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Quiz,IntroductiontoStatisticalConcepts

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1. Foranasymmetric(orskewed)distribution,whichofthefollowingstatisticsisagood
measureforthemiddleofthedata?
a. mean
b. median
c. eithermeanormedian
Youranswer:b
Correctanswer:b
Themedianisnotaffectedbyoutliersandislessaffectedbytheskewness.Themean,on
theotherhand,averagesinanyoutliersthatmightbeinyourdata.

2. Whichofthefollowingcodeexamplescorrectlycalculatesdescriptivestatisticsofpopcorn
yield(Yield)foreachleveloftheclassvariable(Type)inthedatasetStatdata.Popcorn,
aswellasstatisticsforalllevelscombined?
Theoutputshouldincludethefollowingstatistics:samplesize,mean,median,standard
deviation,variance,range,andinterquartilerange.
a. procmeansdata=statdata.popcorn
maxdec=2fw=10
nmeanmedianstdvar
rangeqrange
classType
varYield
run
b. procmeansdata=statdata.popcorn
maxdec=2fw=10
printalltypes
nmeanmedianstdvar
rangeqrange
classYield
varClass
run
c. procmeansdata=statdata.popcorn
maxdec=2fw=10
printalltypes
nmeanmedianstdvar
rangeqrange
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classType
varYield
run
d. procmeansdata=statdata.popcorn
maxdec=2fw=10
printalltypes
nmeanmedianstdrange
IQR
classType
varYield
run
Youranswer:c
Correctanswer:c
ThePROCMEANSstatementmustincludetheoptionPRINTALLTYPESinorderforSAS
todisplaystatisticsforallrequestedcombinationsofclassvariablesthatis,foreach
leveloroccurrenceofthevariableandforalloccurrencescombined.Thestatistics
specifiedonthesecondlinemustincludethekeywordsNMEANMEDIANSTDVAR
RANGEQRANGE.ThecodemustspecifyTypeastheclassvariableandYieldasthe
analysisvariable.

3. Readthefollowingstatementaboutthecentrallimittheoremandchoosetheanswerthat
containsthecorrectvaluesforallofthemissingfields.
Thecentrallimittheoremstatesthatthedistributionofsample__(1)__isapproximately
__(2)__,regardlessofthedistributionofthepopulationdata,andthisapproximation
improvesasthesamplesizegets__(3)__.
a.
b.
c.
d.

means,skewed,larger
variance,equal,smaller
means,normal,larger
proportions,equal,smaller

Youranswer:c
Correctanswer:c
Thecentrallimittheoremstatesthatthedistributionofsamplemeansisapproximately
normal,regardlessofthedistributionofthepopulationdata,andthisapproximation
improvesasthesamplesizegetslarger.

4. Psychologistsatacollegewanttoknowifstudentsaresleepingmoreorlessthanthe
recommendedaverageof8hoursaday.
Whichofthefollowingcodechoicescorrectlyteststhenullhypothesis?
a. procunivariatedata=statdata.sleepmu0<>8
varhours
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run
b. procunivariatedata=statdata.sleep
varhours/mu0=8
run
c. procunivariatedata=statdata.sleep
varhours/mu0<>8
run
d. procunivariatedata=statdata.sleepmu0=8
varhours
run
Youranswer:d
Correctanswer:d
YouspecifytheMU0=optionaspartofthePROCUNIVARIATEstatementtoindicatethe
testvalueofthenullhypothesis.Thealternativehypothesisisthatisnotequalto8
hours,butthisdoesnotneedtobespecifiedinthePROCUNIVARIATEcode.

5. Howdoyoudefinethetermpower?
a. themeasureoftheabilityofthestatisticalhypothesistesttorejectthenull
hypothesiswhenitisactuallyfalse
b. theprobabilityofcommittingaTypeIerror
c. theprobabilityoffailingtorejectthenullhypothesiswhenitisactuallyfalse
Youranswer:a
Correctanswer:a
Poweristheabilityofthestatisticaltesttodetectatruedifference,ortheabilityto
successfullyrejectafalsenullhypothesis.TheprobabilityofcommittingaTypeIerroris.
TheprobabilityoffailingtorejectthenullhypothesiswhenitisactuallyfalseisaTypeII
error.

6. Selectthechoicethatlistsonlycontinuousvariables.
a.
b.
c.
d.

bodytemperature,numberofchildren,gender,beveragesize
age,bodytemperature,gasmileage,income
numberofchildren,gender,gasmileage,income
gender,gasmileage,beveragesize,income

Youranswer:b
Correctanswer:b
Thecontinuousvariablesareage,bodytemperature,gasmileage,andincome.

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7. WhichofthefollowingcodechoicescreatesahistogramforthevariableSpeedfromthe
datasetSpeedTestwithanormalcurveoverlayandaboxwiththeskewnessandkurtosis
statisticsprintedinthenortheastcorner?
a. procunivariatedata=statdata.speedtest
histogramSpeed/normal(mu=estsigma=est)
insetskewnesskurtosis
run
b. procunivariatedata=statdata.speedtest
histogramSpeed/normal
insetskewnesskurtosis/position=ne
run
c. procunivariatedata=statdata.speedtest
histogramSpeed/normal(mu=estsigma=est)
insetskewnesskurtosis/position=ne
run
d. procunivariatedata=statdata.speedtest
histogramSpeed/normal(skewnesskurtosis)
run
Youranswer:c
Correctanswer:c
IntheHISTOGRAMstatement,youspecifytheSpeedvariableandtheNORMALoption
usingestimatesofthepopulationmeanandthepopulationstandarddeviation.Inthe
INSETstatement,youspecifythekeywordsSKEWNESSandKURTOSIS,aswellasthe
POSITION=NEoption.

8. Selectthestatementbelowthatincorrectlyinterpretsa95%confidenceinterval(15.02,
15.04)forthepopulationmean,ifthesamplemeanis15.03ouncesofcereal.
a. Youare95%confidentthatthetrueaverageweightforaboxofcerealisbetween
15.02and15.04ounces.
b. Theprobabilityis.95thatthetrueaverageweightisbetween15.02and15.04
ounces.
c. Inthelongrun,approximately95%oftheintervalscalculatedwiththisprocedurewill
capturethetrueaverageweight.
.
Youranswer:c
Correctanswer:b
A95%confidenceintervalmeansthatyouare95%confidentthattheintervalcontainsthe
truepopulationmean.Ifyousamplerepeatedlyandcalculateaconfidenceintervalforeach
samplemean,95%ofthetimeyourconfidenceintervalwillcontainthetruepopulation
mean.Aconfidenceintervalisnotaprobability.Whenaconfidenceintervaliscalculated,
thetruemeanisintheintervaloritisnot.Thereisnoprobabilityassociatedwithit.

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9. Thelocationandspreadofanormaldistributiondependonthevalueofwhichtwo
parameters?
a.
b.
c.
d.

themean(x
)andthestandarddeviation(s)
thestandarddeviation()andthevariance()
themean()andthestandarddeviation()
noneoftheabove

Youranswer:a
Correctanswer:c
Thelocationandspreadofanormaldistributiondependonthevalueoftwoparameters,the
mean()andthestandarddeviation().

10. Thestandarderrorofthemeanis
a.
b.
c.
d.

usedtocalculateconfidenceintervalsofthemean.
alwaysnormallydistributed.
sometimeslessthan0.
noneoftheabove

Youranswer:a
Correctanswer:a
Thestandarderrorofthemeanispartoftheequationusedtocalculateaconfidence
intervalofthemean.Itisnotnormallydistributed,anditisneverlessthan0.

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