Structure Ref: Single Cell Box Culvert - Single Load Case Example

Input Data

Units: kN & m

Depth of fill 'H' = 8

Internal length 'X' = 2.4

Length of structure parallel to walls 'Lt' = 60

Internal height 'Y' = 2.4

Edge of carriageway to face of headwall (Fig.3.2b) = 20

Thickness of roof slab 'hr' = 0.3

Density of fill above box fa = 20

Thickness of floor slab 'hf' = 0.3

Density of backfill to sides of box fb = 19

Thickness of walls 'hw' = 0.3

Density of road construction rc = 24

Horizontal distance of roof splay 'Shr' = 0.2

Density of concrete conc = 25

Vertical distance of roof splay 'Svr' = 0.2

Young's Moduls of soil to foundations E = 80000

Horizontal distance of floor splay 'Shf' = 0.2

Coefficient of subgrade reaction ks1 = 40000

Vertical distance of floor splay 'Svf' = 0.2

Concrete Cube Strength fcu = 40000

Design angle of base friction b = 20

Load Case Diagram A/2a

LLSC = 12 kN/m2

Temperature Effects
Not required.

Backfill Soil Properties

(Default values)

LLSC

K=
fL =
f3 =

Earth

Earth

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

Check for negative arching effects for foundations on hard material:

Criteria for flexible foundations is when L > /4
0.25

Where = [k'S /(4EcI)]

kS = kS1 [(B + 0.3)/(2B)]

k'S = B kS

B = 1.0 (unit width)

kS = 16900
k'S = 16900

LLSC

Short term Econc = (20+0.27fcu)

Econc = 30800000

I = B hf / 12

I = 0.00225
0.25

= [k'S /(4EcI)]

= 0.496905

L = X + hw

L = 2.7

/4 = 0.785

L = 1.342

Hence not founded on hard material

= Factor for negative arching effects

BD31/01 Fig 3.1:

Footings on hard material = 1.500

Footings not on hard material = 1.150

Hence = 1.15

Cl.3.2.8. - Load effects due to temperature need not be considered.

Member Load Effects

Notation: Axial Force: t = Tension ; c = Compression (Ignor negative signs)
Bending Moment: i = tension on inside face; e = tension on external face (Ignor negative signs)
Serviceability Limit State
Member

Joint

Mq/Mg

Ultimate Limit State

Bending Moment

Axial Force Bending Moment Shear Force

(kNm)
1
2

0.099

-52 e

0.255

7e

0.255

0.101

(kN)

(kNm)

(kN)

272 c

-105 e

311

-269 c

21 e

-200

-7 e

269 c

-21 e

200

-37 i

-262 c

-73 i

Wall

0.101

37 i

262 c

73 i

-9

-0.021

41 e

-254 c

32 e

199

-0.021

-41 e

254 c

-32 e

-199

0.018

95 e

-252 c

113 e

286

0.018

-95 e

286 c

-113 e

252

0.071

25 e

-286 c

43 e

-168

0.071

-25 e

286 c

-43 e

168

-0.028

-59 i

-286 c

-41 i

-0.028

59 i

286 c

41 i

0.071

25 e

-286 c

43 e

168

0.071

-25 e

286 c

-43 e

-168

0.018

95 e

-286 c

113 e

252

0.018

-95 e

252 c

-113 e

286

10

-0.021

41 e

-254 c

32 e

-199

10

10

-0.021

-41 e

254 c

-32 e

199

11

0.101

-37 i

-262 c

-73 i

-9

11

0.101

37 i

262 c

73 i

12

0.255

7e

-269 c

21 e

200

12

0.255

-7 e

269 c

-21 e

-200

13

0.099

52 e

13

0.099

-52 e

14

0.099

17 e

-311 c

35 e

199

14

0.099

-17 e

311 c

-35 e

-199

15

0.099

7e

-311 c

15 e

-66

15

0.099

-7 e

311 c

-15 e

-64

16

0.099

17 e

-311 c

35 e

-199

16

0.099

-17 e

311 c

-35 e

199

0.099

52 e

-311 c

105 e

-199

3
4
5
6
7
8

11
12
13
14
15
16

Roof

Wall

Floor

-272 c

105 e

311

311 c

-105 e

-196

Wall

Roof

Wall

Floor

Structure Ref: Double Cell Box Culvert - Envelope of Load Cases Example

Input Data

Units: kN & m

Depth of fill 'H' = 0.7

Internal length 'X' = 7

Length of structure parallel to walls 'Lt' = 40

Internal height 'Y' = 6

Edge of carriageway to face of headwall (Fig.3.2b) = 5.5

Thickness of roof slab 'hr' = 0.8

Density of fill above box fa = 20

Thickness of floor slab 'hf' = 0.8

Density of backfill to sides of box fb = 19

Thickness of walls 'hw' = 0.8

Density of road construction rc = 24

Horizontal distance of roof splay 'Shr' = 0.3

Density of concrete conc = 25

Vertical distance of roof splay 'Svr' = 0.3

Young's Moduls of soil to foundations E = 80000

Horizontal distance of floor splay 'Shf' = 0.3

Coefficient of subgrade reaction ks1 = 40000

Vertical distance of floor splay 'Svf' = 0.3

Concrete Cube Strength fcu = 40000

Thickness of dividing wall 'hp' = 0.8

Design angle of base friction b = 20

Envelope of Load Case Diagrams A/1a A/2a A/3a A/4a A/5a A/6a A/7a
HA Wheel, 45units HB Vehicle with 6 & 11m centre axle spacings analysed for live loading.
Nominal HA Traction Force = 0kN & Nominal HB Traction Force = 134.692kN
Ground Water 1.5m above base
LLSC = 10kN/m2 for HA loading & 20kN/m2 for HB loading
Collision Load on Dividing Wall
Temperature Effects
Tmin = -18C
Tmax = 35C
Height AOD = 76m

Backfill Soil Properties

(Default values)

Kmin =
Ka =
Ko =
Kp =

0.2
0.33
0.6
3

Check for negative arching effects for foundations on hard material:

Criteria for flexible foundations is when L > /4
0.25

Where = [k'S /(4EcI)]

kS = kS1 [(B + 0.3)/(2B)]

k'S = B kS

B = 1.0 (unit width)

kS = 16900
k'S = 16900

Short term Econc = (20+0.27fcu)

Econc = 30800000

I = B hf / 12

I = 0.042667
0.25

= [k'S /(4EcI)]

= 0.238121

L = 2*X + hw + hp

L = 15.6
L = 3.715

/4 = 0.785

Hence not founded on hard material

= Factor for negative arching effects

BD31/01 Fig 3.1:

Footings on hard material = 1.500

Footings not on hard material = 1.150

Hence = 1.15

BD 91 Cl.3.3.5. - Load effects due to uniform temperature has been considered.

BD 91 Cl.3.3.7 and 3.3.8. - Load effects due to temperature difference have been ignored.
Cl.3.4.1. - Sliding Check: - Diagram A/6a (Ultimate Limit State only)
A minimum Kr of 0.5 has been used and the base friction angle reduced to 15.8 to balance horizontal loads.
2

Cl.3.4.2. - Bearing Pressure (P kN/m ) - Diagram A/7a (Due to Nominal Loads)

Notation: Negative Bearing Pressures = Uplift;

(See Notation for Load Cases opposite)

Position:

Max P:

115 W

84 W

56 W

65 W

82 W

67 W

54 W

78 B

147 B

Min P:

55 B

61 B

53 W

60 W

76 W

59 W

44 W

57 W

79 W

Envelope of Member Load Effects

Notation: Axial Force: t = Tension ; c = Compression (Ignor negative signs)
Bending Moment: i = tension on inside face; e = tension on external face (Ignor negative signs)
Serviceability Limit State
Member

Joint

Mq/Mg

Ultimate Limit State

Bending Moment

Axial Force Bending Moment Shear Force

(kNm)
1

(kN)

(kNm)

(kN)

218 c

-535 e

67

633 c

-126 e

529

1 min

0.857

-426 e

1 max

-0.411

-80 e

2 min

-0.474

46 e

-615 c

89 e

-345

2 max

3.659

236 e

-204 c

341 e

-34

2 min

3.659

-236 e

204 c

-341 e

34

2 max

-0.474

-46 e

615 c

-89 e

345

Wall

3 min

0.514

-150 i

-547 c

-276 i

-56

3 max

4.657

94 e

-150 c

141 e

51

3 min

4.657

-94 e

150 c

-141 e

-51

3 max

0.514

150 i

547 c

276 i

56

4 min

-1.167

-21 i

-479 c

-101 i

18

4 max

1.428

228 e

-96 c

296 e

268

4 min

1.428

-228 e

96 c

-296 e

-268

4 max

-1.167

21 i

479 c

101 i

-18

5 min

-0.916

15 e

-461 c

-47 i

24

5 max

0.993

355 e

-82 c

494 e

317

5 min

0.993

-355 e

24 c

-494 e

82

5 max

-0.916

-15 e

317 c

47 i

461

6 min

-2.007

-92 i

-317 c

-141 i

-390

6 max

1.25

200 e

-24 c

279 e

-46

24 c

-279 e

46

Roof

6 min

1.25

-200 e

6 max

-2.007

92 i

317 c

141 i

390

7 min

1.923

-325 i

-317 c

-430 i

-110

7 max

-0.558

-39 i

-24 c

-53 i

151

7 min

-0.558

39 i

24 c

53 i

-151

7 max

1.923

325 i

317 c

430 i

110

8 min

-0.603

37 e

-317 c

31 e

87

Wall

Roof

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

8 max

3.697

306 e

-24 c

429 e

414

8 min

3.697

-306 e

24 c

-429 e

-414

8 max

-0.603

-37 e

317 c

-31 e

-87

9 min

0.05

153 e

-317 c

111 e

112

9 max

2.121

474 e

-24 c

652 e

472

9 min

0.979

-443 e

24 c

-590 e

93

317 c

-14 e

470

Roof

9 max

-0.556

-104 e

10 min

-1.066

-9 i

-317 c

-83 i

-412

10 max

1.264

279 e

-24 c

371 e

-61

10 min

1.264

-279 e

24 c

-371 e

61

10 max

-1.066

9i

317 c

83 i

412

11 min

1.923

-325 i

-317 c

-430 i

-143

11 max

-0.547

-42 i

-24 c

-48 i

116

11 min

-0.547

42 i

24 c

48 i

-116

11 max

1.923

325 i

317 c

430 i

143

12 min

-4.898

-79 i

-317 c

-87 i

103

12 max

4.522

224 e

-24 c

306 e

393

12 min

4.522

-224 e

24 c

-306 e

-393

12 max

-4.898

79 i

317 c

87 i

-103

13 min

-0.634

36 e

-317 c

73 e

138

13 max

2.242

386 e

-24 c

521 e

463

138 c

-521 e

24

463 c

-73 e

317

13 min

2.242

-386 e

13 max

-0.634

-36 e

14 min

-0.704

21 e

-481 c

55 e

-268

14 max

4.933

273 e

-152 c

389 e

-18

Wall

14 min

4.933

-273 e

152 c

-389 e

18

14 max

-0.704

-21 e

481 c

-55 e

268

15 min

0.504

-147 i

-549 c

-276 i

-84

15 max

4.657

94 e

-206 c

141 e

15

15 min

4.657

-94 e

206 c

-141 e

-15

15 max

0.504

147 i

549 c

276 i

84

-618 c

-56 i

34

16 min

-0.923

10 e

16 max

1.217

203 e

-260 c

245 e

345

16 min

1.217

-203 e

260 c

-245 e

-345

16 max

-0.923

-10 e

618 c

56 i

-34

17 min

-0.411

80 e

-635 c

13 e

67

17 max

0.657

381 e

-274 c

526 e

529

17 min

-0.411

80 e

67 c

13 e

-292

17 max

0.657

381 e

529 c

526 e

-107

18 min

0.71

-220 e

-529 c

-304 e

127

Floor

18 max

-1.243

12 i

-67 c

89 i

317

18 min

-1.243

-12 i

67 c

-89 i

-317

18 max

0.71

220 e

529 c

304 e

-127

19 min

-0.006

118 i

-529 c

110 i

-20

19 max

0.617

252 i

-67 c

345 i

97

19 min

0.617

-252 i

67 c

-345 i

45

19 max

-0.006

-118 i

529 c

-110 i

174

20 min

1.866

-310 e

-529 c

-438 e

-345

20 max

0.01

-106 e

-67 c

-95 e

-125

20 min

0.01

106 e

67 c

95 e

125

20 max

1.866

310 e

529 c

438 e

345

21 min

1.407

-485 e

-529 c

-678 e

-345

21 max

0.01

-198 e

-67 c

-183 e

-125

21 min

-0.49

155 e

67 c

50 e

-289

21 max

0.592

443 e

529 c

585 e

-62

22 min

0.688

-277 e

-529 c

-366 e

81

-0.603

-72 e

-67 c

10 i

315

22 max

Floor

Roof

Wall

Floor

Floor

22

23

24

25

26

27

22 min

-0.603

72 e

67 c

-10 i

-315

22 max

0.688

277 e

529 c

366 e

-81

23 min

-0.241

103 i

-529 c

70 i

-30

23 max

0.615

251 i

-67 c

331 i

119

67 c

-331 i

52

23 min

0.615

-251 i

23 max

-0.241

-103 i

529 c

-70 i

133

24 min

0.976

-255 e

-529 c

-343 e

-316

24 max

-1.243

12 i

-67 c

-2 e

-144

24 min

-1.243

-12 i

67 c

2e

144

24 max

0.976

255 e

529 c

343 e

316

1 min

0.857

-426 e

-529 c

-535 e

-316

1 max

-0.411

-80 e

-67 c

-126 e

-144

9 min

-3.966

-263

225 c

-437

-59

9 max

637294301

109

696 c

142

122

25 min

651534617

-96

-714 c

-124

-122

25 max

-4.161

217

-239 c

352

59

25 min

-4.161

-217

239 c

-352

-59

25 max

651534617

96

714 c

124

122

26 min

884377940

-46

-782 c

-62

-122

26 max

-5.6E+09

45

-293 c

217

56

26 min

-5.6E+09

-45

293 c

-217

-56

26 max 884377940
27 min
28

Wall

-2.733

46

782 c

62

122

-151

-851 c

-315

-410

27 max

-0.04

84

-347 c

26

26

27 min

-0.04

-84

347 c

-26

-26

27 max

-2.733

151

851 c

315

410

21 min

-2.836

-197

-868 c

-444

-410

21 max

-0.058

101

-361 c

43

26

Wall

Load Cases Producing the Critical Load Effects

Notation: A = HA udl + kel; B = HB Vehicle; W = HA wheel load; V = Construction Vehicle.
1 = Diag A/1a, 2 = Diag A/2a, 3 = Diag A/3a etc.
H = Hydrostatic Pressure; C = Collision load.
Temperature: R+ = Expansion Range; R- = Contraction Range; D+ = Positive Difference; D- = Reverse Difference.
Example: W1HR- = HA wheel load on load case Diagram A/1a with hydrostatic pressure and temperature range
producing contraction in the roof slab.
SLS

Ultimate Limit State

Member

Joint

Moment

Axial

Moment

Shear

1 min

B7R-

B6

B4

B3

1 max

B3R+

B1

B3

B1

2 min

B3R+

B1

B3

B1

2 max

B4

B6

B4

B3

2 min

B4

B6

B4

B3

2 max

B3R+

B1

B3

B1

3 min

B7R+

B1

B2

B6

3 max

B3

B6

B3

B1

3 min

B3

B6

B3

B1

3 max

B7R+

B1

B2

B6

4 min

B5

B1

B6

B3

4 max

B1R+

B6

B1

B1

4 min

B1R+

B6

B1

B1

4 max

B5

B1

B6

B3

5 min

B5

B1

B6

B3

5 max

B1R+

B6

B1

B1

5 min

B1R+

B3

B1

B6

5 max

B5

B1

B6

B1

6 min

B5

B1

B6

B1

6 max

B1R+

B3

B1

B6

6 min

B1R+

B3

B1

B6

6 max

B5

B1

B6

B1

7 min

B3

B1

B3

B1

7 max

B7R+

B3

B7

B4

7 min

B7R+

B3

B7

B4

7 max

B3

B1

B3

B1

10

11

12

8 min

B1

B1

B1

8 max

B4

B3

B4

B3

8 min

B4

B3

B4

B3

8 max

B1

B1

B1

9 min

B1

9 max

B4

B3

B4

B3

9 min

B3

B3

B3

B6

9 max

B1

B3

10 min

B5

B1

B6

B3

10 max

B3

B3

B3

B6

10 min

B3

B3

B3

B6

10 max

B5

B1

B6

B3

11 min

B3

B1

B3

B3

11 max

B1R+

B3

B5

B4

11 min

B1R+

B3

B5

B4

11 max

B3

B1

B3

B3

12 min

B3R-

B1

B3

B7

12 max

B4

B3

B4

B1

12 min

B4

B3

B4

B1

12 max

B3R-

B1

B3

B7

13 min

B3R-

B1

B3

W5

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

13 max

B4

B3

B4

B1

13 min

B4

W5

B4

B3

13 max

B3R-

B1

B3

B1

14 min

B3R-

B1

B3

B1

14 max

B4

W5

B4

B3

14 min

B4

W5

B4

B3

14 max

B3R-

B1

B3

B1

15 min

B1

B1

B2

B4

15 max

B3

W5

B3

B3

15 min

B3

W5

B3

B3

15 max

B1

B1

B2

B4

16 min

B5

B1

B6

B3

16 max

B1R-

W5

B1

B1

16 min

B1R-

W5

B1

B1

16 max

B5

B1

B6

B3

17 min

B3R+

B1

B6

B3

17 max

B1R-

W5

B1

B1

17 min

B3R+

B3

B6

B1

17 max

B1R-

B1

B1

18 min

B1R-

B1

B1

18 max

B3R+

B3

B6

B1

18 min

B3R+

B3

B6

B1

18 max

B1R-

B1

B1

19 min

W5

B1

B6

19 max

B3R+

B3

B4

B1

19 min

B3R+

B3

B4

19 max

W5

B1

B4

20 min

B4

B1

B4

B4

20 max

W5

B3

20 min

W5

B3

20 max

B4

B1

B4

B4
B4

21 min

B4

B1

B4

21 max

W5

B3

21 min

B5

B3

B6

B3

21 max

B3

B1

B3

B5

22 min

B3

B1

B3

B6

22 max

B5

B3

B6

B3

22 min

B5

B3

B6

B3

22 max

B3

B1

B3

B6

23 min

B7R-

B1

B6

B6

23 max

B3R+

B3

B3

B3

23 min

B3R+

B3

B3

B3

23 max

B7R-

B1

B6

B4

24 min

B7R-

B1

B6

B1

24 max

B3R+

B3

B3

24 min

B3R+

B3

B3

24 max

B7R-

B1

B6

B1

1 min

B7R-

B1

B4

B1

1 max

B3R+

B3

B3

9 min

B4

B6

9 max

B1

B3

B1

B6

25 min

B1

B3

B1

B6

25 max

B4

B6

25 min

B4

B6

25 max

B1

B3

B1

B6

26 min

B7R+

B3

B4

B6

26 max

B3

27

28

26 min

B3

26 max

B7R+

B3

B4

B6

27 min

B4

B3

B6

27 max

W5

B1

B1

27 min

W5

B1

B1

27 max

B4

B3

B6

21 min

B4

B3

21 max

W5

B1

B1