TheponsisinvolvedinchewingtastesalivahearingandequilibriumMidBrainActivation.

The
occipitallobecontainstheprimaryandhigherordervisualcortex.Thesenucleiareimportantinthe
controlofmovement.DeficitsinthisareahavebeenlinkedwithHuntingdonsdiseaseandParkinsons
disease.Manyofthefiberswhicharisefromtheterminalsensorynucleiofthecranialnervespass
upwardintheformatioreticularisasaseparatebundleknownasthecentraltractofthecranialnerves
tothethalamus.Thedarklypigmentedsubstantianigracontainsalargenumberofdopamine
producingneuronsarelocated.TheCNSandthePNSactinginconcertintegratesensoryinformation
andcontrolmotorandcognitivefunctions.Theanteriorwhitecommissurejoinsthetwohalvesofthe
spinalcordandislocatedventraltotheintermediategray.Thesefibersfromthesuperiorcolliculus
probablypassintotheventrallongitudinalbundle.Nowhereisthismoreevidentthanincountries
withimmigrantpopulationssuchasNewZealandAustraliaCanadaandUSA.
Thefrontopontinefibersaresituatedinthemedialfifthofthebasetheyarisefromthecellsofthe
frontallobeandendinthenucleiofthepons.Forthisitisnecessarytoactivatetheneighbouring
pinealbody.Thelimbiclobeconsistsofseveralcorticalandsubcorticalareas.Thedeepergrooves
arecalledfissures.Itisthoughtthattheneocortexisarecentlyevolvedstructureandisassociated
withhigherinformationprocessingbymorefullyevolvedanimalssuchashumansprimatesdolphins
etcMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thecerebellumisassumedtobemucholderthanthe
cerebrumevolutionarily.Theamygdalaisinvolvedintheprocessingofemotionespeciallyangerand
aggressionandtheseptumisinvolvedinangerandfear.Thecerebellumisinvolvedinmovementand
coordinationwalkingposturereflexeseyeandheadmovement.Thecerebralcortexiswhatwesee
whenwelookatthebrain.Underthegraymatteristhewhitematterwhichiscomposedofmyelinated
ascendinganddescendingnervefibersandinlivingbrainhaveawhitecolor.
TheinferiorcolliculiarehemisphericalandsomewhatmoreprominentthanthesuperiorMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Damagetothehippocampusisassociatedwithdeficitsindeclarative
memorybutnotproceduralmemoryMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thetectumandthefour
colliculiwithinitarethereforethefirststepoftheneuralpathwaythatdetermineshowpeoplereactto
whattheyseeandhearMidBrainActivation.Thetopofthebrainappearsasasoggypinkishgray
massthatlookslikeawalnut.Themedullacontainsnucleiwhichregulaterespirationswallowing
sweatinggastricsecretioncardiacandvasomotoractivityMidBrainActivationForAdults.Itis
possibletoidentifyonthecerebralcortexprimarysensoryareassecondarysensoryareasprimary
motorareapremotorareasupplementarymotorareaandassociationareaswhicharedevotedtothe
integrationofmotorandsensoryinformationintellectualactivitythinkingandcomprehension
executionoflanguagememorystorageandrecall.Theponsalsorelaysinformationbetweenthebrain
andthespinalcord.Itcoordinatessubconsciousmovementssuchasbalanceandcoordinated
movement.Insomecasesadevicecanbeplacedinthebraintostimulatetheareasrelatedto
movementandhelpcontrolsymptomsbutthisisusuallyonlyrecommendedforpatientswhodont
respondtomedications.Oculomotornervewith8itsnucleusoforigin.
OrientationofthecentralnervoussystemofthespinalcordanddifferentbrainsectionsMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Inthefollowingdescriptionsthetermsareappliedtoastandinghuman.The
thalamushasmultiplefunctionsMidBrainActivationForAdults.Eachbumponthesurfaceofthe
brainisknownasagyruswhileeachgrooveisknownasasulcus.Thecerebralcortexistheouter
layerofthebraincalledgraymatter.Theparietallobesareatthetopandoutsideareasbetweenthe
occipitallobeandthefrontallobeandisinvolvedinsensoryfunctionsoftheskinincludingpain
temperatureandtouch.Asmallernumberoffibressynapseonlargecellsincaudalregionsofthered
nucleusthesegiverisetothecrossedfibresoftherubrospinaltractwhichrunstothespinalcordand
isinfluencedbythemotorcortex.Wearegoingtobreaktheforebraindownintothreeparts.
Schematicshowingtheorientationofthebrainintheskullcranium.Theuppersurfaceofthesuperior
temporalgyruswhichextendsintothelateralfissureiscalledthetransversetemporalgyrusandisthe
primaryauditorycortex.
ThefourthventricleisanexpansionofthecentralcanalofthemedullaoblongataMidBrain

Activation.Notealsothattheoldestpartsofthebraintendtodealwiththemostbasicfunctionssuch
asbreathingandheartrateandtheyaretheleastsusceptibletodamage.Againfibersaresaidtobe
prolongedthroughthisfasciculusfromthenucleusoftheoculomotornerveintothefacialnerveand
aredistributedtotheOrbicularisoculitheCorrugatorandtheFrontalis.Opiatesthatstimulate
receptorsinthisregiondecreasepainsensation.ThePonsislocatedjustabovethemedullaandit
helpscoordinatethehindbrainwiththeMidbrainandforebrain.Theinterpeduncularganglionisa
mediancollectionofnervecellssituatedintheventralpartofthetegmentum.7Cisasectiontakenat
thelevelofthemidpons.Theadultspinalcordisapproximately40to50cmlongandoccupiesabout
0cc.Intheponsandlowerpartofthemidbrainitoccupiestheventralpartofthereticularformation
andtegmentumclosetotheraphwhileaboveitgraduallyshiftstothedorsolateralpartofthe
tegmentumintheanglebetweentherednucleusandthesubstantianigraMidBrainActivationFor
Adults.Theybeginandendwithinthebrainstem.
TheprimaryfunctionoftheANSistoregulateandcontrolunconsciousnessfunctionsincluding
visceralsmoothmusclecardiacmusclevesselsandglandularfunctionMidBrainActivationFor
Adults.Thesestructuresformconnectionsbetweenthelimbicsystemandthehypothalamus
thalamusandcerebralcortex.TheonlystructureyouhavetoknowintheMidbrainiscalledthe
ReticularFormationMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thehindbraincontainsstructuresincluding
medullatheponsandthereticularformation.Itconnectsthecerebellumwiththecerebrumandlinks
theMidbraintothemedullaoblongata.Therednucleusissituatedintheanteriorpartofthe
tegmentumandiscontinuedupwardintotheposteriorpartofthesubthalamicregion.Thebasal
gangliaareparticularlyinvolvedinmotorcontrolandlearning.Theinnerlayerismadeofadifferent
typeofnervefiberscalledwhitematter.Thecerebralcortexcanbedividedintofoursectionswhich
areknownaslobesseeimageabove.Dorsallyitispartlyseparatedfromthegraysubstanceofthe
quadrigeminalbodiesbythefibersofthelemniscusventraltoitarethemediallongitudinal
fasciculusandtheformatioreticularisofthetegmentum.
Withinthisregionistherednucleuswhichisinvolvedinmotorcoordinationandthesubstantianigra
thebrainslargestdopamineproducingcenter.Thehindbrainalsoconsistsofseveralstructures.
Speechandlanguagereasoningandanalysisandcertaincommunicationsareontheleftsideformost
people.Thebrainthenmakessenseofthatmessageandfiresoffaresponse.Theinferiorsurfaceof
thetemporalloberestsonthetentoriumcerebelli.Thecorporaquadrigeminawhichislocatedonthe
posteriorsurfaceoftheMidbrainiscomposedoftwosuperiorcolliculiandtwoinferiorcolliculi.
Researchhasshownthattherightcerebralhemisphereisresponsibleforsuchfunctionsasinnovation
intuitionandcreativity.TheCSFisproducedbythechoroidplexuswhichiscomposedofa
specializedsecretoryependymallayerlocatedintheventricularsystem.Theparscompactaisthe
inputportionofthecircuitandsuppliesthedopaminetothebasalgangliatheareathatcontrols
movement.Theponsconnectsthemedullatothecerebellumandhelpscoordinatemovementoneach
sideofthebodyMidBrainActivation.