JENEBERANG CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EFFECT

CONTROL AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

Parno1, Agung Suseno1, M. K. Nizam Lembah1 & Subandi2
1
Indonesia Hydraulics Engineer Association
2
Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization
ABSTRACT
At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by dry-land farming which
covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands to 219.74 km. This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili Bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in some rivers between 2005 to 2009 as 14
flood events with inundation areas about 8,000 hectares, inundation levels about 100 to 400
cm and inundation duration about 3 hours to 2 days. The floods also inundated plantation
areas, fisheries and infrastructures such as roads, bridges and canals, and also caused
some causality. The increase in erosion and sedimentation has led to siltation and
decreased water Bili Bili storage capacity. The erosion and sedimentation that occurred were
extra ordinary due to the collapse of Mount Bawakaraengs Caldera on March 26, 2004. A
disaster phenomenon damage several residential areas, fields, estates, and 1,500 hectares
of agricultural lands and infrastructures including school buildings in the downstream area,
32 persons died due to being buried by the slide and about 6,333 people were evacuated to
save site. Therefore, 62 million m sediment in reservoir will certainly lead to tremendous
losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams lower area must be solved with
the Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable Bili Bili dam development in
considered with land use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion,
public participation, land and water conservation under global climate change. This
catchment area management must be implemented to anticipate the next disaster in related
with landslide, raw water crisis, flooding for environmental protection, irrigation and clear
water

development.

Systematically,

Jeneberang

catchment area management for

sustainable dam development consist of land use planning, sediment control, assessment of
catchment erosion, public participation, land and water conservation. Systematically,
Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable dam development consist of land
use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion, public participation, land
and water conservation including greenhouse gas effect control.
Keywords: Jeneberang catchment area management, Irrigation development, Global
climate change, Greenhouse gas effect control
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CONTENTS
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Catchment Area Management for Sustainable Bili Bili Multipurpose Dam Development
2.1 Land Use Planning
2.2 Sediment Control Management
2.3 Assessment of Catchment Erosion
2.4 Public Participation
2.5 Land and Water Resources Conservation
3. Conclusion and Recommendation
4. References
5. Figures
1. INTRODUCTION
Geologically, the Jeneberang river basin is composed of (a) Camba Formation (CF) in
Miocene, (b) Baturape-Cindako Volcanic in Pliocene, (c) Lompobatang volcanic rocks in
Pleistocene and Quaternary overburden from lower stratigraphy. The CF is composed of
volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. The former is composed of volcanic breccias, lava,
conglomerate, tuff and the latter is composed of marine sedimentary rocks, taffacious
sandstone, clay stone, partly including volcanic rocks, and the CF is intruded by many basalt
dykes. The CF is widely distributed in the west side of the study area and fresh rock is hard.
Baturape-Cindako Volcanic is an extrusive rock from old volcanoes which were active in
Pliocene is mainly composed of basaltic volcanic rocks and basalt distribute in north east
side and south west side. Lompobatang volcanic rocks is an extrusive rock from new
volcanoes which were active in Pleistocene is composed of volcanic rocks, eruptive center
rocks, pyroclastic rocks, parasitic eruptive products are distributed in overall area of Mt.
Bawakaraeng caldera. Lava part is hard but pyroclastic rock is rather weak in concreteness.
Conservation development and forestation in upstream is very useful for Jeneberang
catchment area which located in Gowa regency for a conservation area and a water
catchment area. Most of the agricultural lands in the area have been converted into
horticultural lands have negative impacts on environmental carrying capacity which leads to
increased areas of critical lands, surface erosion and increased runoff. In Jeneberang
Watershed, there are critical lands extending to 219.74 km, spread over the areas of
Gowata regency and Makassar city.
Forest areas now extend to 8,259 hectares (13.3%), it is far below the normal limit of 47% as
mandated by the Law 41/1999 on the forestry. At present, the Jeneberang watershed is
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dominated by dry-land farming which covers an area of 29,334 hectares (47.52%). The area
of underbrush is larger than forest area about 12,530 hectares (20.3%). This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in such rivers as Maros, Sinjai, Bialo, Pappa,
Allo, Tamanroya, Calendu, Pampang and Tallo. Flood events data recorded between 2005
to 2009 showed 14 flood events with various inundation areas, inundation levels and
inundation durations, as follows: (1) Inundation areas: 50 to 8,000 hectares; (2) Inundation
levels: 100 to 400 cm; (3) Inundation duration for 3 hours to 2 days. The records also
showed that flooding also occurred in such watersheds area as Mangottong, Kalamisu,
Tangka, Bikeru, Balantieng, Teko, Kelara, Tarowang, Pokobulo, Tonra and Bontomanai. The
floods also inundated plantation areas, fisheries, and such infrastructures as roads, bridges
and canals, and also caused some casualties. The increase of erosion and sedimentation
has led to siltation and decreased water storage capacity, especially in such Watershed as
Maros, Pappa and Tamanroya.
In the Jeneberang watershed, the erosion and sedimentation occurred were extraordinary
due to the collapse of Bawakaraengs caldera. Due to the collapse, about 300 million m of
materials slid into the Jeneberang Watershed. A 2008 survey that 145 million m are in an
unstable condition will be collapsed, for example: In north caldera is about 12,906,500 m, In
east caldera is about 111,073,000 m an in south caldera is about 21,088,500 m with total
about 145,068,000 m. This phenomenon has caused last disasters in residential areas,
fields, estates, and 1,500 hectares of agricultural lands and infrastructures including school
buildings in the downstream area, 32 persons died due to being buried by the slide and
6,333 people were evacuated to safe site. Based on survey that sedimentation in Bili-bili
Reservoir is about 22,934 million m in which 14,558 m of the total amount occurred on
March 26, 2004 after the Bawakaraeng collapse. Meanwhile, the sediment storage (deadstorage) volume of the Reservoir is only 29 million m. More than 62 million m of the
sediments entered into the reservoir until 2008. Therefore, it will certainly lead to tremendous
losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams lower area if no quick and
appropriate measure is taken to overcome the problem.
2. CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE BILI BILI MULTIPURPOSE
DAM DEVELOPMENT
Systematically, Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable dam development
consist of land use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion, public
participation, land and water conservation as described briefly:

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2.1 Land Use Planning

One of the most apparent constraints on rice production is the land ownership per farming
household; the farmer cannot fully dependent upon the farming income for supporting their
life with their families. The farmers are forced to earn additional income in the urban areas.
This inhibits special problem on the continuity of their agricultural lands being left
occasionally and hence unable to maintain consistent care of their plants. In addition, it is
apparent that the size of land holding is increasingly decreasing due to the impact of land
fragmentation, and the continuing land conversion to non agricultural utilization as well as
transfer of land ownerships. Based on survey, land use planning of Jeneberang river basin in
upper of Bili-Bili Dam consists of forest area (45.40%), grassland (27.30%), paddy field
(13.00%), mix estate crop (7.30%), dry crop field (4.90%), reservoir area (1.50%) and urban
area (0.60%), Land slope of Jeneberang river basin in upper of Bili-Bili Dam are 0-8%
(22.49 km2 = 3.65%), 15-25% (154.48 km2 = 25.08%), 25-40% (340.05 km2 = 55.22%), 4060% (54.09 km2=8.78%), 60-80% (25.61 km2 = 4.16%), 80-100% (4 km2 = 0.65%), >100%
(1.72km2 = 0.28%) and reservoir Bili-Bili (water surface) = 13.40 km2= 21.8%. Related with
the land use data mentioned aboved, land use planning can be used to irrigation
development.

2.2. Sediment Control Management

A sediment control management has been prepared for anticipating next landslide of
bawakaraeng caldera; consist of 3 sediment control management, in the upstream (U/S), in
the middle stream (M/S) and in the down stream (D/S). For example: (1) Sediment control
management in the U/S of Jeneberang catchment area has a very steep slope. At the time
of rain to be torrential flow and materials glide a high speed, therefore the damage ability is
very high. A series of seven sabo dams (SD) or Sediment Control Dam (SCD) were built to
slow down of the sediment flow. The existence of SD will cause a deposition of material on
the upper reaches of the construction, and this will lead to a gentle slope of the flow, reduced
flow speed, and also reduced damage ability. These deposits will also stabilize the cliffs of
the Jeneberang river channel. The SD were designed to directly control materials amounting
to 1.3 million m and indirectly control an amount of 28.2 million m. Overall, they can control
materials amounting to 29.5 million m. The constructions of these SD were started by the
construction of SD 7-1 in 2005 and the last one constructed was the SD 7-7 in 2011. In
addition, about 50,000 trees have also been planted as a conservation development on the
area of 45 hectares as a rehabilitation of damaged lands. Sediment controlled volume by
Sabo facilities about 1,3 million m3, Sediment volume controlled indirectly by Sabo operation
at riverbed about 28,2 million m3. (2) Sediment control management in the M/S of
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Jeneberang catchment area is a relatively steep, and therefore the flow speed and the
damaging ability are still quite high. In this part, 8 consolidation dams (CD or KD) have been
built to control vertical and horizontal material (debris) flows in order to prevent damages and
flow deviation. The consolidation dams were designed to control 1.56 million m materials
and indirectly control an amount of 48.43 million m. Overall, they can control 49.99 million
m materials. The constructions of the consolidation dams were started in 2007. In addition,
5 units of clean water treatment facilities, 2 crossing roads (KD-1 and KD-2) and 2
suspension bridges (in CD-2 and CD-3), were also built for the local community. (3)
Sediment control management in the D/S that the slope is relatively not too steep. The flow
from the U/S which slope is steeper, will suddenly lose its speed when it enters the D/S part
and it then will release the sediments that it carries, which then causes a deposition. This
deposition can spread in many directions if it is not controlled. The area of this deposition is
known as an alluvial fan so in 1997 to 2001 by the Government constructed 5 sand pockets
(SP). After the landslide, these sand pockets were damaged and the material deposition
exceeded the sand pockets carrying capacities. Therefore, it must be rehabilitated the
structures and enlarged their capacities. Mining facilities for sand and other materials were
also built to release the materials out of the sand pockets which can then be utilized as
construction materials. These five sand pockets have an overall carrying capacity of
1,081,000 m. The sediment flow control infrastructures are also equipped with an early
warning system as well as a flood and landslide monitoring station in Lengkese Village. In
Gowa Regency, clean water infrastructures have been built for the people of Tamalate
Village, Parangloe Sub-regency.

2.3. Assessment of Catchment Erosion

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model is used to estimate average soil loss
generated from splash, sheet, and rill erosion in agricultural plots at the Jeneberang
catchment area. The USLE has recently been extended for predicting soil loss and plan
control practices in agricultural catchment by the effective integration of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) based on procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell
basis. This study was performed to predict the soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS
methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rainfall erosion (R),
topographic factor (LS) and land cover management factor (C) values for the model were
calculated from rainfall data, topographic and land use maps. Soil was analyzed for the soil
erosion factor (K). Soil samples were selected from the eleven soil series in Jeneberang
catchment area. A total of 55 samples were collected from the eleven soil series. Physical
properties such as particle size distribution, texture, hydraulic conductivity and organic
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matter content (OM) were analyzed in order to support the erosion rate analysis. Results
shows that five soil series have low rates of soil loss. Soil sampling has been carried out
from selected sites. The rainfall data is obtained from Climatology Station. Physical condition
such as slope angle, plant cover and conservation practices were considered under
selection for sampling station in the field. The study catchment area was digitized using Ilwis
3.3 and ArcView GIS 3.3 software for soil series map, topographical map, and land use map
and drainage pattern characteristics. Particle size distribution was determined by pipette
method together with dry sieving (Abdulla, 1966). Textures of soils were obtained by plotting
the percentage ratio of sand, silt and clay using the triangle of texture. Organic matter
content was determined by loss on ignition technique. Soil erosion and sediment yields were
estimated for the year 2006 using the Universial Soil Loss Equation (Wischmeier and Smith,
1978). The formula for USLE estimation is as follows:

A = R*K*LS*C*P

(1)

Where A is the computed soil loss, R is the rainfall erosion index, K is the soil erosion index,
L is the slope length factor, S is the slope steepness factor, C is the vegetation cover factor
and P is the soil conservation practices factor. The rainfall (R) factor represents the erosion
potential of rainstorms to be expected in a given locality. It is related with the kinetic energy
and intensity of the rain and occasionally used synonymously as erosion (E). The product
EI30 reflects the potential ability of rain to cause erosion, where E = total kinetic energy of
rain and I30 = peak 30 minutes intensity. In this study, rainfall erosion index was calculated
based on Morgan and Roose calculation (Morgan, 2005) that has two R values can be
presence in the study area. Therefore, the best estimate of erosion index for the study area
is the average from two calculations. Wischmeier and Smith recommended a maximum
intensity (I30) value of 75 mm/hr for tropical regions because research has indicated that
erosive raindrop size decrease when intensity exceeds this threshold value. P is the annual
rainfall mean equivalent of the study area. The best estimation of the R factor value
calculated for the study area was 1654.55 MJ mm ha-1 yr-1. Soil erosion factor (K) is the
ability of the soil to be eroded by moving water. It depends on the soil structure, organic
matter percentage, size composition of the soil particles and soil permeability measured as
hydraulic conductivity. The K value can be obtained using a monograph (Morgan, 1980;
Wischmeier et al., 1971). In this exercise, the K value of the soil in the study area was
calculated using the formula as follows:

K= [[2.1x10-4(12-OM%)(N1xN2)1.14+3.25(S-2)+(P-3)]]/100

(2)
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Where OM is percentage organic matter; N1 is percentage silt + very fine sand; N2 is

percentage silt +very fine sand + sand (0.125 2 mm); S is soil structure code and P is soil
permeability class (hydraulic conductivity). The slope factor (LS) is combined with the slope
gradient and the length of the eroding surface into a single factor. In the Revised Universal
Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) the LS refers to the actual length of the overland flow path. It is
the distance from the source of the overland flow to a point where it enters a major flow
concentration. This definition is particularly relevant for forested or vegetated catchments
areas where the overland flow seldom exists on hill slopes (Bonnel and Gilmour, 1978;
Bruijnzeel, 1990). In forested catchment areas the subsurface storm flow is more dominant
than the overland flow and the latter only exists at limited areas near the channel margins or
on shallow soil as the return flow or saturated overland flow (Bruijnzeel, 1990).
Consequently, the overland flow path in forested catchment is expected to be shorter than
the slope length identified from the map. The slope length and gradient were calculated from
topographical map of the study area. Upon obtaining the L and S value, the topographical
factor (LS) value was calculated for each soil series using the formula as provided by
Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as follows:

LS = (0.065 + 0.045 S +0.0065 S2) x (L/22.13)0.5

(3)

Where L is slope length in m and S is slope gradient in percent. The variation in value was
caused by variation in gradient and length of slope. The vegetation covers factor (C)
represents the ratio of soil loss under a given vegetation cover as opposed to that bare soil.
The effectiveness of a plant cover for reducing erosion depends on the height and continuity
of the tree canopy as well as the density of the ground cover and the root growth. The
vegetation cover intercepts raindrops and dissipates its kinetic energy before it reaches the
ground surface. In the current study, the C values were extracted from the Morgan (2005)
estimates and assigned to the corresponding land cover based in the 2002 land use map of
the Malaysian Department of Agriculture (2006). The P factor depends on the conservation
measure applied to the study area. In Malaysia the most common conservation practice is
contour terracing in rubber and oil palm plantations. In this study, it was assumed that
contour terracing practice on slopes was carried out for both rubber and oil palm plantation.
In the current study, the value of P was assigned by overlaying the slope map and land use
map. The rubber and oil palm plantation on slopes were assigned a P value according to the
slope steepness while other agricultural activities were given a value of 1, assuming no
conservation practices were adopted. The calculation of the soil erosion based on the USLE
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model showed that are series had low rates of soil loss, ranging from 0.26 to 1.43
ton/ha/year or an average of 0.65 ton/ha/year, 0.06 to 0.17 ton/ha/year, with an average of
0.10 ton/ha/year, 0.66 to 2.65 ton/ha/year, with an average of 1.61 ton/ha/year, 1.27 to 9.57
ton/ha/year, with an average of 4.23 ton/ha/year and 0.17 to 0.90 ton/ha/year, with an
average of 0.53 ton/ha/year respectively. Forested areas were mostly in the western and
northern parts of the Jeneberang catchment area and human activities were localized in the
eastern and southern regions. The steepest slopes were in the western and northern parts of
the catchment area. Relatively, low steep areas were located in the eastern and southern
parts of the study area. Soil series were located in the forested area with low C values
(0.001) and low erosion yields. Similar results were also reported by Shallow (1956) for
areas under natural forests. Soil Loss Tolerance Rates (Ministry of Environment, 2003) were
prepared for standard evaluation of soil loss in the study area. The Series had a moderate
rate of soil loss, ranging from 0.56 to 144.90 ton/ha/year averaging 47.41 ton/ha/year and
1.11 to 102.05 ton/ha/year, averaging 42.62 ton/ha/year. These soil series were located in
the oil palm, rubber and forested areas; hence the value of erosion yield was moderate. The
soil series had a moderately high rate of soil loss, ranging from 1.25 to 97.86 ton/ha/year,
averaging 57.16 ton/ha/year and 3.35 to 100.46 ton/ha/year, averaging 57.93 ton/ha/year.
The LS factor values and the K values for the soil series were found to be higher than those
of the others. The soil series had a high rate of soil loss, ranging from 21.44 to 348.75
ton/ha/year or an average of 130.26 ton/ha/year. On the basis of the land use map, the soil
series was covered with the oil forest vegetation. Most of the soil series were covered with
the plantations and had high erosion soil series which had very high erosion yield, ranging
from 79.99 to 319.75 ton/ha/year, or an average of 180.49 ton/ha/year. The C value for the
Kedah soil series was considered very high (0.20) because it was located under rubber, oil
palm and shifting cultivation areas. (Tania Del Mar Lopez et al., 1998) mentioned that soil
erosion varied with the land use pattern and the highest values are in areas of bare soil and
lowest in forest areas.
2.4. Public Participation
Achieved remarkable progresses in water resources development untill 2025 through
government led development projects. However, the institutional development to sustain this
progress got insufficient attention. From the lessons learned before the multidimensional
crisis, it has been recognized that the severe crisis had been due to the chronic neglect of
the farmers roles in almost the entire process of development, rehabilitation, and routine
operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructures. In an attempt to resolve the
dilemmatic situation to maintain sustainable rice production on the one hand, while keeping
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pace the productivity level with the increasing population growth on the other, an emphasis
has been given to irrigation development and management based on participatory approach.
The program had been set up to reduce central government's burden on Operation and
Maintenance (O&M) costs aiming for sustainable irrigation O&M by virtue of Participatory
Irrigation Management (PIM) approach. Under the said program, a number of policy
adjustments on water resources had been enacted. Further to this, PIM attempts have also
been carried out including: turning over to the Water User Association (WUA) of small
irrigation schemes; encouragement of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF). Irrigation Management
Transfer (IMT); Participatory design and construction program; field laboratories for visual
process of learning by doing, and other such government initiatives. However, it turned up
that the attempts has been going very slowly and yet, still tended to be least sustainable.
This has been partially suspected by the fact that the economy of the farmers and farming
conditions under the fragmented land ownership, which in fact, are already small, has been
marginalizing.
To facilitate resolving the problems, the newly enacted Water Law No. 7/2004, together with
the Government Regulation No. 20/2006 about Irrigation, prescribe that the O&M
responsibility for primary and secondary canals belongs to the Central Government,
Provincial as well as Local Autonomous Government with certain role sharing criteria settled
down by the Government Regulation on Irrigation Management. For reducing the burden of
the farmers, they assigned responsibility to operate and maintain the tertiary canals through
their water users associations (WUA). This paper intends to discuss a series of practices,
problems, and perspectives on participatory irrigation management under the small land
holding condition, the implication of the new policies on technical and traditional irrigation
schemes, institutional and legal aspects of O&M, as well as the role of WUAs. These
include technical, institutional, and financial, as well as regulatory instruments, and other
such measures toward sustainable PIM implementation. Community empowerment,
monitoring and involvement in water resources management are generally carried out
through the forum of Jeneberang river basin water resources management coordination.
Other activities that involve the community are land reforestation and rehabilitation carried
out through the forum of the National Movement for Water Safeguard Partnership. These
activities are carried out in watersheds with critical lands, such as in Jeneberang watershed,
Tamangroya Sub-watershed in Gowa regency. These activities are carried out on a regular
basis and are coordinated by the work groups established in many places. The activities
carried out in the preparation of water resources information system for example (a)
Coordinating with the PJLRBO, water resources management service of South Sulawesi,
and other relevant offices that are required to follow the norms, standards, guidelines and
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manuals of information system management. (b) Updating data and information periodically
as part of the effort to maintain the accuracy of water resources data and information. (c)
Accessing specific water resources information. (d) Coordinating with legal entities,
organizations, institutions, and individuals that carry out water resources information
management activities.

2.5. Land and Water Resources Conservation

Land and the water resources conservation aspect of the water resources management in
Jeneberang river basin is broken down into the following (1) Sub-aspects: water resources
protection and conservation, water preservation, water quality and water pollution control. (2)
Efforts of conservation are carried out through several activities as follows: Maintaining the
continuity of water infiltration and water catchment area functions, controlling the utilization
of water sources, Recharging water in water sources, Managing sanitation infrastructures
and facilities, Protecting water resources in relation to development activities and land
utilization in areas around water sources, controlling land cultivation in the upstream area,
Managing the riparian area of water sources, rehabilitating forests and lands, and Preserving
protected forests, nature reserves and conservation areas. (3) The water resources
utilization aspect of the water resources management in Jeneberang River Basin is broken
down into the following sub-aspects of water resources for administration, provision, water
use, development and exploitation. (4) Control of water destructive power aspect of the
water resources management in Jeneberang River Basin is broken down into the following
sub-aspects is sub-aspect of waters damaging ability prevention, Sub-aspect of waters
damaging ability management, Sub-aspect of waters damaging ability recovery.
In related with flood management and the results of the analysis on flood discharge with 5year recurrence interval, the watersheds that need to be prioritized in terms of flood control
are those watersheds with flood discharge greater than 100 m/sec. Flood control consists of
both direct and indirect efforts. Direct control is carried out by utilizing irrigation
infrastructures, such as embankment construction, river normalization and multipurpose dam
construction. Indirect control is more emphasized on risk management, in addition to critical
land rehabilitation in upstream area by means of planting trees. In related with erosion and
sedimentation management is prioritized on controlling the landslide materials of
Bawakaraeng and preventing sedimentation in downstream area, especially the reservoir.
Materials from the landslide are estimated to amount to 250-300 million m. It is estimated
that until 2008, as much as 140 million m have flown and settled along the Jeneberang river
and the surrounding area, and as much as 90 million m are still deposited in the upstream

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area near the caldera. There are still materials in a volume of 145 million m that are in an
unstable condition and have the potential to cause a collapse.
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by dry-land farming which
covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands to 219.74 km. This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. It is recommended that the Jeneberang catchment area must be
improved by conservation development, public participation is very usefull for develop the
forestation to anticipate land slide, erosion and to manage the jeneberang catchment area
for greenhouse gas effect control and irrigation development.
4. REFERENCES
A. Hafied A. Gany, (2007). Problems and Perspectives of Participatory Irrigation
Management under the Small Land-Holding Condition with a Special Reference to
Indonesian Practice. Tehran, Iran: ICID Publisher.
Anonym, (2012). Nos. 7 of 2004 Indonesia Law on Water Resources. Jakarta, Indonesia:
DGWR Publisher.
K. Holmes, J. Simons, B. Marillier, N. Callow, and P. Galloway,

(2010). Water Erosion

Hazard Assessment of the Lort and Young Rivers Catchment. Canbera, Australia:
Departement of Agriculture and Food Publisher.
CTIE Co., Ltd, (2006) Report on Urgent Survey for Bawakaraeng Urgent Sediment
Control Project the Most Urgent Components. Makassar, Indonesia: CTIE Publisher.
Dewi Kirono et. Al, (2012) Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Water Services in Makassar Indonesia. Canbera, Australia: AusAID-CSIRO
Publisher.
_____, (2010) Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Research
Project, Makassar. Cancera, Australia: AusAID-CSIRO Publisher.
G.R. Hancock, (2009) A catchment scale assessment of increased rainfall and storm
intensity on erosion and sediment transport for Northern Australia. New York, USA:
Elsevier Publisher.
Yachiyo Engineering Consultant, Co. Ltd, (2010) Water Resources Management in
Jeneberang River Basin. Makassar, Indonesia: Yachyo Publisher.

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K. Meusburger, D. Bnninger and C. Alewell, (2010) Estimating Vegetation Parameter for

Soil Erosion Assessment in an Alpine Catchment by means of Quick Bird Imagery.
New York, USA: Elsevier Publisher.
Pandu S. W. Ageng, (2005): Jeneberang River Basin Management Capacity Establishing
of A Public Corporate in South Sulawesi Province In Indonesia: Assessment and
Stakeholders Participation, Royal Institute of Technology Publisher, Stockholm,
Sweden, ISSN 1402-7615.

Sadikin. N, M.I. Tanjung & D. Indrawan, (2014). The Development Of Revised

Seismic Hazard Maps for Dam Design in Indonesia, ICOLD 2014 Bali,
Indonesia
Sarwono Sukardi, Bambang Warsito, Hananto Kisworo & Sukiyoto, (2013): River
Management in Indonesia, DGWR, Yayasan Air Adi Eka and JICA Publisher,
Jakarta, Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-25-64-62-4.
W. Hatmoko & F. Mulyantari, (2014). The Effect of Drought on Reservoir Operation in The
Citarum River Basin, Indonesia, ICOLD 2014 Bali, Indonesia

6. FIGURES:
Ref.: Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization

Fig. 1 : Geology of Bawakaraeng including the Jeneberang River Basin

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Fig. 2 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (1)

Fig. 3 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (2)

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Fig. 4 : Sediment Volume of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed

Fig. 5 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation Development for Save Bili Bili
Dam and Irrigation Development (1)
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Fig. 6 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation Development for Save Bili Bili
Dam and Irrigation Development (2)

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