1

Condensed version
, PhD,
Fellow ASME, Fellow ASHRAE

e-Mail ccwang@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Tel: 03-571212 ext. 55105

UA-LMTD-F/-NTU

2007

There are no foolish questions and no man becomes

a fool until he has stopped asking questions

Charles P. Steinmetz quotes (Prussian Engineer and Inventor,

1865-1923)

()

- ()
- ()
-

()
Wp

1 m

P = P = PA + PB + PC + PD + PE + PF + PG
(F)

(E)
2

(G)
(D)

1
(C)

(A)
(B)

Pa Pf
Pg

P = Pa + Pf + Pg
1
1
2
Pa ouo i ui2
2
2

L
Q

Pg g h gL sin

Copyright ITRI 2009

PfPf
85%
Pf
Pf u
die
Pf

Pf
L

Fcn (u, , di , e, )

ff Re
f

udi e

P
e

F
,

F
Re,

cn
cn

d
d
L u 2
i
i

di 2

-Moody Diagram

Copyright ITRI 2009

30 L/min10
T = 20C
SI
( )
di = 2 cm = 0.02 m
L = 10 m
Q 30 L / min 30 L

Ac

60s

0.5 L/s 0.0005m3 / s

di2

(0.02) 2 0.000314m 2

Q Ac u

0.0005 m3/s = (0.000314 m2)u

Q = 30 L/min

d i = 2 cm
L = 10 m

u = 1.59 m/s
20C ( )

= 100210 6 Ns/m 2
998.2 kg/m3

Re

998.2 1.59 0.02

31680
100210 6

1-3 f Re = 31680 f
0.0058
P

4 10
1
4L
1
0.0058 998.2 (1.59) 2 = 14636.6 Pa
f u 2
di
2
0.02
2

10

()
(hydraulic diameter)
4 Ac 4()
Dh

do

Dh,
b

Dh,
Di

4 ( Di2 d o2 )
4
4

D i d o
Di d o

4 (a b) 2ab

2a 2b
ab

11

D=2r

D=2r

u
(a)

(b)

V
x

r
H

2r

Section AA
HH-Horizontal plane
VV-Vertical plane

2r

Rmin
Rmax
2r

R
u

D=2r

1-1-1 A 1 /A 0 = 4 1 m/s
1.2 kg/m 3

ui = 1 m/s
A1

uc Ao

i = 1.2 kg/m3

1-1-1

A1 uC

A0 ui

A 1 /A 0 = 4
u C = 4 m/s
Co1-10.41
1.2 42
3.9 Pa
Pi 0.41
2

12

13

1-2

( Kaka and Liu 1998

)
Blasius
f 0.0791Re 0.25
Drew, Koo, and McAdams
f = 0.00140 + 0.125Re0.32
Karman-Nikuradse
1
f

Filonenko
a

1.737 ln(Re f ) 0.4

3 103 Re 105
3 103 Re 5 106
3 103 Re 3 106

1
4 log10 (Re f ) 0.4
f

f = 0.46 Re0.2
f = (3.64 log10Re 3.28)2

(bulk temperature)

3 104 Re 106

(heat conduction)

kA

Qcond,wall
(T1 T2)
L

k = thermal conductivity (W/m.C)

14

(Thermal Resistance)
dT

Qcond kA
.
dx

dT

Qcond k 2rL
.
dr
ro

To

ri

Ti

dr

Qcond
2kL dT
r

ro
ln
ri

R
2kL

ro

Qcond ln 2kLTi To
ri
Ti To

Qcond
ro
ln
ri
2kL

15

16

(Thermal Resistance)

V
I
R

Q
L
kA

T2 ,L

Fouriers Law Q
cond kA

dT
T1 T2
kA
.
dx
L

T1 ,0
Copyright ITRI 2009

Rthermal

kA

(Cont.)
(at 0)

k,(W/m.K)

Silver (pure)

410

Copper (pure)

385

Aluminum (pure)

202

Nickel (pure)

93

Iron (pure)

73

Carbon steel, 1%C

43

Lead (pure)

35

Chrome-nickel steel
(18%Cr, 8% Ni)

16.3

17

(heat convection)

Q
conv hA(Ts Tf )
h = heat transfer
coefficient
(W/m2.C)
Copyright ITRI
2009

18

(Thermal Resistance)
Tb

Tw

Newtons Law of Cooling

Q convection hA(Tw Tb ).

Q
1
hA

1
Rthermal
hA

19

(Cont.)
(heat transfer coefficient)
fluid

state

hW/m2.K

Gas

1 bar

80 - 125

Gas

10 bar

250 - 400

Water

Single phase

5000 - 7500

Water

Boiling < 5 bar

3000 - 10000

Steam

Condensation
1 Bar

10000 - 15000

20

(Cont.)
(heat transfer coefficient)
fluid

hW/m2.K

Air (Natural Convection)

5-25

Air/ superheated steam

20-300

(Forced Convection)
Oil (Forced Convection)

60-1800

Water (Forced Convection)

300-6000

Water (Boiling)

3000-60000

Steam (Condensing)

6000-120,000

21

22

()
1-7

1.

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8Pr0.4 ()

Re > 104Dittus-Boelter

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8Pr0.3 ()
2.

f Re 1000 Pr
2

Nu
1.07 12.7 f Pr 2 3 1
2

2300 < Re < 105

Gnielinski

f 1.58 ln Re 3.28

3.

Nu = 0.022 Re0.8Pr0.5

Re > 5000

23

()

()

()

24

U in

T in

(a)

(b)

T w (Tw >Tin)

T w (Tw >Tin)


c
a

25

(b)

(
c)

b 0.14
( )
w
b(viscosity)w

Geometry (L/D h > 100 )

Nu T

Nu H 1

Nu H 2

fRe

3.657 4.364 4.364 16.00

2b
2a

2b/2a = 0.5

3.742 4.558 3.802 16.83

2b/2a = 0.25

3.792 4.88 2.333 18.24

2b/2a = 0.125

3.725 5.085 0.9433 19.146

3.34 4.002 3.682 16.06

2b
0.289
2a
2b 1
90 ,

2a 2
2b
3
60 ,

2a
2
2b
30 ,
1.866
2a
2b
1
2a
2b 1

2a 2
2b 1

2a 4
2b 1

2a 8

120 ,

2b

2a

2b
2a

2b

Copyright ITRI
2009

2.0

2.68

0.62 12.744

2.34 2.982 1.34 13.153

2.47 3.111 1.892 13.333
2.26

2.91 0.851 13.065

2.976 3.608 3.091 14.23

3.391 4.123 3.017 15.55
3.66 5.099 4.35

18.7

5.597 6.490 2.904 20.59

2b
0
2a

7.541 8.235 8.235

24.0

b
0
a

4.861 5.385

24.0

--

26

27

Question 10.5 L/min10

T = 20C

Question 230 L/min

Q = 0.5 & 30 L/min

d i = 2 cm
L = 10 m

-
R=RA+RW+RB

TA

RB

RA

q
q=(TA-TB)/R

TB

Q=qA

RW

28

(Cont.)
Q
Qw

Q1
1

Q2

Th

h2

h1

2
Tc

RA

RB

Q
T

T w2

T w1

Tc

RW
R=RA+RW+RB
X

q=(Th-Tc)/R

Fig.

Q=qA

29

(Cont.)
(steady state)Q1 = Qw = Q2 = Q

Q
Q h1 Aw1 Th Tw,1
Th Tw,1
h1 Aw1

Q kA

w,1 Tw, 2

Q
Q1
1

Tw,1 Tw, 2
kA
X

Q h2 Aw2 Tw, 2 Tc

1
1
1

Q Th Tc

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

30

Q2
2

h2

h1

Q
T

T w2

T w1

Q
Tw, 2 Tc
h2 Aw2

Qw

1
1
1

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

UA

(Th Tc )

Tc

(Cont.)
Q
1
Q
(Th Tc )

1
1
1

kA
h2 Aw 2
h1 Aw1

Q UATm
( Q

Tm

1
UA

Tm
Rt

UA

U( W/m2.K)A

1
1
X
1

UA
h1 Aw1
kA
h2 Aw2

U o Ao U i Ai

Rt

1
Xp
1
1

hi Ai
k p Ap
ho Ao

Rt = R1+Rw+R2

31

Xp
Rw
k p Ap
Rw

For plane wall

ln( ro / ri ) For tube wall

2k p L

(Cont.)
For fin-and-tube HX

U o Ao U i Ai

1
Xp

1
1

hi Ai
k Ap
ho Aos

UoAoAi Ap
kps(fin
surface effectiveness, ) hohi

Uoho
hi sAoAi

32

(Cont.)
(overall heat transfer coefficient)
U(W/m2.K)

FLUID COMBINATION
Water to water

850-1700

Water to oil

110-350

Steam condenser (water in tubes)

1000-6000

Ammonia condenser (water in tubes)

800-1400

Alcohol condenser (water in tubes)

250-700

Finned tube heat exchanger (water

25-50

in tubes, air in cross flow)

33

(Cont.)
(steady state)Q1 = Qw = Q2 = Q

Q
Q h1 Aw1 Th Tw,1
Th Tw,1
h1 Aw1

Q kA

w,1 Tw, 2

Q
Q1
1

Tw,1 Tw, 2
kA
X

Q h2 Aw2 Tw, 2 Tc

1
1
1

Q Th Tc

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

Q2
2

h2

h1

Q
T

T w2

T w1

Q
Tw, 2 Tc
h2 Aw2

Qw

1
1
1

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

UA

(Th Tc )

Tc

35

Recuperator

Regenerator

Direct Contact Heat Exchanger

36

37

Wall/Interface

Heat flow

Stream A

Stream B

38

Recuperator
(Fin-and-tube Heat Exchanger)
(Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger)
(Plate Heat Exchanger)
(Spiral Heat Exchanger)
(Tube in Tube Heat Exchanger)
Cross flow Heat Exchanger

39

Fp

Fs

Fp

Fp

Pd

Pd

2X f

(a)

(b)

Plain fin

Herringbone wavy fin

Fp

(a)

(b)

2X f

(c)

Fp

Pd

Smooth wavy fin, type (I)

Fp

Lh

Lh
LP

LP

(d) +

(e)

Smooth wavy fin, type (II)

Fp

Louver fin, with

re-direction louver

Louver fin, one-sided

Sw

(c)

(f)

Sw
Fp

Sh

Fp

Sh

(g)

(h)

Slit fin, one-sided

Slit fin, double-sided

(i)
Convex-louver fin

Typical fin-and-tube heat exchanger (a) individual circular fin; (b)

continuous wavy fin; (c) conventional air-cooled heat exchanger

40

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Copyright ITRI 2009

41

(a)
(a) brazed type;
(b) working principle; (c) cross
section

(b)

(c)

Spiral Heat Exchanger

42

43

(Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchanger)

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

Copyright ITRI 2009

44

Air-to-air Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

indoor

outdoor

45

Stream A

Stream B

Cooled
Gas Out

Cold
Gas In

Cooled
Gas Out

Valve Open/closed

Heat Flow

Valve closed/open

Heat Flow

Hot period
Cold period

Time period (a)

Time Period (b)

Heated
Gas Out

Hot
Gas In

Heated
Gas Out

46

Copyright ITRI 2009

Hot blast stove Fixed Bed type regenerator

47

Rotary heat exchanger

Motor

(a) Working Principle & (b) Rotary

wheel

Cooling Tower

48

Tray-type direct HX & Spray condenser

49

(a)

(b)

Pt

Pt

Pt

Pt

(c)

Pt

(d)

Pt

Pc
ha

DISTRIBUTION-IMPACT
REGION

Vb

(f)

(g) h a

Pt

ht

Pc

...........

Alternate Layers of o
Louveres Turned Thro'90

Pc

FILM-FILL
REGION

ha

(e)
(h)

Pt
S1

(i)

Pb

Pt

ht

Pt
S

Splash Type

Film Type

Air Flow

Copyright ITRI 2009

Pa
ha

Sheets
Tightly
Packed

Pt


UA-LMTD-F -NTU

1.
2. (one-dimensional)
3.(Cp)

4. U
5.
6.
7.()

50

(Cont.)

cold fluid

Q m (i2 i1 )

hot fluid

h (ih1 ih 2 ) m
c (ic 2 ic1 )
Q m
Q (m C p,c )c (Tc,o Tc,i ) (m C p,h )h (Th,i Th,o )
c p ,h ) h
Ch (m

and

Cc (m cc ,h )c

51

52

A
Cc
Ch

c p )c
( m
c p )h
( m

m2

W/K
W/K

Qmax

(Q/Qmax)

kg/s

cp

J/kgK

= Q/A

W/m2K

Cmin

Cc Ch

W/K

NTU

UA/Cmin

W/m2K

C*
Cmax

Cmin/Cmax
Cc Ch

Th,i

W/K
CK

Th,o

CK

Tc,i

CK

Tc,o

CK

(Tc,o Tc,i)/(Th,i Tc,i)

Cc/Ch(Th,i Th,,o)/(Tc,o Tc,i)

LMTD

Copyright ITRI 2009

(Th,i Tc,i)

CK
CK


(1)(parallel flow)

(2)(counter flow)
(3)(cross flow)

(a) fin with both fluid unmixed

(b) unfin with one fluid mixed

and the other unmixed

53

54

(Cont.)

(1) (parallel flow)

Th,i

Th,o
Th Tc
Tc,o

Tc,i

(2) (counter flow)

Th,i
Tc,o

Th,o

Tc,i

55

(Cont.)
(3) (crossflow)

(pass)

L2

c,o

Tc,i

(4) (mixed flow)

L
x
0

(Cont.)

1 Pass ()

3 Pass ()

2 Pass ()

4 Pass ()

56

(Cont.)
Q UATm

(1) U
(2) A
(3) Tm

57

58

(Cont.)
T h,i
T c,i

condensation

evaporation

T h,o
T c,o

condensation

Th,i

Tc,o
Tc,i

heating

(b)

(a)

Th,i

Tc,i
(d)

cooling

heating

Th,o

Tc,o

Tc,o

superheat

Th,i

Th,i
Tc,o

Th,i
cooling

(c)

Th,o
Tc,i

evaporation Tc,i
subcooling

(h) heating

Tc,o

condensation
multi-component

Th,o

Tc,o

evaporation

Th,i

cooling

(e)

Th,o

Tc,i

Tc,o
(f)

Th,i
superheat
condensation

cooling
heating

(g)

Th,o

subcooling

Th,o
Tc,i

Th,o
heating

Tc,i

59

(Cont.)
(steady state)Q1 = Qw = Q2 = Q

Q
Q h1 Aw1 Th Tw,1
Th Tw,1
h1 Aw1

Q kA

w,1 Tw, 2

Q
Q1
1

Tw,1 Tw, 2
kA
X

Q h2 Aw2 Tw, 2 Tc

1
1
1

Q Th Tc

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

Q2
2

h2

h1

Q
T

T w2

T w1

Q
Tw, 2 Tc
h2 Aw2

Qw

1
1
1

h1 Aw1 kA h2 Aw 2

UA

(Th Tc )

Tc

Rating/Sizing?

60

(rating problem)
()
(sizing problem) (
) ()
(Energy balance equation)

Cp T
Q m

Q (m C p,c )c (Tc,o Tc,i ) (m C p,h )h (Th,i Th,o )

Q (UA)( DrivingPotential, )

Q U A Tm

Tm

U & Tm?

61

UA-LMTD-F Method

Q UATm

T2 (Th ,o Tc ,i )

dT h

T h,i
Tc,o

Th,o

dTc

T1 (Th ,i Tc ,o )

T1

Temperature

(T1 T2 )
LMTD
Tm Tlm
T1

ln
T2

Tm= ?

T2

dx

Area

(x)

Tc,i

Counter Flow heat exchanger

Cc

Fig2.

Ch

Q (m C p,c )c (Tc,o Tc,i ) (m C p,h )h (Th,i Th,o )

62

63

UA-LMTD-F Method(Cont.)
LMTD

T1 T2
Tlm
ln(T1 T2 )

The total heat transfer rate for all single-pass

flow arrangements

T1

Q UATlm

T2

( CF HX ) Ch=Cc

(Tc,o Tc,i ) (Th ,i Th ,o )

and

T1 T2

Q UA(Th Tc )

and

(Th Tc ) T1 T2

( PF HX )

T1 (Th ,i Tc,i )

T2 (Th ,o Tc,o )

UA-LMTD-F Method(Cont.)
(Multipass and Crossflow HX)
Tm Tlm FF
PR F = F(PR)
Q (UA) F ( Tlm ,cf

2pass
(1pass)

(Th ,i Tc ,o ) (Th ,o Tc ,i )
Tlm ,cf
(T Tc ,o )

ln h ,i

(
T

T
)
h
,
o
c
,
i

Tc ,o Tc ,i
Th,i Tc ,i

Tc

Tmax

Cc Th,i Th,o
R

Ch Tc ,o Tc ,i

F1 for cross flow &

multipass
arrangement
0.9~1.0
F=1 For pure counterflow

64

UA-LMTD-F Method(Cont.)
FPR

F for Pure Cross Flow

Q (m cC pc )(Tc ,o Tc ,i )
(m hC ph )(Th,i Th,o )

Tc ,o Tc ,i
Th,i Tc ,i

Tc
Tmax

Cc Th,i Th,o
R

Ch Tc ,o Tc ,i

Copyright ITRI 2009

65

UA-LMTD-F Method(Cont.)
FPR
(one shell pass
and two tube pass)

LMTD correction factor F for a shell-and-tube heat

exchanger one shell pass and two or multiple of two tube
passes

66

67

-NTU Method
(hot stream) (cold stream) (heat capacity)
Cc (m C p )c
Ch (m C p )h
Cmin

(effectiveness) NTU (number of transfer unit

)

Q

Qmax

Q Qmax

mh

Th,i

Tc,o

Th,o

Tc,i

mc

68

What is Qmax?
Ch (m C p )h m c c p , c

(
)

Q max Cmin Tmax Cmin (Thi Tci )

Th,i

Th,o

Tc,o

Q Q max Cmin (Th,i Tc,i )

Cmin
(heat capacity)
Th,iTc,i

(effectiveness)

Tc,i

Cmax

Th,i=Tc,o

Cmin

Th,o
Tc,i

What is Qmax(Cont.)?
Q (m C p ,c )c (Tc ,o Tc ,i ) (m C p ,h )h (Th ,i Th ,o )

Cc (m C p ,c )c

Ch (m C p ,h )h

If Cc < Ch (Tc,o-Tc,i) > (Th,i- Th,o)

If Cc > Ch (Tc,o-Tc,i) < (Th,i- Th,o)

Copyright ITRI 2009

69

What is Qmax(Cont.)?
Case1

(m C p ,c )c (m C p ,h )h
Tc Th

Q max (m c p ,c )c (Th ,i Tc ,i )
if

Cc C h

Cmi
n

Cold fluid=minimum fluid

70

What is Qmax(Cont.)?
Case2

(m C p ,c )c (m C p ,h )h
Tc Th

Q max (m c p ,h )h (Th ,i Tc ,i )
if

Cc C h

Cmi
n

hot fluid=minimum fluid

71

What is Qmax(Cont.)?
Q max (m c p ,c )c (Th ,i Tc,i )

if

Cc C h

Q max (m c p ,h )h (Th ,i Tc,i )

if

Ch C c

Qmax Cmin (Th,i Tc,i )

Q Q max Cmin (Th,i Tc,i )

(effectiveness)

Ch Th,i - Th,o
CC Tc,o - Tc,i
Q
=

Qmax Cmin Th,i - Tc,i Cmin Th,i - Tc,i

72

What is ?

73

1.(effectiveness)NTU (
number of transfer units)C* (Cmin/Cmax)

= (NTU C*)
2.

C p,c )c (Tc,o Tc,i ) (m

C p,h ) h (Th,i Th,o ) UATm
Q (m

NTU NTU UA/Cmin

(thermal size)
A U Cmin

NTU 0.0 ~ 4.0

NTU NTU

A NTUC*

NTU NTU

2-30(a)

74

NTU

=Q/Qmax

NTU =

Copyright ITRI 2009

UA
Cmin

75

B 2-Pass
T1, in

(a)

T1, in

(b)

T2, in

T2, out

T2,out

T2, in
T1, out

T1, out
T1, in

T1, in

T2,out

T2,out

T1, out

T1, out
T2, in

T2, in

(pass)

76

Capacity Heat Ratio C* ?

1. Capacity heat ratio C* Cmin/Cmax 1 C* 0
(evaporation)
(condensation) C*= 0 C m Cp

Cp

Cp

i
T

i
T

C* 0(
heat sink heat source? Cmax Cmin
)

NTU ()

C* 0 NTU
95%

77

-NTU Method(Cont.)
Single pass heat exchanger Cc>Ch
Ch=Cmin and Cc=Cmax

1 exp NTU(1- C

min

Cmax

1 (Cmin Cmax ) exp NTU(1- Cmin Cmax )

NTU
(1).For Cmin/Cmax=1 and Counter Flow
1 NTU
(2) .For Cmin/Cmax=1 and Parallel Flow

1
(1 e2NTU )
2

(3) For Cmin/Cmax=0, both CF and PF HXs

1 e

NTU

78

NTU ()

Copyright ITRI 2009

79

NTU ()
(NTU,C*)

Type

1 exp 1 C NTU

1 C exp 1 C NTU

Counter
Flow
Parallel

Cross flow,
Cmin mixed
Cross flow,
Cmax mixed
1-2 shelland-tube
heat
exchanger

NTU(,C*)

1
1 C

NTU

1 exp 1 C NTU

1C

NTU

1 exp C NTU
1 exp

1 exp C 1 exp NTU

C

NTU

1
1 C

1 C

1 / 2
1 exp NTU 1 C 2

1
/
2

2
1 C

1 / 2
1 exp NTU 1 C 2

NTU -ln 1

NTU

ln 1 1 C

ln 1 C ln 1

1 C
ln
1

1 C 2 1/ 2

ln 1 C

1 / 2
2 1 C 1 C 2

ln

1 / 2
2 1 C 1 C 2

Summary for -NTU & UA-LMTD-F

UA-LMTD-F
Q (UA) F ( Tlm )

LMTD Tlm

( T1 T2 )
T
ln 1
T2

-NTU
Q (m c p )min (Th,i Tc,i )
CC Tc,o - Tc,i
Q actual Ch Th,i - Th,o
=

Qmax
Cmin Th,i - Tc,i Cmin Th,i - Tc,i

T1 Th ,i T c ,o

C* =

T2 Th ,o Tc ,i

P
R

Tc ,o Tc ,i
Th,i Tc ,i

Tc

Tmax

Cc Th,i Th,o

Ch Tc ,o Tc ,i

F = fn (PR)

80

Cmin (m c p ) min

, 0 C* 1
Cmax (m c p ) max

NTU =

UA
Cmin

= fn (NTU C*)

Rating by -NTU Method

1.()
NTU C*
NTU UA/CminC*=Cmin/Cmax

2. NTUC* -NTU
= (NTU C*)
Note 0 < <1
3.

Q Q max Cmin (Th,i Tc,i ) Q

Q
C (T T ) C (T T )
h
h ,i
h ,o
c
c ,o
c ,i

Th,o Th,i Q / Ch
Tc,o Tc,i Q / Cc

81

Rating by UA-LMTD-F
1. Th,oTc,o
2. R = Cc/Ch R P = (Tc,o Tc,i)/(Th,i Tc,i) P
Tlm
3. PR F
4. Q (UA) F ( T ) Q
lm
5. Q T

h ,o

Th,i Q / Ch Tc,o Tc,i Q / Cc

6.
(2)-(5)

Rating for UA-LMTD-F Method need to iterate a outlet

temperature.

82

83

Rating
R-22 5 C
12 C 0.1 kg/s 4180
J/kgKU 2000 W/m2K
3 m2 cm

R-22

R-22

d = 0.02 m

L =3m

84

Rating
R-22 5 C
12 C 0.1 kg/s 4180
J/kgKU 2000 W/m2K
3 m2 cm

R-22

R-22

d = 0.02 m

L =3m

12
?
5

A Rating Example
(1) Solution By UA-LMTD-F
c p T
UA LMTD F m
Counter flow F = 1
A = 0.02 3 = 0.189 m2
1 = 12 5 = 7 C
2 = x 5 (assume outlet water is x C)

LMTD

T1 T2 7 ( x 5)

T1
7
n

n
x

T
2

0.189
2000

12 x
7

n
x 5

0.1 4180 (12 x)

7
0.9043 x = 7.83 C
x 5

Q 0.1 4180 (12 7.83)

1741.6W

85

(2) Solution by -NTU

Cmin 0.1 4180 418 W/K
UA 2000 0.189

0.9043
418
Cmin
C
C * min 0
Cmax

NTU

1 exp( NTU ) 0.5952

Q max Cmin Tmax 418 (12 5) 2926 W

Q Q max 0.5952 2926 1741.6 W

Tc,out 12 1741.6 / 418 7.83 C

UA-LMTD-F
-NTU

Sizing Problem
Sizing by UA-LMTD-F

Sizing by -NTU Method

1.Q

1.Q

P R
2. PR
F
3.
LMTD Tlm
4.A=Q/(UFTlm)

Th,o
Tc,o = Q/Qmax
C*=Cmin/Cmax

2. -NTU
NTU (
)

3A=NTUCmin/U

86

87

Sizing
R-22 5 C
0.1 kg/s 12 7 C
4180 J/kgKU 2000 W/m2K

R-22

R-22

d = 0.02 m

L =?m

88

A Sizing Example
(1) Solution By UA-LMTD-F
c p T 0.1 4180 12 7 2090 W
Qm

c p T
UA LMTD F m

T1 T2
T
n 1
T2

72
7
n
2

Cmin 0.1 4180 418 W/K

Q max Cmin Tmax 418 (12 5) 2926 W

1 = 12 5 = 7 C
2 = 7 5 = 2 C

LMTD

(2) Solution by -NTU

c p T 0.1 4180 12 7 2090 W
Qm

Q
2090

0.7143
Qmax 2926

3.99 C

1 exp( NTU ) 0.7143

NTU ln(1 ) ln(1 0.7143) 1.253

counterflow F = 1

NTU

UA LMTD Q

NTU Cmin 1.253 418

UA
A

0.2618
Cmin
U
2000

A = 0.02 L L = 4.167 m

A Q / LMTD / U
2090/ 3.99 / 2000 0.2618m

Also

A = 0.02 L L = 4.167 m

RatingSizing
UA-LMTD-F -NTU

UA-LMTD-F -NTU
1. -NTU
2. F
F

3. -NTU Cmin
4. -NTU F
5.ratingUA-LMTD-F-NTU
6.sizingUA-LMTD-F
A = Q/(UFTlm)

89

90

Sizing case: (1.5 mm)

Rating case
12 C5C1 kg/s & 2
kg/s7CU 2000
W/m2K
1 kg/s & 2 kg/s (
U)
Do = 3 cm
(-NTU chart)
= 1.5 mm
d o = 2 cm

d
D

 &

91


700 m2/m3

2 3

m /m ()
, Dh , mm
60

60

20

40

100

10

200

500

1000

2000

5000
2

( ), m /m
92

0.5

0.2

10

2x10

0.15

3x10

T c,out

T h,in

T c,in

T h,out
93

A:

Ac :

(free flow area, minimum flow area)

Afr:

L:

V:

(contraction ratio Ac/Afr)

D h:

Vc :

Vfr:

(face velocity or frontal

4 Ac

velocity)
Gc

V c

ReDh GcDh/

(Gc Ac)

, Dh
Dh = (4Ac/P)(L/L) = 4L Ac/A (A = P L)
PDh

(secondary area)

Dh = 4(Ac/A)(L/L)
= 4(Ac/Afr)(Afr/A)(L/L)
= 4(Afr/A)(L/L)
= 4((AfrL)/(AL))
= 4V/AL
= 4 / L

94

Dh = 4L(/ L) Dh = 4/

(3-2)

?
(thermal conductivity)

(compactness)

(a) plain

(b) circular

95

(c) continuous fin

(a) L (b)L (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(a)

L-Foot

(b)

(c)

(d)
96

(e)

(f)

(fin efficiency)
(fin efficiency)f
f

(Tb )

Q
Q
f
Q hAf f (Tb T )
Qmax hAf (Tb T )

(fin surface effectiveness)s

s

Air

(hAb(Tb T) + hAff(Tb T))

( Tb )

hAo(Tb T)

hAos(Tb T) = hAb(Tb T) + hAff(Tb T)

& Ao = Ab + Af

Af
(a)f = s = 1
s 1
(1 f )
Ao
(b)s > f
(c)1
97

 k = 204
W/mKf
k = 204 W/m . K

tanh(ml)
ml

2h
m o
ky

y= 0.003 m
l = 0.07 m

0.5

h = 20 W/ m .

m = (220/204/0.003) 0.5 = 8.085 m1

f = tanh(8.0850.07)/(8.0850.07) = 0.905

98

k = 20 W/mK
f
m = (220/20/0.003) 0.5 = 25.82 m1

f = tanh(25.820.07)/(25.820.07) = 0.524
Tb
42%

99

Stop & Think

Questions

()

100

1
1
X
1

UA h1 Aw1
kA
h2 Aw2

1
1

UA
1h1 Aw1

X
kA

1
2h2 Aw2

101

 :
hi 2000 W/m2Kho
50 W/m2Ks 0.7 (
)
Ai ( = 1 m2) Ao/Ai =10 Ao =10 m2
U Ao
1
1
1
1
1
0.0005 0.0286

Ai
Ao
U o Ao 2000Ai 0.7 50 Ao 2000Ai 35 Ao

1
0.005() 0.0286() 0.0336K m2 / W
Uo

Uo = 29.77 W/m2K
15% (0.005/0.0336)
85%

102

 : (Conti.)
Case 1 hi 2000
W/m2Kho 100 W/m2Ks 0.65 (
()?)
Ai ( = 1 m2) Ao/Ai =10 Ao =10 m2
U Ao
1
1
1
1
1
0.0005 0.0154
Rt

Ai
Ao
U o Ao 2000 Ai 0.65 100 Ao 2000 Ai 65 Ao

1
Rt
0.0005( ) 0.00154() 0.00204 K m 2 / W
U o Ao

1
0.0204 K m 2 / W U o 49.02W / m 2 K
Uo
25% (0.0005/0.00204)

75%
49.02/29.77=1.65
65%
103

: (Conti.)
Case 2 hi 4000
W/m2Kho 50 W/m2Ks 0.70 (
()?)
Ai ( = 1 m2) Ao/Ai =10 Ao =10 m2
U Ao
1
1
1
1
1
0.00025 0.0286
Rt

Ai
Ao
U o Ao 4000 Ai 0.70 50 Ao 4000 Ai 35 Ao

1
Rt
0.00025( ) 0.00286() 0.00311K m 2 / W
U o Ao

1
0.0311K m 2 / W U o 32.15W / m 2 K
Uo
8.0% (0.00025/0.00311)

92%
32.15/29.77=1.08
8%
104

entrance

exit

1
2
(a) Pi

Flow

1
2
exit
entrance
(b) Pf
P
P

P ()

P + P ( P = 0)
(c) Pa

P
(d) Pe

in

out

105

 Pi
(1 2)
Kc
1
1
1
P1 1V fr2 Pentrance entranceVc2 K c entranceVc2
2
2
2

(3-22)

1 = entrance 3-22

Pi

( Pentrance P1 )

1
1
(Vc2 V fr2 ) Kc Vc2
2
2

(3-23)

Vfr2 = 2Vc2
Pi

Vc2

(1 2 K c )
1
2

106

(3-24)

 Pf ( )
Pf

L Vc2
4f

Dh 2

fFanningDarcy

Pf

L Vc2
Darcy fD 4f4
f

Dh 2

Fanning

107

 Pa
entrance 1 exit 2 Pa =

m
m
Vexit Ventrance exitVexit Vexit entranceVentrance Ventrance
A
A
( 2Vexit ) 2 ( 1Ventrance) 2 Gc2 Gc2
2
2
2Vexit 1Ventrance

Pa

1
1

Gc2
2 1

1
1
Pa Gc2
2 1

(3-25)

Pe
(d)
Ke
Vc2 Vc2
1 2
2

(1 2 Ke )
(Vc V fr ) K e
2
2
2 108 2

Pe

(3-26)


P = Pi + Pf + Pa + Pe
Gc2 (1 2 Kc )
(1 2 K e )
f A
1
1

2( )

2
1
m Ac
2 1
2

m = (1+2)/2

109

KeKc
(
Kays and
London, 1984)

110

Kays and London

(3-18)KcKeKays
and London
Kc = Ke= 03-27

Gc2 A 1
2 1
P
f (1 ) 1

2 1 Ac m
2

(a)

(b)

111

(3-29)

112

3-3-1strip3-19(Kays and
London, Fig. 10-56, strip fin)
Fin pitch = 782 fins/m
Plate spacing, b = 2.49 103 m
Fin length = 3.175 103 m
Hydraulic diameter, 4rh = 1.54 103 m
Fin thickness = 0.102 03 m
= 2254 m2/m3
Fin area/total area = 0.785
L = 0.4 m
Afr = 0.4 m2
Vfr = 10 m/s
1 = 1.145 kg/m3 2 = 1.1 kg/m3
viscosity = 188.7107 Ns/m2
112

3-3-1
Dh
3-5
3-2Dh = 4/
= DH /4 = 0.001542254/4 = 0.868
Gc = 1Vfr/ = 1.14510/0.868 = 13.19 kg/m2s
ReDh = GcDh/ = 13.190.00154/(188.7107) = 1076.4
f 0.044
P

Gc2 (1 2 K c )
f A
1
1
(1 2 K e )

2( )

2
1
m Ac
2 1
2

(a)
strip finKe Kc ReDh 3-15
Kc 0.1Ke 0.02 m = (1.145+1.1)/2 1.123 kg/m3
G 2 (1 2 K c ) 13.192 1 0.8682 0.1

26.3 Pa
Pi c

2
1
1.145
2

(b)
Dh=

4AcL/AL = 0.4 m A/Ac = 4L/Dh = 40.4/0.00154 1039

f A 13.192
Pf

2 m Ac 2
Gc2

0.044

1.123 1039 3541Pa

(c)
Pa

Gc2 1
1 13.192
)
2(
2 2 1 2

1
1
2

6.22 Pa
1.1 1.145

(d)
Pe

Gc2
2

(1 2 K e ) 13.192

1 0.8682 0.02

17.92 Pa

1.1

113
P = 26.3+3541+6.2217.92
= 3555.6 Pa
Pf 99%

113

114

(Reynolds analogy)
(M)(M)
(Q)Qmax
M/M Q/Qmax

w dA
mV

(3-30)

hTdA
mc p T

(3-31)

w V

h
w2
Vc p V

(3-32)

114

115

1
2

w f V 2

(3-33)

h
f 1/ 2 V 2

Vc p
V 2

(3-34)

h
f

Vc p 2

(3-35)

Stanton number St

Vc p

St = f/2

(3-36)

3-361930Colburn
(Pr 0.6 ~ 60)3-36
StPr2/3 = f/2

(3-37)

Colburn j factor
j StPr2/3

(3-38)

115

j = f/2

(3-39)

116

j = f/2()

(3-19)
2

h
j
Pr 3
Vc p

116

117

(j & f)3-20

W = 595 mm
H =355 mm
N = 1
dc = 10.34mm
f = 0.12 mm
Pt = 25.4 mm
Pl = 22 mm
4 m/s(1) (Afr)(2)
()(3)(4) (5) (Vfr
= 4 m/s)(6) (35Ca = 1.145 kg/m3a
= 188.7107 Ns/m2cp,a = 1007 J/kgKPra = 0.71)

117

118

118


(a) (inline)(b)
(staggered)(c)
Pl

Pl

do

Xd

Pt

1
(a)

1
119

(b)

(c)

Eu

P
1 2
uc N
2

Pt
Pt
do
*

Eu/

Pl
Pl
do
*

Eu/

120

(1) Re b Pt* Pl* Pt* 1 / Pl* 1

(2) 5-4 5-5

(3) Eu/
(4)

Eub Eu w
b

P1

(5-12)

w b

P1 0.0018Re 0.28
0.0026Re 0.43

1000

Eu 1 2
uc N
(5) P
121
2

(5-13)


Fs

FL

0.2

j 0.134Redo0.319

P
f 9.47 Redo0.316 t
do

Fs

0.927

0.11

(5-20)

Pt
X
d

(5-21)

Pt 2 Pl 2

(5-22)

Rabas et al. (1981)

1.12

F
j 0.292Rendo s
do
f

3.805Redo0.234

FL

ro

Xd

re

0.11

FL= re - ro

Fs
F
L

Fs
d
o

0.25

ro d

Fs

n 0.415 0.0346

0.26

f

Fs

FL
F
s

0.76

0.67

de
d
o
0.73

0.47

do do
d P
eF
t

re

de

(5-23)

0.71

d e = 2 re

0.77

Pt
P
l

0.38

FL= re - ro

(5-24)

(5-25)

5-20 5-21 4 122

5-23
5-24 6 d o

do = 2ro

()
HXNr=?
(1)HX
(2) hi
hi

Nu ki
Di

f
Rec 1000 Pr f
2
Nu Nusselt Number
1
f 2 23
1 12.7 Pr 1

(3) ho ho js Gc C pa Pra2 3

(4) f tanh(mr )
mr

(5) U

(6) LMTD

Uo

1
Ao 1
1

Ai hi ho s

LMTD

(7) Q=Uo AoF*LMTD Ao Nr

(8)
123

( T1 T2 )
T
ln 1
T2

(a)
(b)
(c)

(a)
50%
(b)
50%
(c)
124

f Re 1000 Pr
2

Nu
, f 1.58 ln Re 3.28 2
1.07 12.7 f Pr2 3 1
0.14
2

Tb

Tw

n 0,
,
n 0.45,

D h = 4 / D h = (D i d o ) (
)
D h , e = 4A c /(d o ) = (D i 2 d o 2 )/d o
Taborek (1998) Hewitt et al. (1994)
Kaka Liu (1998) Kern (1950) D h , e
Nu ( Re D h )
D h = (D i d o )
Dittus-Boelter Gnielinski
8000(HEDH, 2002) 125

Taborek (1998)Re < 2000

0.8

Dh

0.8
0.5
0.19
Re
Pr

Di
Di
L

Nu 3.66 1.2 1 0.14

0.467

do
do

1.07 0.117 Re Pr h
L

(8000 > Re > 2000)Taborek (1998)

Re
Nutr Nulaminar ,Re2000 1.33
Nuturbulent ,Re 8000
6000

126

Th,i
Th,o
Tc,i

Do

Tc,o

Di

Di

do

di

di

do

Inner Wall

do
ln
di
1
1
1

UA hi Ai ho Ao 2 kw L
do
do ln
1
1 do
1
di

U i hi di o ho
2kw 127

Outer Wall

To

Ti

Tw,o
Tw,i

Example:
Di

do

0.0483 m

, Water

0.075 m

0.089 m

, Engine oil

di

0.04094 m

D
o

370 K
340 K
323 K
303 K
L

oil 1 kg/s, Toil, in 370 K, Toil, out 340 K

m
water 0.767kg/s, Twater,in 303 K
m

Carbon Steel (C 0.5% k w 53 W/mK)

T (K) o i l (kg/m 3 ) c o i l (kJ/kgK) o i l (Pas)

koil

Pr o i l

(W/mK)

w a t e r
3

c p , wa t e r

water

k wa t e r

(K)

(kg/m )

(kJ/kgK)

(Pas)

(W/mK)

Pr w a t e r

370

841.8

2.20

0.019

0.136

305

303

995.6

4.182

0.000798

0.603

5.4

360

848.2

2.16

0.025

0.137

395

313

992.2

4.179

0.000654

0.618

4.33

350

854.0

2.12

0.036

0.138

550

323

988.0

4.181

0.000548

0.631

3.56

340

859.8

2.08

0.053

0.139

795

333

983.3

4.185

0.000467

0.643

2.99

128

129

= (c p , o il,in + c p , o il, o u t )/2 = (2200 + 2080)/2 = 2140 J/kgK

oilc p,oil Th,in Th,out 1 2140 370 340 64200W

Qm

Q
64200
Tc,out Tc,in
303
323.03 K
m waterc p , water
0.767 4180
Ac,i

d i2

(0.04094) 2 0.001316m 2

water / Ac,i 0.767/ 0.001316 582.7 kg/m 2 s

Gwater m

Re i

Gwater di

water

582.7 0.04094
36474 2300 !
0.000654

Gnielinski ( 1-8)
fi 1.58ln Re b 3.28 0.00564
2

0.00564
f Re 1000 Pr

36474 1000 4.33

2 i
i
2

Nu i

198
f
0
.
00564
1.07 12.7
Pri2 3 1 1.07 12.7
4.332 3 1
2
2

hi

ki Nu i 0.618129
198

2988.9 W/m2 K
di
0.04094

130

Ac, a

D
4

2
i

d o2

(0.0752 0.0483) 2 0.002586m 2

D h , o = D i d o =0.075 0.0483 = 0.0267 m

oil / Ac,a 1/ 0.002586 386.8 kg/m 2 s
Goil m

Re o

Goil Dh, o

oil

386.8 0.0267
341.6 2000 !
0.030233

8-3
0.8

Nu oil

0.8
0.5
0.19 Re Pr h

D
D
L

3.66 1.2 i 1 0.14 i

0.467

Dh

do
d o

1.07 0.117 Re Pr
L

130

131

L
350 m
Nuoil 5.59
hoil

koil Nu oil 0.138 5.59

28.9 W/m2 K
Dh,o
0.0267

LMTD

(Th,o Tc,i ) (Th,i Tc,o ) 41.8 C

8-12

T T
n h, o c ,i
T T
h,i c, o

1
1 do
1

U i hi di o ho

d o ln

do
di

2k w

i = o = 1 U = 28.5
W/m 2 K
A = d o L= Q/U/T l m
L = 355 m 355.7 m
131

132

Example:

Carbon
Steel (C 0.5% k w 53 W/mK) H = 0.013 m

N = 60 f = 0.0009 m

Wr

Ab

Di

di

do

132

A f = 2NLH
Ao = A b + A f


Q = 64200 W
h i = 2988.9 W/m 2 K

Ac ,a

D
4

2
i

d o2 N f H

(0.0752 0.0483) 2 60 0.0009 0.013 0.001884m 2

D h , o = 4A c , a /P w
P w = = 2NH + d o + D i = 1.947 m
D h , o = 4A c , a /P w = 0.00387 m
oil / Ac, a 1 / 0.001884 530.8 kg/m2 s
Goil m

G Dh, o 530.8 0.00387
Re o oil

67.9 2000 !
oil
0.030233
L = 20 m 8-3
Nu oil 5.18
hoil

k oil Nu oil 0.138 5.26

184.7 W/m2 K
Dh , o
0.00387

LMTD

(Th,o Tc,i ) (Th,i Tc,o ) 41.8 C

T T
n133h, o c ,i
T T
h,i c, o

133

 8-13

134

8-11
1
1
1

UA i hi Ai o ho Ao

1
2k w L ln

do
di

A = A o = P f L P f
(= 2NH + d o ) ( )
P f = 2NH + d o = 1.7117 m

Pf
1
1

U hi di o ho

Pf
2 kw ln

do
di

(8-14)

o = 1 A f /A o (1 f )
A f /A o =
f

(P f

d o )/P f

= tanh(mH)/mH ( )

2hoil
2 184.7

88 m-1
kf f
53 0.0009

= tanh(mH)/mH = 0.713

o = 1 A f /A o (1 f ) = 0.738
8-14 U = 41.68 W/m 2 K
2
A = P f L = Q/U/T
l m = 36.85 m
134

L = 21.53 m 21.56 m

135

 (Shell-and-tube HX)
(non-compact)

136

18

29 15

14

23

26

16

10

27

13

11

22
17

2
17

12

8
6

19

25

(Kettle)

20

21

(a)
26
23
5
1
3

24

21

20

10

13

27

11

22

29

2
12

17

25

26

137
21

14

15

21

26

20


15

28

26

16

10

29

27

13

2
11

17

20

26

21

14

21

20

(b)U
11

18

10

23

14

10

29

13
11

27

20

26

138

21

15

21

19


Stationary head types

Head types

E
A

FIXED TUBESHEET
LIKE "A" STATIONARY HEAD

One pass shell

Channel
and removable cover

M
F

FIXED TUBESHEET
LIKE "B" STATIONARY HEAD

Two pass shell

with longitudinal baffle

N
Fixed tubesheet
like "N" stationary head

G
BONNET (integral cover)

Split flow

P
C

Removable
Tube
Bundle
Only

Outside packed
floating head

H
Double split flow

Channel integral with tubesheet and removable cover

S
Floating head
with backing device

J
Divided flow

T
Pull through floating head

Channel integral with tubesheet and removable cover

K
Kettle type reboiler

U
U-tube bundle

139

Special high pressure closure

W
Cross flow

Externally sealed
floating tubesheet


E shell
E shell
F shell ()
F shell

J shell

F shell
G H shell
X shell

140


(a) Bonnet
(B )
(b) Channel head
removable (A)
(c) Channel head integral with tube sheet
(C)

141


(L, M, N)

100
F(56K)
U

shell

lantern ring stationary

head

shell

stuffing-box flange gland follower

backing ring

packing
snap ring
skirt

tubes

tubes

floating tubesheet
stiffomg-box flange

gasket
floating-head
cover

floating tubesheet

(a) Packed lanternring exchanger (b) Outside-packed floating head exchanger

shell backing ring

flange

floating-head
cover
shell
cover

tubes

142

tubes

floating
tubesheet
gasket

(c) Internal floating head exchanger

shell

flange
gasket
floating
tubesheet
floating-head
cover

(d) Pull-through floating head exchanger

,Shell flange

, Tube sheet
(stationary)

Window

Channel
flange

/
5~10

(baffle spacing Lb)

143

 9-1

(L b ,m a x )
(mm)

do

Carbon & high alloy steel Aluminum & aluminum alloys

Low alloy steel

Copper & copper alloys

Nickel-Copper

Titanium & zirconium at code

Nickel

max.

Nickel-Chromium-Iron

Allowable temperature

19

1520

1321

25

1880

1626

32

2240

2210

38

2540

2930

50

3175

2794

144

2(50.8 mm)
0.5Ds
1
Ds
(baffle cut)

Lbc 13 Lb
67

Ds 80 Ds 400

Segmental baffle

Drilling

Doughnut
Orifice

Baffle

Disc and doughnut baffle

Doughnut

Disc

Orifice baffle

O.D. of tubes

145

baffle cut ()

Main flow

Eddies

Lbc

Eddies

Main flow

Baffle
Lb

Idealized Shell-side Flow Model

146


Dot
Dct =Dot -do
ds
ot
ct

Bundle bypass area

baffle cut
L bc

Window
No. of Row
in one
Window
Section

Crossflow
No. of Rows
in one
Crossflow
Section

L
Ds (1-2 bc )
Ds

Baffle edge

Bundle edge

bb
bb =
2

Baffle bypass area

sb

W p (Bypass lane)

(Tube bundle)

Ds147


Nc (
number of tube rows crossed in one
crossflow section, between baffle tips)
Fc (fraction of
total tubes in crossflow)
window
(the number of effective crossflow
rows in each window Ncw)Bell

148

tb

do

Nb

(crossflow area at or near the

centerline for one crossflow
section) Am
Atb
Asb
(shell to
tube bundle diametrical clearance)
bb (=2bb)
Fsbpfraction of crossflow area
for bypass flow

149

sb Ds - Db sb

Db
Ds

sb

sb Ds - Db sb

Db
Ds

sb


PX
Pp
Pt

Pitch

Pn

PX =1.732 Pt
PP = 0.866 Pt
Pn = 0.5Pt

(30 )
Triangular Pitch

PX
45

Pn

Pt

Pp

Pp

Pitch

Pt
PX = 1.414 Pt

Pitch

Pn

PX

PX = Pt
Pp = 0.5 Pt

Pp = 0.707Pt
Pn = 0.866 Pt
Pn = 0.707Pt

(45 )
(60 )
Rotated Square Pitch Roated Triangular Pitch

Pn

PX

Pt

Pitch

PX = Pt
Pp = Pt
Pn = Pt

(90 )
Square Pitch

Nt CTP

Dct2
4 A1

0.93

CTP 0.9
0.85

(1 Pass)
(2 Pass)
(3 Pass)

A 1 = (CL)P t 2

150

o
o

1.0 45 90
CL
(9-4
o
o
0.87
30

60

Recrit = Gsdo/s = 100

Recrit < 100 Recrit > 100

151

impinging plate
impinging rod
)
Vn,max

2250

750

m

Impingement
plate

(a)

Impingement
rod

First
baffle

Tube plate

First
baffle
Extra tube support
plate

(b)

Vapor belt

(c)

m/s,
m/s, ,
152

Tube plate

1 x

(d)

Vn,max

4500

0.8c

1500
m

m/s,
m/s, , c
()
m/s, ,
153

1 x

Q UATm Q U o Ao Tm

do
A ln
di
1
A
A

U i hi Ai o ho Ao 2 kw L
U( W/m2.K)AoAi
oi(fin surface effectiveness)
o=i =1
ho()hi
Rt=1/Uo
() Ro=1/(o *ho)
Rf,o=Rfo/ o
Ri=(Ao/Ai)*1/i
Rfi= (Ao/Ai) *Rfi
154
Rwall=Ao*Rw


(Kern method)

Kern (1950)
Nushell

hD
13
o e 0.36Re0.55

shell Pr
k
w

Pshell

4 f shell Gs2 Ds Nb 1

2 De

0.14

0.14

(9-36)

Pt
C'

(9-37)

Gs De

(9-39)

Re shell

Gs

MT
As

(9-40)

A s = C L b D s /P t
C = P t d o

60
60

Pt

(9-38)

C'

4 f shell e0.5760.19ln Reshell

60

(9-41)
(9-42)

MethodP
KernKern
Method
tC

2 d o2
4 Pt

4

for square pitch

do
4
De

P
1 d o2

4 t 0.86 Pt

2 4
2
for triangular pitch
155

do

(9-43)

 9-4-1
D s = 0.508 m
d o = 0.01905 m
d i = 0.016 m
L b = 0.5 m
= 5 m
P t = 0.0254 m P t * = 0.0254/0.01905 = 1.33
30 E shell 363 K
(90C) 25 kg/s Kern

T (K)

water

cp,water

water

kwater

(kJ/kgK)

(Pas)

(W/mK)

4.194

0.00130

0.587

9.32

0.631

3.56

0.676

1.96

Prwater

(kg/m 3)
283

999.6

4
323

988.0

4.181

0.00054
8

363

965.3

4.207

0.00031
6

Carbon Steel
156 (C 0.5% k w 53 W/mK)
water,i 50 kg/s, Twater, in 283 K
m

 C = P t d o = 0.0254 0.01905 = 0.00635 m

A s 9-41
A s = C L b D s /P t = 0.006350.50.508/0.0254 = 0.0635 m 2
s / As 25 / 0.0635 393.7 kg/m2 s
Gs m

Pt
1 d o2
4 0.86 Pt

2
2 4

De

do
2

0.018
Re shell

Gs De

water

0.0254
1 0.019052
4
0.86 0.0254

2
2
4

0.01905
2

393.7 0.018
22468 !
0.000316

property index ( / w ) 0 . 1 4 1
Nushell

hD
13
o e 0.36Re0.55

shell Pr
k
w

ho =

0.14

0.36 224680.55 1.960.333 111.4

0.676111.4/0.018 = 4185 W/m 2 K

4 f shell e0.576 0.19 ln Reshell e0.576 0.19 ln 22468 0.2651

f shell 0.0663

5 m 0.5 m
N b = 5/0.5 1 = 9
4 f shellGs2 Ds N b 1 0.2651 393.7 2 0.508 9 1
Pshell

6006.7 Pa
0.14
2 965.3 0.018
157

2 De
w

157

Bell-Delaware Method

Window
effects

Tube-to-baffle
leakage

Shell-to-baffle
leakage

Bypass
158

159

Idealized Shell-side Flow Model


E
B

C C
C

B
B

A
E

F
B

A stream
B stream
C stream
E stream
160
F stream

B
B

Bell-Delaware Method

Bell-Delaware

hs = hoJcJlJbJsJr

(JcJlJbJsJr0.4~0.6)

ho:
JcJlJbJsJr
ho: Bell (1963)
Coburn
j
ho
j
Pr 2 3 s s
Gs c p
0.14
Ts,av

s
w
s

s 1
,

0.25
Ts,av 273.15
, 1

161
273.15

jf

162

JcFc

163

J (Atb + Asb)/Am

164

Jb Ab/Am

Crossflow stream

Penetration area

Sealing Strip

Bypass area

Sealing Strip
165

Region of Central
Baffle Spacing

L bi

Lb

Lb

A
L
166

Lbo

Jr
(adverse temperature gradient)

167

Bell-Delaware Method(Cont.)

(a)()
(b)
(c) Window

Ptot=Pc+Pw+Pe

168


Pb,i

Pb,i

2
4 fi Gs Nc

2 i

Gs M T / Am s
169

 (E-shell )
P e = P b, i (1 + N c w /N c )R s R b

Rs

Rb: (C & F stream)

Illustration of a Typical E-Shell

170

Rb Fsbp

171

Pc

Illustration of a Typical E-Shell

P c = P b , i (N b 1)R R b

Pressure drop at interior crossflow section

172

173

Pwwindow

P w = P w, i N b R
Illustration of a Typical E-Shell

Pressure drop at174 window section

 9-4-1 Bell-Delaware split ring and

floating head baffle cut = 25%
sealing strip L b i = L b o = 0.75
m 9-4-1 L b = 0.5 m

175

(1)
split ring and floating head 9-29

b b 0.035 m 9-56
D o t = D s b b = 0.508 0.035 = 0.473 m
D c t = D o t d o = 0.473 0.01905 = 0.45395 m
30 P p = 0.022 m P n =

0.0127 m ( 9-15)

9-48

D do
Am Lb ( Ds Dotl ) otl
Pt

( Pt d o )

0.473 0.01905
0.5 (0.508 0.473)
(0.0254 0.01905)
0.0254

0.0742 m 2

M
25
0.349 m/s
Vmax T
Am 965.3 0.0742
Re

Vmax do 965.3 0.349 0.01905

20300
s
0.000316

Bell-Delaware
d o Re Kern
176
Ds

 9-3
a 1 = 0.321 a 2 = 0.388 a 3 = 1.45 a 4 = 0.519
a3
1.45
a

0.0578
a4
1 0.14 203000.519
1 0.14 Re
a

0.0578
1.33
1.33

a2
j a1 * Re 0.321
20300 0.388 0.00684

1.33
Pt

Pr s = 1.96 property index 1 ( s s
w

0.14

1 ) 9-59

ho jGs c p Prs2 3 0.00684 336.7 4207 1.960.667 6186 W/m2 K

(2) J c
baffle cut = 25% L b c = 0.25D s = 0.127 m
Fc

D 2 Lbc 1 Ds 2 Lbc
1
1 Ds 2 Lbc

2 s
sin
cos

2
cos

Dot
Dot
Dot

Ds 2 Lbc 0.0508 2 0.128

0.537
Dot
0.473

Fc

2 0.537sin cos 0.537 2 cos 0.537 0.649

9-65

177

J c = 0.55 + 0.72 F c = 0.55 + 0.720.649 = 1.017

(2) J
9-5
2
0.453952
CTP Dct
0.9
N t 0.785

0
.
785

260

2
2
2
CL Pt* d o2
0.87 1.33 0.01905

J A t b A s b t b s b

9-27 L b , m a x < 900 mm d o = 0.01905 m < 0.032 m

t b = 0.8 mm = 0.0008 m t b = t b /2 = 0.0004 m
9-51
1
1 Fc N t 0.01905 0.0004 1 1 0.649 260
2
2
2
0.005133m

Atb d o tb

9-55

s b = 3.1 + 0.004D s ( mm) = 3.1 + 0.004508

= 5.132 mm = 0.005132 m

s b = s b /2 = 0.00257 m

2L
1
Asb Ds sb 1 cos1 1 bc
Ds

1
2 0.127
2
0.508 0.002571 cos1 1
0.00273m
0.508

(A t b +A s b )/A m = (0.005132 + 0.00273)/0.07 42 = 0.1059

A s b /(A t b +A s b ) = 0.00273/(0.005132 + 0.00273) = 0.3472
9-66

Asb
Asb 2.2
0.441
e
J 0.441
Asb Atb
Asb Atb

178

Asb Atb
Am

0.44 (1 0.3472) 0.44 (1 0.3472)e 2.20.1059 0.515

(4) J b
sealing strip N s s = 0
9-44

L
Ds 1 2 bc 0.508 1 2 0.127
Ds
0.508

Nc

11.55
PP
0.0212

N s + = 0/11.55 = 0
E-shell N p = 0
( Ds Dot 0.5 N p W p ) Lb 0.508 0.473 0.5
Fsbp

0.236
Am
0.0742
100 9-68 C b p h = 1.25 9-67
1

J b C F 1 3 2 N
bph sbp
s

N s

1
2

N s

1
2

Cbph Fsbp 1 3 2 N s

179

e1.250.2361

20

0.745

(5) J s
9-47
L Lbi Lbo
5 0.75 0.75
Nb
1
1 8
L
0
.
5

L i + = L b i /L b = 0.75/0.5 = 1.5
L o + = L b o /L b = 0.75/0.5 = 1.5
Re > 100 n = 0.6 ( 9-71)
9-70
Js

Nb 1 Li

Nb 1

1 n

Li

Lo

Lo

1 n

8 1 1.50.4 1.50.4
8 1 1.5 1.5

0.935

(5) J r
Re s > 100 9-72 J r = 1
(6) h s
h s = h o J c J J b J s J r = 61861.0170.5150.7450.9351.0
= 2363.1 W/m 2 K
Kern (4185 W/m 2 K)
J c J J b J s J r 0.382 0.6
180

(1) crossflow p b i
9-3
b 1 = 0.372 b 2 = 0.123 b 3 = 7.0 b 4 = 0.5
b3
7.0
b

0.334
b4
1 0.14 203000.5
1 0.14 Re
b

0.334
1.33
1.33
f b1 * Re b2 0.372
20300 0.123 0.1098

1.33
Pt

9-74
4 f i Gs2 N c 4 0.1098 336.7 2 11.55
Pb,i

297.7 Pa
2 i
2 965.3

(2) P e
Re s > 100 9-77 n = 1.8 9-76
L n L n
Rs bi bo 1.51.8 1.51.8 0.964
Lb
Lb

9-79 C b p = 3.7 9-78

1
N s 12
3

Rb C F 1 3 2 N
e 3.70.2361 20 0.418

e bp sbp
N s 12

9-46 N c w = 0.8(L b c /P P ) = 0.8(0.127/0.022) = 4.62

9-75
P e = P b i (1 + N c w /N c )R s R b 181
= 297.7(1 + 4.62/11.55)0.9640.4182
= 168 Pa

(3)

Pc
9-83 r s = A s b /(A s b + A t b ) = 0.3472
9-84 r l m = (A s b + A t b )/A m = 0.1059
9-82 z = 0.15r s + 0.65 = 0.597
9-81
R e

1.331 rs rlmz

0.605

e1.33(1 0.3472)0.1059

0.626

9-80
P c = P b , i (N b 1)R R b = 297.7(8 1)0.6260.418 = 545.6 Pa

182

(4) P w
1 2L b c /D s = 1 20.127/0.508 = 0.5
9-89
Aw

2 Lbc N t
Ds2 1 2 Lbc 2 Lbc
cos 1

1 Fc do2

4
D
D
D
8
s
s
s

0.5082
4

260
2
1

2
cos 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 8 1 0.649 0.01905

0.02663 m 2

9-86
m s
25
Gw

562.3 kg/m 2 s
12
Am Aw 0.0742 0.026631 2
9-88

ds 2 cos1 1

2 Lbc
2 0.127

2 cos1 1
2.094 rad. (120 )
Ds
0.508

9-90
4 Aw
1 Fc Ds ds
d o N t
2
2
4 0.0234

0.0327 m

1 0.649 0.508 2.094

0.01905 260

2
2

Dw

9-85

Pw,i

G w2
Re s 100
2 0.6 N cw
2

2
26 G w N cw Lbc 0.002 G w Re 100
s

Pt d o Dw2
2

2 0.6 N cw

G w2
562.32
2 0.6 4.62
781.3 Pa
2
2 965.3

window 9-91
Pw Nb Pw,i R 8183
781.3 0.626 3914.2 Pa
(5) P to t = P c + P w + P e = 545.6 + 3914.2 + 168 = 4627.7 Pa

Stop & Think

Leakage & Bypass

U
do
A ln
di
1
A
A

U i hi Ai o ho Ao 2 kw L
Sizing Rating
(UA-LMTD-F -NTU)

184

185


11-1

(food
&
kindred (milk processing)

products)

(gas side) (spray drying)

/

(textile (cooling water)

mill products)
(cooling water)

Lumber
& wood (liquid, cooling water)

products
including (process side, cooling water)

paper
&
allied (cooling water)

products
(process side)

(process side, cooling)

chemical & allied

(foulant)

186


(precipitation fouling)
(particulate fouling)
(chemical reaction fouling)

(polymerization)(cracking)

(corrosion fouling)
(solidification fouling)
(biological fouling)
187

188

Linear (a)

R f

Falling rate (b)

Asymptotic (c)

Periodic change of operation condition (d)

t delay

, Time, t

189

Th

s,h

Rf

Ao R fi
Ai

rh

R fo

s,c

1
1

Rf
Uf UC

rh

do
Ao
di
1 A
o rfi
rfo
hi Ai ho Ai
2 kw L
Ao ln

Ts,h

rw

Tw,h

rs,c

Tw,c

rc
Tc
Ts,h

rs,h

Tc

kw

rc

Tc

1
do
1 d
o rfi
190
hi di ho di

Ao

Th - Tc

r
Tw,h rw Tw,c s,c Ts,c

do ln

Aw

Ts,c

Th

Ai

rs,h

Uf

Th

do
di

rfo

 QC = Qf

= UC AC Tm

= U f A f T m 11-12

UC
1 U C Rf
Uf

(11-13)

Q C U C AC Tm U C AC
A

1 U C Rf C 1
Q f U f Af Tm U f Af
Af

(11-14)

Af
AC

1 UC R f

(11-15)

191


(%) (HEDH, 2002

(%) (
HEDH, 2002)

192


TEMA

193


PC

4L
1
fC uC2
di
2

Pf

4L
1
f f u 2f
df
2

C f
( m C m f
f f di

PC fC d f
Pf

d i2 i ui

d 2f f u f )

(11-25)

k
f
rf
d f ln di d f

k
f

(11-26)

194

df
di

(11-10)

(3m/s)

195

-
(Courtesy of Consolidated Restoration
Systems Inc.)


(
)

196


Cooling tower

Cooling water flow

Reverse

Pump

Normal

Heat exchanger

197
Return cooling water

Surface water

Ground water


(oxidization techniques)
(thermal treatments)
(irradiation techniques)
(ion deposition techniques)

198

Two-phase Flow & heat transfer

199

Single Phase
Vapour

Drop Flow

x=1

Annular
Flow

Single
Plug
Bubbly
Slug
phase
flow
flow
flow
liquid
x=0

Wavy
flow

Intermittently dry

Annular flow

Tube wall dry

x=1

Slug Flow

Bubbly
Flow

200

Single Phase Liquid

x=0

201

stratified flow

(wavy flow)

202

intermittent flow

(slug flow)

203

annular flow

entrainment

204



A
AG
AL

m
mG
mL
i
iG
iL
ifg
x
xth
G
GG
GL
X

uG
uL

A G /A
= mG mL

(enthalpy)
(enthalpy)
(enthalpy)
(latent heat)
= mG / m
= (i iL)/ifg
= GG + GL = m / A
= Gx
= G(1 x)
Martinelli

0.5
(dP L /dP G )

205

m2
m2
m2

kg/s
kg/s
kg/s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

kg/m 2 s
kg/m 2 s
kg/m 2 s

m/s
m/s

 qualityx

()
x

206

Question, ? (ifg)

= Q

x out

in

di

mr

207

 (void fraction)

A=AG +AL , =
AG

AG
A
AG

AL

n2
n3
n

1 x 1 L G
1 BB



G L
x 208

Martinelli parameter X

(dP L /dP G ) 0. 5
2
G L2
4L
4L
0.25 G 1 x
PL
fL

0.0791Re L
d
2 L
d
2 L

Gd 1 x
4L

0.0791
d

0.25

G 1 x 2
2 L

Gx 4 L 0.079 Gdx
4L
GG2
4L
PG
fG

0.0791ReG0.25

d
2 G
d
2 G
d
G
2

P
X L
PG

1 x

0.875

0.5

0.125

Gd 1 x 0.25 G 1 x 2

L
2L

0.25
2

Gx
Gdx

2 G
G

0.5

209

0.5

0.25

Gx
2 G

-
Cooper (1984)
0.67
0.5 m
0.55

55
q
M
P
(

log
P
)

r
10 r
ho
0.67
0.5 m
0.55
90
q
M
P
(

log
P
)

r
10 r

m 0.12 0.2log10 Rp

q(W/m 2 )P r
reduced pressureR p
(m)M
210

R-11
R-12
R-13
R-113
R-114
R-22
R-134a
R-123
R-404A
R-502
R-410A
R-407C
R-125
R-32

()
()
M

kg
kmole
137.37
120.91
104.46
187.38
170.92
86.47
102.03
152.93
97.6
111.6
72.56
86.2
120.02
52.02

Pcrit
Fk
h r e f (W/m 2 K)

P r = 0.1
Kandlikar
q r e f = 20000 W/m 2
bar
44.7
41.8
38.7
34.6
32.5
49.9
40.7
36.6
37.8
40.8
48.5
46.5
36.3
57.95

2690
3290
3910
2180
2460
3930
3500
2600
4400
-

1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
2.2
1.63
1.4
-

 (Boiling Curve)

211

R-225
12 C
6
R-22 Pcrit = 49.9 bar
L=6m

Twater,out = ? C
=5 C

cp = 4180 J/kg .K

212

d i =14mm

=2.5 kg/s
, Twater,in =12 C

do =16mm

R-22

 -NTU method
(1) 7C
(2) Q = 2.54180(127) = 52.25 kW

= 52250 W

(3) q = Q/A o
= A o = d o LN =

0.01665 = 1.508 m 2

q = 52250/1.508 = 34649 W/m 2

(4) ho 90q 0.67 M 0.5 Pr m ( log10 Pr ) 0.55
5C R-22 5.83 bar
49.9 bar
P r

= 5.83/49.9 = 0.117

R p = 1.0 m
m 0.12 0.2 log10 Rp 0.12
h o = 9034649 0 . 6 7 86.47 0 . 5 (0.117) 0 . 1 2 (0.932) 0 . 5 5 = 8559 W/m 2 K
(5)
hd
Nu i i
k

f Re 1000 Pr
2 b
b

1.07 12.7 f Prb2 3 1

2

f 1.58 ln Re b 3.28

total 2.5 kg/s

d i = 0.014 m L = 6 m m

213
= m = 2.5/5 = 0.5 kg/s

 Ac

di2

(0.014) 2 0.000154m 2

G = m / Ac = 0.5/0.000154 = 3247 kg/m 2 s

0.585 W/mK

9.5C k f

f 135010 6 Ns/m 2 Pr b 10

Re

Gdi

3247 0.014
33670
135010 6

f 1.58ln Re b 3.28 0.0057474

2

f /2 = 0.002874
f
Reb 1000 Prb
2
hi
Nu
di
di
f
1.07 12.7
Prb2 3 1
2
0.002874 33670 1000 10
0.585

11052 W/m 2 K
0.667
0.014 1.07 12.7 0.002874 10
1
kf

kf

(6) 1/UA
1/UA 1/h i A i +1/h o A o
= A i = d i LN =

0.01465 = 1.32 m 2

1/UA 1/h i A i 214

+1/h o A o = 1/11052/1.32+1/8559/1.508 = 0.000146 K/W
UA = 6849.3 W/K

(7)
Cmin 2.5 4180 10450W/K
NTU
C*

UA 6848.3

0.65543
C min 10450

Cmin
0
Cmax

1 exp( NTU) 0.4807

Qmax Cmin o 10450 (12 5) 73150 W
Q Qmax 0.4807 73150 35165.8 W
Tc, out 12 35165.8 / 10450 8.63 C
(8) 8.63C 7C

-NTU
7C h o

-NTU
(9) 8.5C (1)(8)
Q = 2.54180(12 8.5) = 36575 W
q = Q/A = 36575/1.508 = 24253 W/m 2
h o = 9024253 0 . 6 7 86.47 0 . 5 0.117) 0 . 1 2 (0.932) 0 . 5 5 = 6739.7 W/m 2 K
10C h i 11000 W/m 2 K
1/UA 1/h i A i

+ 1/h o A o = 1/11000/1.32 + 1/6739.7/1.508 =

0.0001672 K/W
UA 5979 W/K
NTU = 5979/10450 = 0.572

= 1 e N TU = 0.4357

Q = Q m a x = 0.435773150 = 31869 W
T c , o u t = 12 31869/10450 = 8.95C

215 8.5C

9.0C

-
(nucleate boiling)
(forced convective evaporation)

216

(superposition model)
q = qNB

+ qCV

q = h(T w T s )
q N B = h N B (T w T s )

(4-11)

h = hNB + hCV

q C V = h C V (T w T s )

(4-12)
(4-13)
(4-14)

Chen (1966)
Chen h N B h C V
hC V hL

h = Sh N B +Eh L
S(suppression)E
217

(enhancement)Chens model

E = 2.35/(1/X t t +0.213) 0 . 7 3 6

(4-17)

S = 1/(1+2.5310 6 Re 1 . 1 7 )

(4-18)

Re = Re L E 1 . 2 5

(4-19)

Chen E S
Gungor amd Winterton (1986) 3700

E =1+24000 Bo 1. 1 6 +1.23X t t 0 . 8 6

(4-20)

S = (1+0.00000115E 2 Re L 1 . 1 7 ) 1

(4-21)

1 x
X tt

Bo

q
Gi fg

0.875

0.125

(boiling number)

0.5

(4-22)

218

(4-23)

Chens correlation R 22q = 10

kW/m2 K Ts = 5 C x = 0.5G = 200 kg/m 2 sd i = 13 mmk L = 94 mW/(mK) L = 199 Pas G
= 12 Pas L = 1265 kg/m 3 G = 25 kg/m 3 Pr L = 2.51i fg = 200 kJ/kgKP = 583 kPaPcrit = 4990
kPa ()Pr = 583/4990 = 0.1168 (reduced pressure)

h = S hNB + E hL
( SI )
Re L = Gd i (1 x)/ L = 2000.013(1 0.5)/0.000199 = 6533
h L Dittus-Boelter 1-8

Nu = 0.023Re 0 . 8 Pr 0 . 4
h L = 0.094/0.0130.0236533 0 . 8 2.51 0 . 4 = 251.6 W/m 2 K
h N B Cooper ( 4-6) (Cooper
90 55)
ho 55q 0.67M 0.5 Pr ( log10 Pr ) 0.55
m

h o = 5510000 0 . 6 7 86.47 0 . 5 0.117 0 . 1 2 0.932 0 . 55 = 2275 W/m 2

4-2-1
S E
1 x
X tt

0.875

0.125

0.5

1 0.5

0.5

0.875

0.000199

0.000012

0.125

1265

25

E = 2.35/(1/X t t + 0.213) 0 . 7 3 6 = 0.696

Re = Re L E 1 . 2 5 = 65330.696 1 . 2 5 = 4153.5
S = 1/(1+2.5310 -6 Re 1. 1 7 ) = 0.958
219
h = Sh N B + Eh L = 0.9582275 + 0.696251.6 = 2355.7 W/m 2 K

0.5

10.1

 (enhanced model)
h

f cn ()
hL

(asymptotic model)
q N B q C V
q = qNB

+ q CV

n
n
q n qNB
qCV
n
n
hn hNB
hCV

(4-40)
220

(4-41)

q = qnb + qcv
h = hnb + hcv

221

-
Nusselt (1916)

L ( L G ) gi fg d
hc do
Nuc
0.728
kL
L (Ts Tw )k L
L ( L G ) gi fg k L3
hc 0.728

L (Ts Tw )d o
L ( L G ) gi fg k L3
0.728

L qd o

3/ 4
hc

L ( L G ) gi fg k L3 hc
0.728

L hc (Ts Tw )d o

do=2R

(4-49)

222

Tw

hc1 / 4

L ( L G ) gi fg k L3
0.728

L qd o

L ( L G ) gi fg kL3
hc 0.655

L qdo

3
o

 4-4-1 46C 38C 19 mmR-134a

(k L = 72.2 mW/mK L = 1120
kg/m 3 G = 59.21 kg/m 3 i f g =156.67 kJ/kg L = 165.7 Pas)

4-4-1
1120 1120 59.21 9.806156670 0.019
Nu c 0.728

0
.
0001657

(
46

38
)

0
.
0722

k
hc L Nu c 0.0722 437.8 / 0.019 1664 W/m2 K
3

do

223

437.8

 m water
T wa t e r , i n ( )

(1) T wa t e r , o u t h i
LMTD
waterc p, water Twater, out Twater,in
(2) Q m

(3) q = Q/A
L L G gi fg k L3
(4) hc 0.655

qd
L
o

hc

(5) h c U
(6) UALMTD = Q
(7) (6) Q (2) (1)-(6)
224


Nusselt

(a)
Nusselt
Idealized
Model

(b)
Side-Drainage
Model

(c)
Ripples,
Splashing,
Turbulence

225

(d)
High
Vapor
Shear

 N h N, m
hN ,m
h1

N 1 4

(4-54)

Kern (1958) Nusselt

Kern
hN
56
N 5 6 N 1
h1

(4-55)

N hN,m
hN ,m
h1

N 1 6

(4-56)

226

Nusselt

Butterworth (1977)
( 4-13)
Nuc
12 12

0.416 1 1 9.47 F
12

ReG

10

gdo L i fg

Nu Re -1/2

u k Ts Tw
2
G L

ReG

(4-50)

1.0

Data

(4-51)
4-50

0.1
0.001 0.01

L uG do
L

0.1

Nusselt Theory (4-49)

1.0
F

4-13

10

100

(4-52)

u d
~
u G ReG L G o
L

227

1000

-
Shah (1979)
3.8
hc hL 1

(4-60)

0.8

1 x
0.4
Z
Pr
x

(4-61)
0.8

G(1 x)di
k
0.4
hL L 0.023
Pr
di
L

(4-62)

h c local
(x = 1) (x = 0)

2.09
hc ,m hL 0.55 0.38
Pr

(4-63)

Shah Pr Prandtl number P r reduced

228

pressure

P = Pa + Pf + Pg
PaPf
Pg

2
v fg
dP
dx
2
f
G
vL
2
TP

G v fg

1 x
dz
dz
di
vL

g sin

vL (1 xv fg / vL )

Blasius
f = 0.0791Re 0 . 2 5

229


Homogeneous Model
Separated Flow Model

230


Re Re = Gd i / T P
T P T P
(x = 0 T P = Lx = 1 T P = G ) T P

TP

1 x

(4-67)

T P = (1 x) L + x G
x G

TP

(4-68)

1 x L
L

(4-69)

1
x 1 x

L
G

(4-70)
231

 7 mm
0.5mhomogeneous model
L = 998.3 kg/m3G = 1.098 kg/m3L = 0.0661
N/mL = 0.00046 PasG = 0.0000203 Pas
m
G m
L 0.003 0.012 0.015 kg/s
m

x = 0.003/(0.003 + 0.012) = 0.2

di = 0.007 m

m G = 0.003 kg/s

A c = d i 2 /4 = 3.84810 5 m 2
mL= 0.012 kg/s
G = m /A c = 390 kg/m 2 s
1
1

5.47 kg/m3
x 1 x 0.2
1 0.2

L 1.098 998.3
G

TP

1
1

0.0000863 Pa s
x 1 x
1 0.2

0.2

0.0000203
0.00046
G
L

Re TP

GDi

TP

390 0.007
31633.84 turbulent
0.0000863

f m = 0.079Re TP 0 . 2 5 = 0.00593
4 Lf m G 2 4 0.5 0.00593 3902
232
dPhom

23.56 kPa
D 2
0.007
2 5.47

L = 0.5 m


2
2

1 x dP
dP
x
2 d

g sin G 1 L
dz
dz G 1 L dz f

GL
LO
dPf

G2

dPf ,G
dPf

L2

dz
dz

dz

dPf , L

dPf
2
LO

(4-72)

(4-73)

dz

dz

dPf , LO

dz

233

(4-74)

 dP f

2
dP LO LO

2
(dP f = LO
dP LO ) dP LO
2
LO

234

Friedel (1979)
2
LO
A1

3.24 A2 A3
Fr 0.045We0.035

(4-75)

f
2
A1 1 x x 2 L GO
G f LO

(4-76)

f LO f G O
Blasius

A2 x0.78 1 x

A3 L
G

0.91

0.224

(4-77)
0.19

G
1

0.7

(4-78)

G2
Fr
gd 2
We

(4-79)

G2d

(4-80)

1
x 1 x

235

(4-81)

 7 mm 0.5m
FriedelL = 998.3 kg/m3G = 1.098 kg/m3
L = 0.0661 N/mL = 0.00046 PasG = 0.0000203 Pas
m
G m
L 0.003 0.012 0.015 kg/s
m

x = 0.003/(0.003 + 0.012) = 0.2

= 3.84810 5 m 2

A c = d i 2 /4

G = m /A c = 390 kg/m 2 s
Re G = Gd i / G = 1.3410 5
Re L = Gd i / L = 5.9310 3
f G O = 0.0791Re G 0. 2 5 = 0.00413
f LO = 0.0791Re L 0 . 2 5 = 0.00901
A 1 = 17.31

di = 0.007 m

m G = 0.003 kg/s

A 2 = 0.271
A 3 = 263.8
5.47 kg/m3
Fr = 7.4110

mL= 0.012 kg/s

L = 0.5 m

We = 2.9410 3
2
A1
LO

3.24 A2 A3
123.1
Fr 0.045We 0.035

P LO = 4L/d i f LO G 2 /2/ L =195.9 Pa

2
Pf LO
PLO 123.1195.9 24.1 kPa

236

25%
50%

Webb and Kim

(Principles of enhanced heat transfer, 2005)

237

238

 (Conti.)

(ohoAo ~ ihiAi)

239

Air-cooled

(absolute)
500 bar
()

600 C
()

16~25 bar
(

40 bar)

-25~ 200C.

1 bar

~ 600C.

300 bar (
)
1400 bar
().
~ 1 bar

100 to 600C
(
)

Heat-pipe

0.25 ~ 200 m 2 per

unit multiple units
are often used.

High thermal efficiency, standard

modular construction.

200C

273~150C (
)
~ 600C
()
800C
()

Low pressure
gases.

100 ~ 1000 m2.

Low fouling.

9 m3

Very small possible. Incorporation

of multiple streams. Very large
surface area per unit volume. DT

Low fouling

1 to 1000 m2

Low pressured
gases.

Very large surface area per unit

volume. Stainless steel or higher
alloys normal construction
material.
Inter-stream leakage must be
tolerated
Very adaptable and can be used for
nearly all applications.

Printed-circuit

100 bar
()
200 bar
()
1000 bar

Rotary regenerators

~ 1 bar

980C.

Shell-and-tube

300 bar
().
1400 bar
().

Spiral

18 bar

25 ~ 600C (

)
~ 400C

Plate-fin

5 ~350 m 2 (
)

1 ~to 1200 m2

Subject only to
materials of
construction.
Often used for
240 duties.
fouling

10 to 1000 m2 (per
shell multiple shells
can be used).
~ 200 m2.

High heat transfer efficiency.

Cylindrical geometry useful as
integral part of distillation tower.

 ()
15.88,
19.05 25.4 mm

19.05 mm

6.35 mm
250~1200
0.9~2.4 m/s(3 ~ 8 ft/s,
)0.6~1.5 m/s (2~5 ft/s)

(Pt/dopitch ratio)
1.25~2.0
1.25(Pt do)
1/8 (3.175 mm)
1/4 (6.35 mm)
241

30456090
30
603045
90

45o90o

PX
Pp
Pt

Pitch

Pn

PX =1.732 Pt
PP = 0.866 Pt
Pn = 0.5Pt

(30 )
Triangular Pitch

Pt

PX Pp
45

Pn

Pp

Pitch

Pt
PX = 1.414 Pt

Pitch

Pn

PX

PX = Pt
Pp = 0.5 Pt

Pp = 0.707Pt
Pn = 0.866 Pt
Pn = 0.707Pt

242
(45 )
(60 )
Rotated Square Pitch Roated Triangular Pitch

Pn

Pt

Pitch

PX = Pt
Pp = Pt
Pn = Pt

(90 )
Square Pitch

PX


/5~10

Segmental baffle

,Shell flange

Drilling

Doughnut
Orifice

Baffle

Disc and doughnut baffle

Doughnut

, Tube sheet
(stationary)

Disc

Orifice baffle

Window

243
O.D. of tubes

Channel
flange

1/5~1 shell dia.

2/5~1/2 shell dia.
2 in. or 1/5 shell
dia. ()

244

20~49%
20~25%
45~50%

25%

window
()

Main flow

Eddies

Lbc

Eddies

Baffle

245
Lb

Main flow

Rod baffle

Q/P

Plate Baffle Example

Rod Baffle Example

246

247

Impingement baffle

248


E shell,
(
)
(effectiveness, why?)
F shell (longitudinal baffle)

(why?)
G & H shell : P
phase
change
J shell E shell 1/8

X shell (
)
249

250


Shell < 100 mm
(Leakage &
bypass loss)
Guideline (ESDU 92013):

25%

251


Highly flexible (
), sealing may be a
problem.
Maximum
temperature/pressure
constraints.

(
)
252

253

Cross flow
effectiveness
Cooling
tower
Induced draft
fan

A-frame Steam
condensation

1 in.
with 2 in. wound fins. Fin
pitch ~ 11 fins/in.
2~ 5 m/s.
Row number: 3~8.

 ()
Maximum Pressure
Temperature range
Fluids limitation
Size range available
Fouling & cleanability
Plot area available
Design life
Location (maintenance)
Is there a temperature cross?. If so, HX
approaches counter flow is more appropriate
254

Extended surfaces

(wavy)

convex
louver

(louver)

(louver)

(slit)

(slit)
255

Which is better?


Recap & Quick overview
Q = UATm
Q :
A :
Tm:

256

2.
(LMTD)
3.
4.
(
Pumping power)
1.

257

258

()

259


Shell side boiling

Shell side condensation

260

 Microfin tube

Benefits: increase 100% more heat transfer coefficients with

only 10~50% increase of pressure drops
261

12.7mm(1/2)

9.52mm
(3/8)

7.94mm
(5/16)
7mm
6.35mm (1/4 )
5mm,4mm

1970

1980

1990

2000

Fig.
262

263

-NTU

95%
()

264
NTU


2
1

NTU

T air,

T air,
T air,
T air,
T air,

T air,
T air,7
T air,
T air,

265

266

From ESDU
98004

 P h

P ~V

1.75

h~V

0.8

(V )
267


(Performance evaluation
criteria)

(LMTD)

(
pumping power)
268

(1) Handbook of heat exchanger design (HEDH)

(2) VDI Heat Atlas
(3) Principles of enhanced heat transfer
(4) Fundamentals of heat exchanger design
(5)
269

270

Thank
you