TheinferiorcolliculiarehemisphericalandsomewhatmoreprominentthanthesuperiorMidBrain

Activation.CNIIIistheoculomotornerve.Thespinalnerveisformedbythejoiningofthedorsal
andtheventralroots.Thedamageisirreversibleandtreatmentiscenteredonrehabilitationand
preventinganotherstroke.Thefrontandbottomareasofthetemporallobeareinvolvedinsmelland
functionsofthelimbicsystem.Fraserhoweverdeniestheexistenceofsuchfibers.Itcontrolsmuscles
ofthepharynxlarynxandvelum.Itcoordinatessubconsciousmovementssuchasbalanceand
coordinatedmovement.Themainarterialbloodsuppliestothebrain.Justreadingthistextnowyou
areusingyourMidbraintokeepyoureyesandheadmoving.
Itisseparatedfromtheinnerpialayerbysubarachnoidspacewhichisfilledwithcerebrospinalfluid.
Theoriginandcourseofthesuperiorpedunclehavealreadybeendescribed.Manyfiberseither
terminateinorsendoffcollateralstothegraymatterofthemedullatheponsandthemidbrain.From
anevolutionaryperspectivethehindbrainistheoldestpartofourbrainandislocateddeepwithinour
headandontopofourspinalcord.Thepostcentralgyruscomprisestheprimarysomatosensorycortex
whichisconcernedwithsomatosensoryreceptionintegrationandprocessingsensoryinformation
fromthesurfaceofthebodyandfromthevisceraandisimportantfortheformulationofperception.
Thetemporallobecontrolsthehearingcenterslanguagecomprehensionstoringandrecalling
memoriesandrelatedareasincludingsomespeechcenters.longsituatedbetweenthecorpora
quadrigeminaandtegmentaandconnectingthethirdwiththefourthventricleMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.WewillkeeptotheuseofthetermMidbrainasthishasbeenpopularisedbyrecent
developments.Besidesthesescatteredcellsitcontainsthreegroupswhichconstitutethenucleiofthe
oculomotorandtrochlearnervesandthenucleusofthemesencephalicrootofthetrigeminalnerve.
PortionsoftheMidbraincalledtherednucleusandthesubstantianigraareinvolvedinthecontrolof
bodymovement.
Itislocateddeepinthetemporallobe.Projectionsfromtheaxonsofthesepontineneuronsformlarge
transversefiberbundlesthattraversetheponsandascendtothecontralateralcerebellumviathe
middlecerebellarpeduncles.ThebrainstemismadeoftheMidbrainponsandmedullaMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Caudaltothepostcentralgyrusistheinferiorparietalgyrus.Theprimary
functionoftheANSistoregulateandcontrolunconsciousnessfunctionsincludingvisceralsmooth
musclecardiacmusclevesselsandglandularfunction.Thesurfaceofthecerebrumismadeupofgyri
andsulci.Thecaudalpartofthesuperiortemporalgyruswhichextendsuptotheparietalcortexforms
partofWernickesareaMidBrainActivation.Theforebrainconsistsofthecerebralcortexthebasal
gangliathelimbicsystemthethalamusandthehypothalamus.Notallstructuresarementionedbut
havingwatchedtheseyoumightbeabletoinventyourownmemorylinksMidBrainActivation.
Lateraltotheputamenistheinsulawhilemoredorsomediallythecorpuscallosumoverliesthe
cavitiesofthelateralventricles.
ItdescendsintheadjoiningregionoftheventralandlateralfuniculiMidBrainActivation.
Additionallyfacialparalysisduetoapyramidallesionwillnotpermitvoluntarycontrolofthe
musclesbuttheseparalyzedmuscleswillrespondtoemotionalexpression.Thecerebralcortex
consistsofvarioustypesofcorticesaswellascloselyrelatedsubcorticalstructuressuchasthe
caudatenucleusputamenglobusamygdalaandthehippocampalformation.Itisinvolvedinmemory
attentionlanguagethinkingandvoluntarymovement.Transversesectionofmidbrainatlevelof
inferiorcolliculi.Forthisitisnecessarytoactivatetheneighbouringpinealbody.TheMidbrain
helpscoordinatesensoryinformationwithsimplemovements.Theuppersurfaceofthesuperior
temporalgyruswhichextendsintothelateralfissureiscalledthetransversetemporalgyrusandisthe
primaryauditorycortex.Theorbitalportionoftheprefrontalcortexisimportantintheappropriate
switchingbetweenmentalsetsandtheregulationofemotion.Theefferentprojectionsincludecortico
bulbarcortextobrainstemandcorticospinalcortextospinalcordaxons.
AlsoincludedinthePNSarethesensoryreceptororgans.Itsposteriorborderisseparatedfromthe
cerebellumbytheaqueductofSylviusandmoreinferiorlybythefourthventricle.Thisprogressive
illnessdevelopswhendopamineproducingnervecellsintheparscompactadieoffinlargenumbers.

Itisthoughtthattheneocortexisarecentlyevolvedstructureandisassociatedwithhigher
informationprocessingbymorefullyevolvedanimalssuchashumansprimatesdolphinsetc.The
ascendingreticularformationisalsocalledthereticularactivatingsystem.Thepinealbodysecretes
twohormones:melatoninandserotonin.TheMidbraintectumisformedbytwopairsofrounded
structures:thesuperiorandinferiorcolliculi.Thecerebralcortexisthepartofthebrainthatfunctions
tomakehumanbeingsunique.ThecircleofWillisensuresacontinuousbloodsupplytothebrain.In
generaltheCNScanbedividedintothreemainfunctionalcomponents:thesensorysystemthemotor
systemandhomeostaticandhigherbrainfunctions.
Theseconvolutionsallowfortheexpansionofthecorticalsurfaceareawithoutincreasingthesizeof
thebrain.ThismeansweendupusingmuchlessofourbrainthatweactuallycouldTheprocessof
activatingtheMidbrainreversesthistrendandallowsustouseourbrainmoreefficientlyhencethe
improvementincognitiveabilities.Themedullaislocateddirectlyabovethespinalcordandcontrols
manyvitalautonomicfunctionssuchasheartratebreathingandbloodpressureMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.Eachbumponthesurfaceofthebrainisknownasagyruswhileeachgrooveisknown
asasulcus.Thesubstantianigrablacksubstanceissocalledbecauseofthehigherlevelsofmelanin
initsdopaminergicneurons.TheLimbicSystemissometimescalledtheemotionalcontrolcenterof
ourbrainbecauseitcontainsstructuresthathelpusfeelourmostrawemotionsMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.Alsowithintheponsbaseandtegmentumarelongitudinallyascendinganddescending
fibers.Inthefollowingdescriptionsthetermsareappliedtoastandinghuman.Themetencephalon
andmyelencephalontogethercomposetherhombencephalonwhichdividesintoponsandmedulla
oblongata.Thispartofthereticularsystemprojectstothemidlinegroupofthethalamuswhichalso
playsaroleinwakefulness.
Thesuperiorandinferiorcolliculiareinvolvedinvisualandauditoryfunctionsrespectively.The
mesencephalonconsistsofseveralstructuresaroundthecerebralaqueductsuchastheperiaqueductal
graythemesencephalicreticularformationthesubstantianigratherednucleusthesuperiorand
inferiorcolliculithecerebralpedunclessomecranialnervenucleiandtheprojectionofsensoryand
motorpathways.Theybeginandendwithinthebrainstem.Theinsulaliesinthedepthsofthelateral
sulcus.Thesurfaceofthecerebralcortexishighlyconvolutedwithfoldsseparatefromeachotherby
elongatedgrooves.Dopamineisaneurotransmitteratypeofchemicalthatisessentialforthe
movementofelectricalsignalsbetweenbraincells.Itisinvolvedinthecoordinationofmotor
movementsaswellasbasicfacetsofmemoryandlearning.Itisalsoanimportantpartoftheextra
pyramidaltract.Therubrospinaltractformsanimportantpartofthepathwayfromthecerebellumto
thelowermotorcentersMidBrainActivation.Thetermsrostralandanteriorrefertoadirection
towardsthefacenose.