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Kazem Oraee
University of Stirling
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INTRODUCTION
DUNCAN-FAMA ANALYTICALMETHOD
This method is based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.
Therefore, this method requires parameters such as modulus of
elasticity (MPa), Poissons ratio, internal friction angle, and rock
mass compressive strength in order to draw the ground reaction
curve (Carranza-Torres and Fairhurst, 1999; 2000). Furthermore,
the tunnel was excavated in the coal seam and the weakest member
of rocks based on the table 1 for drawing the ground reaction curve
has been used. The ground reaction curve for Figure 2 has been
drawn using the Duncan-Fama analytical method (RocScience Inc.,
2000 2005). As evident from Figure 2, the maximum tunnel wall
displacement calculated by the Duncan-Fama method is164mm.
GROUND REACTIONCURVE
The Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) can be defined as a curve
that describes the decrease of inner pressure and the increase of
radial displacement of the tunnels wall. The GRC analyses the
behaviour of the rock mass surrounding the tunnel. Based on the
applied pressure on the support system, the GRC determines the
tunnel convergence or the displacement of tunnel walls. A typical
GRC is shown in Figure1.
NUMERICAL MODELLINGOPTIONS
Numerical methods are tools that enable engineers to evaluate,
both qualitatively and quantitatively, the effects of geology on the
design and the consequences of the design on geology. Numerical
modelling applications are intended to provide mining and rock
mechanics engineers a better understanding for solving problems
related to the mine layout and roof support system design to enable
consistent and techno-economic viable performance of mining
structures throughout their planned life of operations (Singh, Singh,
and Murthy, 2010). Numerical methods are promising and effective
tools in understanding the rock mass response subjected to complex
loadingconditions.
Siltstone
Sandy
Siltstone
Silty
Mudstone
Coal
Mudstone
Sandstone
Definition code
Density (M/N/m3)
0.0272
0.0271
0.0268
0.016
0.0263
0.027
Internal Friction
angle()
27.42
31.75
22.17
15.76
20.13
43.52
Cohesion c (MPa)
0.357
0.443
0.257
0.084
0.231
0.767
Modulus of elasticity
E (MPa)
2238
2818
1778
749
1995
3548
Tensile strength
(MPa)
0.012
0.007
0.005
0.002
0.013
0.017
Poissons ratio v
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.25
0.31
0.25
1492
1878
1347
499
1750
2365
895
1127
695
299
761
1419
Uniaxial compressive
strength (MPa)
0.273
0.287
0.114
0.015
0.165
1.01
(K) = E/3(1-2 v)
(G) = E/2(1+ v)
FINITE ELEMENTMETHOD
MODELLING INPHASE2
REFERENCES
Bobet, A. (2010). Numerical methods in geomechanics. The
Arabian Journal for Science andEngineering.35(1B).
Figure 5. Maximum tunnel walldisplacement.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the displacement field was calculated for the
mining tunnels roof and walls of Parvade coal mine. It is necessary
to determine the displacement in the tunnels roof and walls after
excavation so that suitable implementation and installation of
support systems take place in the tunnel due to the existence of
historical collapses in the Parvade mine. The displacement field
was calculated using both analytical and numericalmethods.