation in the coastal
forest was about 0.008 cm2 ml/minutes/4. We got the lower number of water evaporation due the
the coastal forest humidity is big and has a lower light intensity.
Beside the climatic factors, we observed edafic factors. It can be determine the soil
condition as a life-supporting plants and soil microorganisms in coastal forests. Soil moisture of
about 85.68%, this happens because the high water content in the area so the soil becomes very
humid. And also trees Canopy affect this factor, because canopy affect the light intensity,
humidity and wind speed that also affect to the soil moisture. For the soil pH we got the number
about 6.85. The normal pH of the soil for the development of microorganisms to develop
optimally and make it easier for plants to absorb nutrients contained in soil. Soil Temperature
was about 25.7 C. These temperatures correspond to optimal living microorganisms both plants
and animals infauna.
All area in coastal forest has a poor oxygen and contained Ferro, it can be seen by the
color changing become blue when we drop K3Fe(CO)2. It can conclude that the soil condition is
not good. The soil has a poor oxygen due to several factors, the first is the type of soil is mud, it
can affect the bonding air in the soil and the existence of microorganism in the soil.

Biotic factors
To observe biotic factors we observed the vegetation analysis. We used a quadran method
with 15 m x 15 m square with a minimum area of customized place to be observed. Based on our
observations, plants with the highest IIV value is Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), its
about 30.1. it can be seen from the high value of the relative frequency and relative density for
plant Nyamplung. Another plant that has the highest IIV is Manting (Syzygium polyanthum), its
about 26.5. This plant is easy to find at some point of observation area. Beside that there was
plants Gebang (Corypha utan) , its about18.8 IIV. These herbs are easily found at any
observation area and the numbers are dominating in a certain zone in the region. Besides the
typical plants Ipomea prescapre coastal forest has amount of IIV is 16.23. This plant is found in
as many as 185 three-point observations. These plants are found near the mangroves area.
Plants of the family Anacardiaceae has a score of IIV is about 12.8. An unknown species
of plants are found a lot is about the 238 species in one of the observation area. Plants Acacia
(Acacia nilotica) is commonly found in savanna areas were also found in coastal
forests. Although the plant is only found as many as 28 species in the two observation area,
Acacia has a value of IIV is about 6.76. Popohan plants (Buchanania arborescens) has a fairly
high INP value is 6.6.This plant is found in the two observation area is about 23 trees.
Besides the plants already mentioned above there are still some existing plants in the
coastal forest plants, like plants of family Caesalpiniaceae has IIV is about 6.19. Plants of the
family Verbenaceae has IIV about 5.5. Shizigium brahida has IIV 5.1.Ropaya exandra has IIV
4.3. Hibiscus sp has IIV 4.03. Ficus hispida has INP 3.76. Azederatha indica has IIV 3.6. Sea
hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) has IIV 3.6. Epathium odorathum has IIV 3.39.Osmum gratisimum
has IIV 3.27. Calamus rontang has IIV 3.04. Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) has IIV
3.03. Streblus asper has IIV 3.03. Kesambi (Scheichera oleosa) has IIV 3. Neem (Azadirachta
indica) has IIV 2.9.Arcidia sp has IIV 2.9. Lantana camara has IIV 2.84.
On observations about the zoning of the most dominant plant in coastal forests, we divide
the area into five parts, the first area has a wide 0-20 m, the second 20-40 m, the third 40 - 60m,
the fourth 60 - 80m and the fifth 80 - 100m . Because the shape of the area is winding then there

are some places that can only be measured until meters of 60 and 80. We divided into five
sections for ease in analyzing and calculating the diversity of existing plants.
In the first part is an area close to the road. It has plants variety and has dominate in each
observation area like Shizigium brahida ie, orangutans and Buchanania Corypha arborescens and
plants of the family Verbenaceae and Arecacea. In the second part is the 20-40 m from the road,
from the fourth observation area is dominated by Corypha utan and on one of the region is
dominated by Hibiscus sp. In this section we have seen the same dominance in some point of
observation.
In part three, two observation area are still dominated by plants Corypha utan and at other
points are dominated by Terminalia cattapa and plants of the family Anacardiaceae. In the point
A, is dominated by plants typical of the coastal forest prescapre Ipomea. On the fourth or zoning
area between 60-80 m, has dominant plants of Ipomea prescapre at three observation points. At
one point observation of plants that dominate still Corypha utan.
On the fifth part for zoning only two observation area that we observed, those are C and
D area. At area C the plants that dominate was the Syzygium polyanthum while at point D, the
plants that dominate was the Ipomea prescapre. We conclude that the plants that growth close to
the mangrove forest is Ipomea prescapre.
On this observation, we did the vertical analysis contained in some trees in coastal
forests. A tree sampled comes from different quadrants. Vertical analysis of the observations we
observed only up to a height of 2m. The abundant species is lichen. The name of the lichen are
Graphis sp., Graphis scripta, and Caloplaca sp. In general, this lichen is located at a height of 0-3
meters. The higher the tree the density of lichen will decreases, it can be seen from the
diminishing number of colonies. The intensity of light affects the density of lichen, the higher the
trees, the greater the intensity of light. We can see colonies that are still visible to a height of +10
m is Calopaca sp.

b.

a.

c.

Picture (a)&(c) Lichen exist in the tree that has height + 10 meter. (b) Caloplaca sp. dan Graphis
sp.
Infauna diversity which can be found in coastal forests such as Chilopoda sp, sp Formica,
Oppia quadricarinata, Compodea staphylinus, Necrophloeophagus longicornis, Lumbricus sp.,
And the larvae of the order Diptera. The diversity of infauna from each quadrant is almost same.
The presence of Infauna correlated with soil organic matter content present in the soil. Coastal

forest soils have a pH of 6.67 to 6.93, which means the soil pH near normal pH of 7. pH is
normal and allows the species alive. In addition to pH, organic matter content of soil also
strongly influences the presence of soil infauna. Organic matter in the soil at area 3 is lower than
area 1. Litter on areas 1 and 2 more than 3 area close to mangroves. Soil conditions were
different between areas 1,2,3. The difference in organic content affect the diversity of infauna
present in the soil. Larval insect larvae such as Collembola, Diptera, Drosophilidae is more
commonly found in the first area adjacent to the forest transition.

Picture (A) and (B) larva Drosophilidae, (C). Isopoda

The interaction action in diverse coastal forest was vary, and the most typical is the
parasitism of Ipomea pescapre dan Acacia nilotica. Acacia nilotica has become a plant pest in
baluran because it can disturb the balance in other ecosystems. Not only in the savanna
ecosystems but also coastal forests. Ipomea pescapre which is a typical coastal forest plants
marginalized by the growth of Acacia nilotica is more diffuse and widespread. This is evident
from the existence of diminishing pescrape Ipomea in last quadrant.
Acacia nilotica and the monkey is one of symbiosis in coastal forests. Action of these
interactions include symbiotic mutualism, where abundant of Acacia nilotica can be spread with
the help of monkeys, and monkeys can eat acacia seeds.
Another symbiosis is between butterflies and flowers, bees and flowers, moss and lichen
forming fungi. Symbiosis komensalisme eg liver moss and Ficus sp, where moss makes the trunk
Ficus sp as a place to live or where moss attached rhizome, while Ficus sp is not harmed nor
benefited. Termites and Corypha utan is one of symbiosis parasitism, where the termites make

stem Corypha utan as a place to live or nest. While Corypha utan harmed because the stem is
slowly become obsolete.

a
Picture (a) and (b) leaf that consist of fungi.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES