Drilling Calculations CD Complete Course

Drilling Calculations
Course
Randy Smith Training Solutions Ltd
July 2002
Drilling Calculations Course

CONTENTS
Section 1:
Units of Measurement
Section 2:
Background Mathematics
Section 3:
Fluid Circulation Calculations
Section 4:
Cementing Calculations
Section 5:
Pressure Control
Section 6:
Hoisting Calculations
Section 7:
Buoyancy Effects
Section 8:
Miscellaneous Calculations
Appendix:
Course Consolidation Exercises
July 2002
Section 1:
Calculations
would
not
exist
without
measurement.
Section 1 covers the most
commonly used systems of measurement
together with basic symbols and common
Conversion Factors.
July 2002
Science today is totally dependent on measuring systems. A system was

developed by a group of people to fit their needs, much like a language. Today
only two systems survive the Imperial and Metric.
What do we measure ?
Everything that exists on earth and in space has physical, chemical and
biological properties known as MATTER which is measurable.
The most common measurements taken are:

Length
Area
Volume
Mass (weight)
Density
Pressure
Time
Some are Derived units: Density is derived from Mass

Area and Volume are derived from units of Length
There are many more eg: Light frequency; radioactivity; heat; viscosity
and reflection
July 2002
IMPERIAL SYSTEM
LENGTH:
inches, feet, yards and miles are the most common

12 inches
3 feet
1760 yards
5280 feet
Exercise:
=
=
=
=
1 foot
1 yard
1 mile
1 mile
Convert 2845 inches to yards, feet and inches
First, divide by 12 to obtain feet and inches:

2845 = 237 feet 1 inch
12
Second, divide the feet by 3 to get yards and feet:
237
3
= 79 yards 0 feet
Therefore, 2845 inches = 79 yards 0 feet 1 inch.
To simplify the system for Rig use, yards are not used and inches are often
changed to tenths of a foot. The Rig Tape is calibrated in feet and tenths.
July 2002
The same units as length with the addition of the word square in
AREA:
front square inches, square feet etc
As with length, problems arise when converting from one unit to another.
144 square inches
9 square feet
3,097,600 square yards
27,878,400 square feet
Exercise:
inches.
1.
2.
=
=
=
=
1 square foot
1 square yard
1 square mile
1 square mile
Convert 92,846 square inches to square yards, sq.feet and sq
First, divide by 144
92846
144
644 sq ft, 110 sq inches
Second, divide 644 by 9 =
Therefore: 92,846 sq inches
644
9
71 sq yds, 5 sq ft
71 sq yds, 5 sq ft, 110 sq ins
July 2002
VOLUME:
The same units as length, but prefixed by cubic

Cubic inches, cubic feet etc
1728 cubic inches

27 cubic feet
=
=
1 cubic foot
1 cubic yard
The common term for Mass is WEIGHT. Weight is measured in

MASS:
ounces, pounds, hundred weights and tons.
16 ounces
112 pounds
20 hundred weight
2240 pounds
=
=
=
=
1 pound
1 hundred weight
1 ton
1 ton
1 ton is also called a LONG TON.
DENSITY: Density is the weight of a given volume of substance and is

measured in pounds per cubic foot. Density distinguishes different substances,
whereas weight does not take size into account.
(A block of wood will not weigh the same as a block of gold as their densities
are different).
July 2002
The U.S. oilfield unit is measured in pounds per gallon. Gallon is a liquid volume
measurement and is therefore used in measuring liquid density.
The gallon is different in the U.S. and U.K. The U.K. gallon of water weights 10
pounds, whereas the U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds. The U.S. gallon
is standard in the Oilfield. (A cubic foot of water weight 62.4 pounds).
The density measurements are therefore calculated in ppg (pounds per us
gallon) and pcf (pounds per cubic ft). Conversion means changing gallons to
cubic feet or vice versa.
Exercise:
1.
Convert 8.34 ppg to pcf:
First, how many us gallons in a cubic foot?

=
2.
Second, multiply
8.34 x 7.4809
7.4809 U.S. gal / cubic ft

62.4 pounds/cubic ft
PRESSURE: Pressure is the force applied over a given area and is measured in
pounds per square inch.( psi)
PSI has always been the common unit, therefore conversion problems do not
exist. With very high pressures, the pound may be changed to TONS. In the
case of pressure being expressed in TONS/square ft we need to convert both
measurements: Tons to pounds, and square feet to square inches.
July 2002
20 tons per sq ft
(20 x 2240) pounds per 144 sq inches

44800 pds per 144 sq inches
44800
144 pounds per sq in
311 lbs per sq in
To make conversion easier, a table of Units and Conversion Factors is included

at the end of Section 1.
July 2002
THE METRIC SYSTEM

The Metric system covers all units of measurement, but makes use easier as it
is based on units in multiples of ten.
LENGTH
The fundamental unit is the METRE

1 metre
1000 millimetres
100 centimetres
1000 metres
=
=
=
39.37 inches
1 metre
(milli = one thousandth)
1 metre
(centi = one hundredth)
1 kilometre (Kilo = a thousand times)
To use the Metric system, and understanding of DECIMAL places is essential.

1
10
1/10
1/100
1/1000
Exercise:
in decimal
in decimal
in decimal
in decimal
in decimal
=
=
=
=
=
1.0
10.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
How can 0.04 be expressed in words or as a fraction.
Counting from the decimal point, move to the right, until the decimal point is to
the right of the last number.
1 jump = 1/10, 2 jumps = 1/100
Therefore, 0.04 can be expressed as 4/100 or four hundredths.
July 2002
Exercise:
Express 0.00328 in words or as a fraction.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
=
=
=
=
=
tenth
hundredth
thousandth
ten thousandth
hundred thousandth
There are 5 jumps to the right. Therefore, 0.00328 is 328/100,000 or three

hundred and twenty eight, one hundred thousandth.
Most measurements go down to thousandths.
3_
1000
0.003
25_
1000
0. 025
These are commonly used when measuring small parts of a unit.
0.025 of a metre is 25 millimetres or 2.5 centimetres.
July 2002
DECIMAL POINT MOVEMENT:

1 place to the right
2 places to the right
=
=
=
=
=
=
one tenth
one hundredth
one thousandth
one ten-thousandth
one hundred thousandth
one millionth
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
AREA:
1
1
1
1
sq metre
sq metre
sq kilometre
hectare
=
=
=
=
100cm x 100 cm
1000mm x 1000mm
1000m x 1000m
100m x 100m
cm
mm
m
MASS: (Weight)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
10,000 sq cms
1,000,000 sq mm
1,000,000 sq m
10,000 sq m
centimeter
millimeter
metre
The gram is the basic metric unit of weight

1000 grams
1000 milligrams
1000 kilograms
=
=
=
1 kilogram
1 gram
1 metric ton
July 2002
VOLUME:
The metre is again the standard but it is called a CUBIC metre
The metric system commonly uses cubic centimeters or cubic metres to

express volume and the LITRE when using liquids.
1 cubic metre
1000cc
1000 litres
=
=
=
100 x 100 x 100

1 litre
1 cubic metre
1,000,000 cubic cms
PRESSURE: The metric unit of pressure is kilograms/sq centimeters, and the

smaller units of grams/sq centimetres
DENSITY:
Defines the weight of a given volume of a substance.
In the metric system, density is measured in kilograms/cubic metre or

grams/cubic centimetre.
On the rig, drilling fluid is often measured in pounds/cubic foot, Specific
Gravity or pounds per gallon.
Specific gravity is similar to Density is as much as the mud weighing 1gm/cc
(water) has a Specific Gravity of 1. A S.G. of 2 means that the substance has
a density twice that of water (of 2gms/cc).
The Mud Balance gives 3 units of density measurement:
Pounds/cubic ft
Specific gravity (gms/cc)
Pounds per gallon
July 2002
COMMON SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Inches
Feet
Cubic inches
Cubic feet
Square inches
Square feet
Pounds
Ounces
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per gallon
Pounds per square inch
Millimetres
Centimetres
Metres
Square metres
Cubic centimetres
Kilometre
Grams
Kilograms per sq centimetre
Barrel
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ins or
ft or
cu ins or ins3
cu ft or ft3
sq. ins or ins2
sq. ft or ft2
lbs
oz
pcf or lbs/ft3
ppg or lbs/gall
P.S.I.
mm
cm
m
m2
cc or cms3
km
gm
kg/cm2
bbl
July 2002
COMMON SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

+
Plus
2+6 =
minus
72 =
multiplied by
3x4 =
12
divided by
10/2 =
>
greater than
>
<
less than
<
plus or minus
60%
the ratio
1:4
=
therefore
C-B
A+B =
42
square of 4
4x4 =
16
square root
11
parallel to
perpendicular
triangle
square
pi
percent
320
degree
inches
feet
a-2
negative exponent
cube root
1%
364 = 4
July 2002
UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
DEPTH/LENGTH:
Multiply
To obtain
cm
0.39370
in
0.3281
ft
0.01
m
____________________________
25.40005
mm
2.54000
cm
0.08333
ft
____________________________
30.48006
cm
12.0
in
0.30480
m
____________________________
100.0
cm
39.370
in
3.2808
ft
1.936
yd
____________________________
3.280.83
ft
1.000
m
0.62137
mi
____________________________
5,280.0
ft
1,609.34
m
1,609.34
km
____________________________
in
ft
km
mi
by
by
to obtain
Divide
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
AREA:
VOLUME/CAPACITY:
by
by
to obtain
Divide
cm2
0.15499
in2
________________________________
6.4516
cm2
in2
________________________________
ft2
929.0341
cm2
0.092903
m2
________________________________
1,549.9969
in2
m2
10.76387
ft 2
________________________________
acres
43,560.0
ft2
4,480.0
yd2
4,46.873
m2
0.00405
km2
0.0015625
mi2
_________________________________
km2
247.104
acres
_________________________________
mi2
640.0
acres
2.5899
km2
_________________________________
cm3
1,000.00
mm3
0.01
litre
0.6102
in3
0.0002642
gal
0.00003531
ft3
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
VOLUME/CAPCITY
(cont)
in3
litre
gal (U.S.)
gal (imp)
bbl (U.S.)
by
by
to obtain
Divide
16.38716
cm3
0.4329
gal
0.1638
litre
0.5787
ft3
_______________________
1,000.0
cm3
1,000
ml
61.2705
in3
1.57
qt
0.26417
gal (U.S.)
0.3531
ft3
_______________________
3.785.0
cm3
231.0
in3
4.0
qt (U.S.)
3.7853
litre
0.83268
gal (imp)
0.13368
ft3
0.2381
bbl (42)
_______________________
1.20095
gal (U.S.)
_______________________
158.984
litre
42.0
gal (U.S.)
5.61458
ft3
0.9997
bbl (imp)
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
VOLUME/CAPCITY
(cont)
by
by
to obtain
Divide
159.031
litre
42.112
gal (U.S.)
________________________________
3
1,728.0
in3
ft
28.31684
litre
7.4809
gal (U.S.)
0.1781
bbl (42)
0.2831
m3
_________________________________
m3
264.17
gal (U.S.)
35.314
ft3
6.290
bbl (42)
1.3079
yd3
_________________________________
acre/ft
325.850.0 gal (U.S.)
43.560.0
ft3
7,758.4
bbl (42)
1,613.33
yd3
1,233.49
m3
_________________________________
DENSITY/CONCENTRATION
Gm/cc (s.g.)
350.51
lb/bbl (42)
62.42976 lb/cu ft
8.34544
lb/gal (U.S.)
0.036127
lb/cu in
___________________________________
bbl (imp)
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
by
by
to obtain
Divide
DENSITY/CONCENTRATION
(cont)
lb/gal (U.S.)
WEIGHT/MASS
42.0
lb/bbl (42)
7.4809
lb/cu ft
0.119826
gm/cc (S.G.)
____________________________________
lb/cu ft
5.6146
lb/bbl (42)
0.13368
lb/gal (U.S.)
0.016018
gm/cc (s.g.)
_____________________________________
Grain
0.06479
gm
0.229
oz
_____________________________________
gm
15.43236
grain
0.3528
oz
0.220
lb
_____________________________________
oz
437.5
grain
28.34952 gm
0.0625
lb
_____________________________________
kg
35.274
oz
2.2046
lb
_____________________________________
lb
453.59237 gm
16.0
oz
0.4536
kg
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
WEIGHT/MASS
(cont)
MUD WEIGHT
MUD WEIGHT
To PRESSURE
GRADIENT
ANNULAR VELOCITY
FLOW RATE
by
by
to obtain
Divide
ton (short)
2.000
lb
ton metric
0.90718
ton (metric
__________________________________
ton (long)
2.240.0
lb
1.12
ton (short)
1.1605
ton (metric)
__________________________________
PPG
x 119.8
Kgm3
x 0.00835 lbs per gallon
Kg/m3
__________________________________
PPG
x 0.052
psi/ft
Pressure Gradient
SG
x .433
psi/ft
3
b/ft
144
psi/ft
Kg/m3
x 0.000434
Or
2303
psi/ft
Kg/m3
x 0.00982 K/Pa/m
__________________________________
Ft/min
x 0.3048
m/min
M/min
x 3.2808
ft/min
__________________________________
Gal/min
x 0.003785 m3/m
Barrels/min
x 0.159
m3/m
M3/min
x 6.2905
bbl/min
3
x 264.2
gal/min
M /min
__________________________________
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
RESISTIVITY
PRESSURE
by
by
to obtain
Divide
ohms/cm2cm
0.01
ohms m2 m
__________________________________
Ohms/m2m
100.
Ohms m2m
__________________________________
psi
70.3067
gm/cm2
0.0703070 kg/cm2
0.0689474 bar
0.0680458 atm
__________________________________
atm
14.6960
psi
1.3323
kg/cm2
1.1325
bar
__________________________________
14.22333
psi
kg/cm2
0.980665 bar
0.967842 atm
__________________________________
bar
106
dynes/cm2
14.5038
psi
1.1972
kg/cm
0.98624
atm
__________________________________
July 2002
Multiply
To obtain
by
by
to obtain
Divide
F = 1.8 oC + 32
TEMPERATURE:
K =
C = 5/9 (oF 32)
Fahrenheit
Rankine
R =
C + 273
F + 460
Centigrade
Kelvin
Water boils
212.
672.
100.
373.
680F
68.
528.
20.
293.
600F
60.
520
15.56.
288.56.
Water freezes
32.
492.
0.
273.
O0F
0.
460.
-17.8.
255.
Absolute zero
-460.
0.
-273.
0.
July 2002
Section 2:
Background Mathematics
This section covers the basic maths involved in

Drilling Calculations.
How to calculate
Percentages; Areas; Volumes; Capacities and
how to use Fractions.
July 2002
Fractions
What is a Fraction?
A fraction is a part of a whole. Two and a half inches is equal to two inches
plus one half of an inch. This can be represented in two ways.
First:
OR
as a decimal
2.5
Second:
5/8
OR
as a decimal
0.625
To find 0.625
5 is divided by 8
Certain conversions leave five, six, seven and above numbers after the decimal
point
e.g.
0.28463215
This is clumsy and should be reduced for most purposes to four figures
e.g.
0.2846
July 2002
As most calculations are performed on the calculator it is easy, and accurate,

to use four figures. Using four figures in a hand calculation is clumsy and leads
to error. Therefore, use the calculator often.
Measuring in feet and inches presents problems when tallying pipe. To ease
the situation, feet and tenths of a foot are used. You will have noticed the
Pipe Measuring Tape is calibrated in feet, and tenths of a foot.
Diameters are most commonly measured in feet and inches because they are
usually taken on their own. In contrast, length is measured in feet and tenths
of a foot for ease of addition.
When diameters are involved in calculations, for instance in volumes, the inches
or vulgar fraction has to be converted to decimal.
e.g.
Cylindrical Tank 6ft 4 inches diameter

To convert: There are 12 inches to 1 ft,
Therefore, 4 inches = 4/12
Therefore 4 12
0.3333
Diameter in decimals
6.3333 ft
The calculation is recurring therefore four decimal places are used.
July 2002
What is a Decimal Place?

When asked to calculate to four Decimal Places your inputs should have four
numbers to the right of the decimal point.
e.g.
What is 8.32567418 to 3, 4 and 5 decimal

3 decimal places
4 decimal places
5 decimal places
=
=
=
8.326
8.3257
8.32567
Notice that the first three decimal places are 8.325, but the answer above is
8.326.
The technique of Rounding-Off is being used.
If the next number is five or greater, then increase your last decimal place by
one.
e.g.
8.32748
To round-off to 4 decimal places, look at the first decimal place. Being 8 it

is greater than five, therefore increase 4 to 5
=
8.3275
Examples
Round off to 4 decimal places
9.382416
9.221134
9.18796
9.25256
=
=
=
=
9.3824
9.2211
9.188
9.2526
July 2002
Exercise:
(Round off to 4 decimal places if necessary)
1)
Convert
6-2/8; 3-4/16; 5-7/13; 8-2/6 to decimals.
2)
Convert
42ft 7 inches to decimals.
3)
Convert
10ft 6-1/2 inches to decimals.
July 2002
Areas
The use of area is found in many places around the rig.
Force on a unit area
Area of deck space
Surface area of pits
Area is expressed as a square a square inch, square centimetre, square foot,

square mile, etc.
A square inch is the area taken up by a square, of 1-inch long sides.
There are 3 common shapes that can easily have their areas calculated.
A shape with 4 sides, each side at 90 to the other Rectangle
Area =
Length
x Breadth
5 x 4 = 20 sq. ins
July 2002
6 x 3 = 18 sq. ins
3
July 2002
A shape with 3 sides, angles between each side are variable Triangle
Area = Base x vertical height
height
base
height
Area = base x height
July 2002
A shape with 4 sides, none of the angles are 90 - Trapezium

Area = Sum of Parallel Sizes x distance between them.
a
ht
(a+b) x ht
Cut trapezium into 3 parts
July 2002
Another common shape, but not readily calculated, is the Circle.

The area is a relationship between radius, or diameter and circumference.
The Radius is the distance from the centre to the edge.
The Diameter is the distance from the edge to edge via the centre.
Radius
Diameter
2 x Radius
Radius
Diameter
The Circumference is the distance round the edge of the circle. This has a
fixed relationship with the diameter. The diameter of any circle will go round
the circumference 3.1416 times. This value is constant and is called PI ().
To calculate Circumference using diameter, multiply Diameter by
Or
Circumference
x diameter
Circumference
2 x radius
July 2002
To find the formula for calculating area we can divide the circle into slices like
a cake.
Circumference
= 2 x Radius
For instance the circle has been divided into 32 equal portions - each like a
triangle. Unpeeling the circle we get the shape below.
Radius
2r
The base
circumference
Each triangle has an area of
D or 2 r
1/2ht x base.
July 2002
Height
radius
Height
Base
or
Diameter
2
Radius
2
2r
32
To calculate for 32 triangles

=
32 x r x 2 r
2
32
32 cancels out.
r x 2 r
2
32
2 cancels out.
r x r
r2
July 2002
If using Diameter
Area of Circle
32 x D x D
4
32
D x D
4
D2
4
r2
or
D2
4
Exercise:
Find Area of Circles with the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Diameter
Diameter
Radius
Diameter
Radius
Circumference
=
=
=
=
=
=
12
7
4
7
3
24
July 2002
To aid calculation, remember
Therefore, Area
.7854
.7854 x D2
D2
One major application of 4 is the calculation of Annular Area and Volume.
The Annular Area is the area between two concentric circles. For instance
hole to pipe or OD of pipe to ID of pipe.
ANNULAR
AREA
The Annular area is calculated by subtracting the small circle from the larger
circle
With D
Annular Area
diameter of large circle

d
=
diameter of small circle
D2
4
d2
4
July 2002

Because 4 is common to both the above formula can be rewritten:
4
or
(D2 - d2)
.7854 (D2 - d2)
Example:
Find Annular Area when D = 10 and d = 5
Area =
(102 52)
.7854 (100 25)
.7854 x 75
58.9 sq. inches
July 2002
Formulas and Problems

Up to this point the formulas used show division, multiplication and brackets.
This can lead to problems unless two basic rules are practiced.
First: the use of brackets. Whenever brackets appear in a formula the
calculation inside must be done prior to using the values outside.
e.g.
.7854 (D2 d2)
Calculate the bracket first

=
=
=
.7854 (102 52)

.7854 (100 25)
.7854 (75)
The value outside can now be multiplied with that inside.

Second:
Solving the equation. This means rearranging a formula to get the

unknown value on one side and the known value on the other side.
Find a:
a+b=c
Move b across and change + to

i.e.
a=cb
find b:
a+b=c
Move a across and change + to

i.e.
b=ca
July 2002
find a:
ab=c
Move b across and change to +

a= c+b
In multiplication the technique is different. Values are moved

diagonally.
Find a:
a
b
Move b diagonally across = sign

a=cxb
Find b:
a
b
Move b up to c and c to b
July 2002
a
c =b
a=bxc
Find b:
a
b
(c + d)
a = b (c + d)
(c
If
a
+
10
(3 + 2)
10
5
d)
a = 10
c=3
d=2
What is b:
Pressure
Depth
Solve the Equation to find
Mud Weight
0.052
a) Depth
b) Mud Weight
July 2002
a)
Pressure
Mud Weight x 0.52
Depth
b)
Pressure
Depth x .052
Mud Weight
Solving an Equation with squares requires the use of Square Roots.

Example:
Area =
D2
4
Find D:
Area x 4
to eliminate the square you must square root the other side.
Area x 4
Square roots are commonly found on calculators today.

The square root of
The square root of
4 is 2
64 is 8
(2 x 2 = 4)
(8 x 8 = 64)
July 2002
Volumes and Capacities
With an understanding of how to calculate areas it is a straight forward

procedure to calculate the volume of a container.
Volume is the amount of space in a container.
Capacity is the amount of a substance that can be placed in that container
expressed in units relating to both substance and container.
When talking about the capacity of a tank or hole we use barrels, and think of
common rig substance like oil, mud or cement.
To calculate volume we multiply the surface area by the height.
Example:
A tank of 12 long x 6 wide x 8 deep
=
12 x 6 x 8
576 cubic inches
This means 576 cubes of 1 x 1 x 1 would fit into a tank 12 x 6 x 8.
When calculating volume all units must be the same.
July 2002
Example:
Find capacity in cubic inches of a tank 1 2 x 8 x 3 6
1 2 = 14
3 6 = 42
Capacity
14 x 8 x 42
4704 cubic inches
We have assumed vertical walls. If the tank had sloping walls the following
volume calculations would be used.
50
30
10
20
Side
View
Plan View
10
July 2002
The area of side A can be found using the formula for a trapezium.
Area =
Sum of Parallel sides x half distance between them
Area =
10
(50 + 30) x 2
400 sq. inches
Then calculate capacity as:
Area x
sum of parallel sides on wall B

2
20 + 10
2
400
400
30
2
400
15
6000 sq. inches
July 2002
Calculating volumes of Cylinders or the Annulus the formula is:

Area x height
Volume
D2
4
height
Make sure all units are the same
4(D2 d2) x height
Annular Volume
.7854
Example:
Find a volume of cylinder in cubic feet/foot of depth if diameter is 10
Volume =
.7854 (102)
144
x 1ft
= .5454 x 1ft
= .5454 cubic feet/foot of depth
The 144 is used to convert square inches into square feet

(1 square foot = 144 square inches).
July 2002
Example:
Calculate Annular Volume if
Volume =
D = 10
d = 6
depth = 1ft
.7854 (102 62) x 1

144
= .349 cubic feet/foot
The use of cubic feet is not as common as barrels. To calculate the volume in
barrels, we need to convert feet to barrels.
1 barrel = 5.6146 cubic feet.
Applying this to the formula:
Volume in barrels/ft
.7854 (D2)
144 x 5.6146
x 1
Calculating out .7854, 144 and 5.6146 we can simplify the formula to
Volume in bbls/ft
D2
1029
Or
(D2 d2)
1029
July 2002
Percentage Calculations
Calculating percentages involves simple multiplication, division and rearranging
formula.
Percent is the number of parts of 100.
Example 1
What is 10% of 200 logs?
1%
10%
200
100
2 logs
2 x 10
20 logs
Example 2
How many % is 35 logs of 200 logs?
1%
200
100
1%
2 logs
1 log =
35 logs
=
=
%
x 35
17.5%
July 2002
Example 3
If 42 logs
= 75% of the total, how many logs are there?
42 logs
75%
42
75
42
75
56 logs
1%
100%
100
Each of the above examples tackles the problem differently.

Example 1 - What was the value of 10%
Example 2 - What was the %
Example 3 - What was the value of 100%
The above examples, although different, use the same formula.

P=RXB
P=
R=
B=
Percentage:-the actual value equaling chosen %

Rate in decimals:- the part of a 100 to be found ie in 4% of
50, 4% is rate.
Base:- the number of which some percentage is to be found.
July 2002
Example 1 (Repeat)
What is 10% of 200 logs? The question asks you to find a number that equals
a %, being 10% here.
P=
RxB
Rate is the parts of a 100 to be found. In this case 10 parts (10%).

Remember Rate is expressed in decimals. 10% of 100% = .1
P=
.1 x B
Base is the number of which some percentage is to be found. In this case we

want to find 10% of 200
P=
.1 x 200
200 logs
20 logs
10% of 200 logs
Example 2 (Repeat)
What % is 35 logs of 200 logs?
The question asks for an actual percentage. This being the Rate
P
RxB
(R is unknown)
July 2002
Percentage means the actual number. In this case 35 logs.

35
Rate x Base
Base is the whole. In this case 200.

35
Rate x 200
Rate =
35
200
Rate =
.175 whole (1.75 of 1.0)
Convert decimal to % by multiplying by 100.

.175 x 100
=
17.5%
To convert % to decimal 100

To convert decimal to % x 100
Example 3 (Repeat)
If 42 logs = 75% of the total, how many logs are there?
P
Percentage is number of logs
RxB
=
42
July 2002
Rate is parts of 100 to be found in decimals
42
75% 100
.75 x B
= .75
Base is equal to total or 100%

Base =
40
.75
56 logs
Examples
What is 42% of 381?
P
P
=
=
=
R x B
.42 x 381
160.02
=
=
=
R x B
R x 281
48
281
What % of 281 is 48
P
48
R
= .1708 x 100
17.08%
July 2002
225 is 15% of what?

P
R x B
225
.15 x B
225
.15
1500
To remember formula use following diagram
P
P
R
RxB
P
B
P
R
B
R
July 2002
Section 3:
This section covers the most commonly used

calculations involved with Fluid Hydraulics used
by Drill Crews.
July 2002
Annular Volume Calculations

Using the formula (D2 - d2) x depth, ft
4 x 144
The annular volume in cubic feet can be obtained.
For answer in barrels use:
(D2 - d2) x depth, ft
1029
D
d
=
=
large diameter
smaller diameter
Volumes use:(non annular)
(inside diameter of the hole)

(outside diameter of the string)
D2
1029
Depth, ft
With varying string diameters, casing and open hole it is good policy to draw a
fully-labelled diagram before calculation.
Example:
Calculate Annular Volume in barrels of an 8000 ft hole, 12 inside diameter
with 5 drill pipe.
July 2002
0
Annular Volume
[(12.25)2 - (5)2] x 8000

1029
=
.1215 x 8000
972.3 bbls
8000
Convert to gallons.
Annular Volume in gallon
972.3 x 42
40,836.6 gallons
July 2002
Example:
9
8
5
600ft of 6
Casing set at 9000 ft. ID = 8.84

Open hole to 11,000 ft
Drill pipe 19.5 lbs/ft ID = 4.276
x 2 Drill collars
Calculate
a)
b)
annular volume in bbls, cu ft and gallons

volume of mud inside string in bbls
Volume of Casing annulus

=
(8.842 - 52) x 9,000

1029
464.83 bbls
Volume OH to Collar annulus

=
(8.52 - 62)
1029
21.14 bbls
Vol of OH to
Pipe annulus =
Total
600
(8.52 - 52) x 1400

1029
64.28 bbls
64.28 + 21.14 + 464.83
5520.25 bbls
July 2002
In Gallons
550.2542
23110.5 galls
In cubic ft =
=
b)
550.25 x 5.6146
3089.4 cubic ft
Capacity of drill string

=
(id) 2 x length
1029
(4.2762) 2
1029
184.79
188.4 bbls
cap. of pipe + cap. of collars

(id) 2 x length
1029
10,400
+
+
(2.52) 2
1029
600
3.64
Example:
10,000ft well.
Drill pipe is 5, 19.5 lbs/ft ID 4.276
600 ft collars 9 x 3
One stand = 90 ft
Calculate barrels of mud required to:a)
b)
Fill hole after 10 stands of drill pipe have been pulled

Fill hole after each stand of collars is pulled
July 2002
c)
d)
Total mud required to keep hole full when pulling out

Quantity of mud displaced running in the hole with extra 300 of 8
x 2 collars
a)
Volume of steel in 10 stands of drill pipe

= (52 - 4.2762)
1029
900
= 0.065
900
= 5.87 barrels
b)
Volume of steel in 1 stand for drill collars

= (92 - 32)
1029
90
= .06997
90
= 6.3 barrels
c)
Total mud to fill hole

= Drill pipe disp/ft x 9400 + drill collar disp/ft x 600
= .0065
= 61.1
x 9400 + .06997
+
x 600
41.98
= 103 barrels
July 2002
d)
Running in the hole

= drill pipe
(disp/ft x 9100)
drill collars
+ (disp/ft x 600) +
new drill collar

(disp/ft x 300)
= (.0065 x 9100)
+ (.06997 x 600) +
(82 - 2.752) x 300

1029
= 59.15
41.98
= 101.13
0.548 x 300
16.46
= 117.58 barrels
100
COLLARS
B
B
L
S
50
PIPE
I
50
I
STANDS
100
July 2002
Pump Outputs
Pump output calculations are simply volumes

Practical tests for Pump Output per stroke can be made, manufacturers
calculation can be used or you can calculate based on stroke length, liner size
and an Efficiency factor.
Example:
Find pump output/stroke on Triplex with 12 stroke and 6 liners at 95%
Efficiency.
Triplex has 3 cylinders
Volume of Cylinder
D2
4
Volume of 3 cylinders
3 (.7854 (62) x 12)
3 (.7854 x 36 x 12)
3 x 339.29
1017.88 cubic inches
( = .7854)
4
length
( D2 x length)
4
July 2002
Convert to barrels
1017.88
1728 x 5.6146
1728 cubic inches

5.6146 cubic ft
=
=
1 cubic ft
1 bbl
Out put
.1049 bbls/stroke
.1049bbl at 100% Efficiency

1% Efficiency
.1049
100
95% Efficiency
.1049 x 95
100
.0996 bbls/stk
Annular Velocities and Circulation Times

Knowing hole volumes and pump output the annular velocity for a section of
hole and the time for circulation can be calculated.
Annular velocity (ft/min)
Pump output (bbls/min)

Annular Volume (bbls/ft)
Barrels can be substituted for galls, cubic feet etc
July 2002
Bottoms up time (mins)
Annular Volume (bbls)

Pump Output (bbls/min)
Again, barrels can be substituted for other units.
Drill string + Annular Volume + Pit Volume

Total Circulation Time =
Pump Output (bbls/min)
Hydraulics Calculations
Observing the size of pumps, pressure rating of unions, safety chains on hoses,
safety clamps on pipe, torque required for tool joints and packing required for
swivel, we can conclude that mud is circulated round the system at pressure.
But stand at the flow line and you notice the mud is moving under gravity, not
pressure.
Disconnect the pump discharge and read pump pressure, it will have dropped to
near zero. Pumps do not put out pressure, they put out flow. It is the
restrictions in the circulating system that creates a back pressure against
which the pump must work.
Friction within the system causes pressure. The pressure at the pumps is the
sum of all the frictional losses around the system.
If we took pressure gauges and could place them at various points around the
system, we would probably note the following:
Assuming pressure at pump is 3000 psi:
July 2002
Pressure inside Kelly

Pressure inside near bit sub
Pressure in drill collar annulus
Pressure at flow line
=
=
=
=
2950
2200
200
Zero
The energy is progressively lost around the system.
Most pressure is lost across the bit nozzles. The energy is used to create
jetting and impact sufficient to clean ahead of the bit.
In a good hydraulic system, pressure losses across the Bit should be
approximately 60-65% of Pump Pressure.
Pressure losses can be divided into sections thus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Surface Lines
Drill String
Drill Bit
Annulus
P
S
I
July 2002
The horsepower required to circulate a known quantity of mud at a certain

pressure can be calculated using the formula.
Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP)
P
V
=
=
P x V
1714
Pump Pressure (psi)

Pump Output (gallons/minute)
1714 is a constant
Due to mechanical inefficiency, the output horsepower is always less than input
horsepower.
Mechanical Efficiency =
HHP Output
Mechanical Horsepower Input
Most pumps have a Mechanical Efficiency of approximately 85%. The same

principle applies to volumetric output of a pump called Volumetric Efficiency.
Exercise:
Find Hydraulic Horsepower of pump pumping 350gpm at 2,800 psi
HHP
P x V
1714
2800 x 350
1714
572 HHP
July 2002
Calculation of Mud Weight and S.P.M. Effect on Pump Pressure

By changing Mud Weight or Pump S.P.M., we fundamentally alter the system
hydaulics. Pressure loss changes cause a change in pump pressure. The effect
can be calculated using simple formula:
New Pressure
Old Pressure x
(New SPM)2
(old SPM)2
Example:
What is pump pressure if an SPM of 60 giving 2500 psi is changed to 70 SPM?
New Pressure
2500
(70)2
(60)2
2500
1.361
3403 psi
3200 psi
Example:
Pressure at 80 SPM
New Pressure
What is pressure at 70 SPM
3200
(70)2
(80)2
3200
.8752
2450 psi
July 2002
Changing Mud Weight will affect pump pressure in the following way:
New pump pressure
Old pump pressure x
New Weight
Old Weight
Example:
Pump pressure
=
2800 psi with 10.5 ppg mud.
What will pressure be if weight is increased to 11.0ppg ?
New Pump Pressure
2800
11.0
10.5
2800
1.047
2931 psi
Both formulae can be written:

P2
P1
(SPM2) 2
(SPM1) 2
P2
P1
W2
W1
P2
New Pressure
SPM2
New SPM
P1
Old Pressure
SPM1
Old SPM
W1
W2
=
=
Old Mud Weight

New Mud Weight
July 2002
Nozzle Size Calculation

Nozzle sizes refer to either the diameter of the hole in 32nds of an inch, or
the cross sectional area in square inches.
You may find the need to calculate square inch area from 32nds or vice versa.
Example:
A bit is to have 2 x 15s and 1 x 14 nozzles. What is the Total Cross
Sectional Area of the nozzles in square inches?
First: Calculate the area of 2 x 15s
15
Area
15/32 nds of an inch, diameter
D2
4
2 x
.7854 x (15/32) 2 x 2
Convert fraction to decimal

=
.7854 x ( .4687)2 x 2
.1725 sq inches
.345 sq inches
x 2
July 2002
Second:
Calculate for 14 nozzles
.7854 x (14/32) 2
.7854 x .1914
.1503 sq inches
Total Cross Sectional Area =

=
.1503 + .345
.4953 square inches
Example
Convert Total Cross Sectional Area of three nozzles in 32nds of an inch, with
each nozzle to be as close in size as possible.
Cross Sectional Area
Three nozzles
One nozzle
Area
=
=
=
=
.3137 square inches

.3137
.10456 sq inches approximately
.7854 x D2
Solve the equation to get D i.e.
Area
.7854
July 2002
.10456
.7854
D =
.133138
.3649 of an inch
Convert .3649 of an inch into 32nds, this is done by writing:

?
32
=
.3649
OR
? = .3649 x 32
= 11.67
32 nds
This was not a complete number - it has .67 of a 32nd. But from this we can
see that the nozzles are approximately 11s or 12s.
The .67 is almost 2/3, meaning the average nozzle size is 2/3rds of the way
toward 12.
This means that the nozzles are 12, 12, 11
To check back if 12, 12, 11 is right, we follow method shown in previous
example:
Area
= .7854 x 122 x 2 + .7854 x 112

32
32
=
.22089 + .0928
.3137 sq inches
Therefore 12, 12, and 11 nozzles is correct.

July 2002
Section 4:
The Drill Crew should have an understanding of

what is involved in the calculations in order to
check the cementing programme.
The most commonly used calculations are used
in Single Stage, Multiple Stage and Plug jobs.
July 2002
Single stage jobs, Multiple stage jobs and plugs are drilling practices which
require cement to be placed downhole. Not just placed anywhere, but
accurately positioned in order to perform a specific task. This requires
accurate calculation that will be checked by 3 or 4 persons one being the
Driller, but most likely the Toolpusher.
The calculations are slightly different in each case i.e. Single, Multiple and Plug
jobs, but they all require skill at calculating Annular Volumes.
To recap:Capacity of Cylinder
OR
Capacity of Annular Space
OR
D2
4
(Answer in cubic inches, ft etc)
D2
1029
(Answer in barrels per ft)
(D2 d2)
4
(D2 d2)
1029
Number of strokes required to pump =
Volume______
Pump Output/Stroke
July 2002
Single Stage Job

Given 12- diameter hole from surface to 5000 ft Casing O.D. 9- run from
surface to 5000 ft.
Float Collar set 40ft up inside casing (9.00 I.D.)
Exercise:
Calculate number of barrels of cement required to cement to surface.
Volume of
Slurry
Annular
Volume
Volume of
Casing
x 40ft
= (12 2 - 9-2) x 5000

1029
(92)
x 40
= (12.252 9.6252) x 5000

1029
1029
81
x 40
= 279 + 3.15
= 282.15 bbls
Exercise:
If Class D cement at 16.4 ppg is used and each sack of cement yields 1.06
cubic feet, how many sacks will be required?
Convert Volume to cu ft and divide by yield.
=
282.15 x 5.6146
1.06
1494 sacks
July 2002
Having mixed all the cement how many pumps strokes will be required to
displace cement into position if Pump output = .109 bbls/stroke ?
This is the amount of strokes required to pump top plug into place using mud.
Volume inside casing to float shoe
Strokes to bump top plug
(id)2 x (5000 40)

1029
(9)2 x 4960
1029
390 bbls at .109 bbls/stk
390
.109
3582 strokes
The calculations required in the above examples were:

Slurry Volume
Number of sacks
Pump Strokes to bump top plug
The following example puts these all together with the addition of an earlier
casing string set in the hole, and multiple 7 string.
Example:
Hole depth = 11250 ft. From Electric logs, the 81/2 hole was found to have
9.2 average diameter. 95/8 casing was set at 7.100ft using N80, 47.00
lbs/ft with 8.681 I.D.
July 2002
7, N80, 35.00 lbs/ft casing will be run from surface to 3000 I.D. = 6.004
From 3000 to 9000 7, N80, 32 lbs/ft with 6.094 I.D.
From 9000 to TD7, N80, 29lbs/ft with 6.184 I.D.
Float Collar is 60ft above Shoe
Cement Yield per sack
= 1.21 cubic feet
Pump Output
= .201 bbls/stroke
Calculate:a)
b)
c)
Slurry Volume required to bring cement to surface

Number of sacks required
Pump Strokes to bump top plug
Hint:- Always draw a diagram

a)
Slurry Volume = Casing Capacity x 80ft + Annular Cap. X 11250ft
Annular capacity = open hole/casing annulua + casing/casing annulus
= (8.6812 - 72) x 7100 + (9.22 - 72) x 11250 - 7100
1029
1029
= .0256
=
x 7100
181.8
+ .0346
x 4150
+ 143.7
= 325.5 bbls
July 2002
6.1842
x 60
Slurry Volume
325.5
b)
Cubic ft of slurry
Yield/sack in cubic ft
327.73
1520 Sacks
Casing Capacity
.0372
2.23 bbls
x 60
Sacks of Cement
x
1.21
2.23 =
327.73 bbls
5.6146
Capacity of Casing
=
(Cap of 7 N80)
(35 lbs to 3000)
(Cap of 7 N80)
(32 lbs x 6000)
(Cap of 7 N80)
(29 lbs x 2190)
(6.0042) x 3000
1029
(6.0942) x 6000
1029
(6.1842) x 2190
1029
105
216.5
81.4
402.9 bbls
Strokes required =
=
402.9
.201
2004 Strokes
July 2002
Two Stage (Multiple) Cementing:

In these jobs we need to calculate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Slurry for 1st stage

Slurry for 2nd stage
Strokes to bump top plug of 1st stage
Strokes to bump closing plug of 2nd stage
Pump strokes for mud between top plug 1st stage and opening plug of 2nd
stage (if opening plug is displaced type).
Example:
Two stage job using Displacement type Opening Plug for Stage Collar.
TD = 10,000ft of 12 diameter hole.
95/8 Casing with 8.7555 ID from surface to T.D.
Stage collar set at 5,000ft
Float collar 50 inside casing.
Calculate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Slurry volume for 1st stage

Volume of mud to be pumped between top plug and opening plug
Slurry column for 2nd stage
Volume of mud to be pumped behind closing plug of 2nd stage
July 2002
a)
Slurry volume = Annular Capacity x 5000 + Casing Capacity x 50

(12.252) - 9.625 x 5000
1029
=
279
1st stage Slurry Volume
b)
=
=
d)
x 50
3.7
=
282.7 bbls
Volume equals capacity between Stage Collar and Float Collar.
Volume
c)
(8.7552)
1029
4950 x (8.7552)
1029
368.bbls
Slurry Volume for 2nd stage = Annular Capacity x 5000
(12.25 2- 9.6252)
1029
279 bbls
5000
Volume of mud behind closing plug.

Casing Volume
8.7552 x 5000
1029
372 bbls
July 2002
Field Calculations would be further complicated by previous casing string and

multiple casing string.
Cement Plugs
The sketch shows the situation that should exist after plug is pumped into
position. Note the height of the cement in annulus equals height in pipe. Also
same heights for water. This gives equal hydrostatic heads thus reducing
contamination when pipe
is pulled.
MUD
WATER
CEMENT
This is called the Balance Method.

Example:
Set a plug 500ft long in a 12 hole with open ended 5 Drill Pipe
(4.276 ID) from 10,000 9500
Pump 8 bbls of water ahead of the plug.
Pump output = .105 bbls/stroke
July 2002
We need to calculate
Volume of Slurry
Volume of water behind to balance the plug
Number of strokes or volume of mud to displace water into position
First: Calculate the number of barrels of slurry to fill hole for 500ft without
pipe.
a)
Volume
Second:
(12.252)
1029
72.9 bbls
x 500
Calculate height of 8 bbls ahead of water in annulus.
Annular Volume
12.252 52
1029
.1215 bbls/ft
Ht in Annulus
____8____
.1215
65 ft
Third:
Calculate barrels of water to fill 65ft in drill pipe
Drill Pipe Capacity =
4.2762
1029
b)
Barrels of water
0.1776 bbls/ft
65 x .01776 = 1.15bbls
July 2002
Fourth:
Calculate height filled by 72.9 bbls in Annulus and drill pipe.
.1215 bbls/ft
.01776 bbls/ft
=
=
Annulus Volume
Drill Pipe Volume
72.9_____
(.1215 + .01776)
72.9_
.13926
523.5 ft
65 ft
Height filled by 72.9 bbls
Ht. filled by 8bbls of water
Therefore depth of top water =

=
10,0000 (523.5 + 65)

9411.5 ft
Volume of mud to displace water after cement
Strokes
167.15
.105
9411.5 ft x .01776
167.15 bbls
1591 Strokes
July 2002
To recap:
1.
Calculate volume of slurry without pipe
2.
Calculate height of water in Annulus
3.
Calculate water to give same height in Drill Pipe
4.
Calculate height of slurry with pipe
5.
Add height of slurry with pipe
6.
To height of water in Annulus
7.
Subtract this value from base of cement plug
8.
Multiply this value by pipe capacity to get mud volume to be pumped

behind plug
July 2002
Section 5:
Pressure Control
This section covers a number of the more basic

calculations as a preliminary to attending
Pressure Control Schools.
July 2002
Pressure Control
Pressure Calculations
What is Pressure?
Pressure is the force acting on an area. By force, we mean weight and by area
we mean square inches, square centimetres etc.
Therefore, pressure is the force in pounds acting on one square inch, or the
force in kilograms acting on one square centimetre.
Pressure is most commonly measured in psi (pounds/square inch).
If 10 pounds was resting on a plate 2 inches by 2 inches, what pressure would
be acting on one square inch of plate?
A 2 x 2 plate has an areas of 4 square inches,
over 1 square inch
10
4
= 2.5 pounds/square inch
We mostly talk of pressure in relation to liquids, i.e. pump pressure,

hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure depends on depth.
Any substance will exert more pressure if it is taller or deeper. It may not
exert more overall weight, because this depends on the base area. A column of
liquid 10ft high will exert more pressure than the same column 5ft high in
fact, twice as much.
July 2002
Pressure resulting from a column of liquid.

Pressure at any point is Directly Proportional to
Depth below the Surface.
By Depth it is meant Vertical Depth.
The pressure is the same at the bottom of the two columns although they have
different measured depths.
July 2002
Why is a dam thicker at its base ?
Pressure is calculated by multiplying the density of a fluid by its depth.
Example:
Water weighs 62.4 pounds/cubic foot. What pressure is exerted at a depth of
20 ft?
Pressure
Weight
62.4 x
20
1248 pounds/sq ft
Depth
There are 144 square inches in a square foot, therefore:

1248
144
8.67 psi
Using oilfield units of pounds per gallon, we must have a conversion factor to
get psi values.
July 2002
Explanation:
1 cubic foot of water weight is 62.4 lbs.
A cubic foot of drilling mud of 10 pounds per gallon would weigh :

10
7.4808
74.808 pounds
(There are 7.4808 gallons to 1 cubic foot)
If 1 cubic foot of 10ppg mud weighs 74.808 pounds.

Then 1 cubic foot of 1ppg mud weighs 7.4808 pounds.
This means that a 1ft cube of 1ppg mud exerts 7.4808 pounds on a square foot.
12
12
12
July 2002
On 1 square inch it would exert
7.4808
144
=
0.52 psi/ft of depth
If the hole was 10,000 ft deep the pressure at the bottom would be
10,000 x .52
5,200 psi
The formula can be written:

Pressure (psi)
Mud weight (ppg) x Depth (ft) x 0.052
Exercise:
Calculate pressure of fluid:
a)
b)
c)
10,000 ft of 8.5ppg mud

7,200 ft of 11.4ppg mud
14,280 of 10.7ppg mud
What if we are using Specific Gravity or pounds/cubic foot units ?

following conversion factors are used:
Pressure (psi)
Pressure (psi)
=
=
The
Mud weight (S.G.) x Depth (ft) x .433

Mud weight (pcf) x Depth (ft) x .007
Using the same mud weight, it can be seen that pressure will increase with
depth.
July 2002
On the rig, one of the functions of a drilling fluid is to hold back formation
fluids. These formation fluids will exert pressure according to their depth and
density. This pressure, both for formation fluids and drilling fluids, is called
Hydrostatic Pressure.
When formation fluids exert a pressure that is a function of Depth and
Density, they are said to be NORMAL.
NORMAL formation fluid pressure is approximately .465 psi/ft that is the
pressure exerted by a column of salt water of 100,000 parts per million
salinity.
ft
5000
1000
2325
psi
4560
ABNORMAL formation fluid pressure is when fluid exerts a pressure greater

than .465 psi/ft. This occurs when fluid cannot escape the formation due to a
seal forming, and as further overburden pressure is exerted at the surface,
the fluids take up this weight equivalent.
July 2002
As long as the mud pressure is enough to balance these formation pressures,

we can drill ahead safely.
When we go under-balance, the conclusion is a kick,(flow of formation fluids
into the well bore) or if uncontrolled, a blow-out.
When the kick is taken, it becomes necessary to increase mud weight to
balance the formation.
How do we know the mud weight required to kill the kick ?
When a kick takes place, formation fluids enter the wellbore or annulus
because this is the line of least resistance. Our drill string is therefore full of
uncontaminated mud.
After shutting down the pumps and closing in the well, the excess of formation
pressure will be registered on the Standpipe gauge and the casing gauge.
The pressure on the Standpipe (drill-pipe) gauge will be equal to the imbalance
between Mud hydrostatic in the pipe and formation fluid pressure.
Convert this pressure to mud weight (ppg) and add to known mud weight in
pipe.
700
6279psi
6979
July 2002
If Drill Pipe gauge reads 700 psi, mud weight is 10.5 ppg and depth is 11,500
ft. We can calculate mud weight required to kill the well.
First, rearrange formula to get mud weight:
Pressure
mud weight x Depth x .052
Rearrange to mud weight
Pressure (SIDPP)
Depth x .052
Remember to add on existing mud weight.
Kill mud weight
Kill Mud Weight
mud weight +
(SIDPP)
(Depth x .052)
10.5
(700)
11,500 x .052
10.5
(700)
(598)
10.5
1.17
11.67 ppg
In the annulus, the kick fluid has contaminated the hydrostatic head of mud.
July 2002
The diagram below shows an influx of gas, exerting a hydrostatic pressure of

.1 psi/ft gradient and extending 300 ft up inside the annulus. If 11.67 ppg mud
will kill the well, then the formation pressure is:
=
11.67 x 11,500 x .052
6978 psi
What casing pressure reading will be observed at surface?
Mud pressure
=
=
=
10.5 x (11500 300) x .052

10.5 x 11200 x .052
6115 psi
700
Gas Pressure
= .1psi/ft x 300
= 30psi
Total Pressure of mud + gas in annulus

= 6115 + 30 = 6145 psi
Difference
833
10.5 ppg
= 6978 - 6145
= 833 psi
-11200
Therefore, Casing pressure gauge

will show 833 psi
11,500
July 2002
Exercise:
10,000 well Gas influx in annulus is 300 ft high at .07 psi/ft

Old Mud Weight 10.5 ppg
Find Kill Mud Weight and shut in Casing Pressure (SICP) for the following if:
a)
b)
c)
SIDPP
SIDPP
SIDPP
=
=
=
650 psi
820 psi
300 psi
July 2002
Calculations for Circulating Heavy Mud
When killing a well using the Weight and Wait method, only one circulation is
necessary. The heavy (kill) mud is used to kill the formation and chase the
invading fluid.
With the heavy mud ready to pump, we need to calculate:
a)
b)
c)
a)
Initial pump pressure

Pump pressure with heavy mud at bit
When to adjust choke to get smooth transition between a) and b)
Initial Pump Pressure: This is pressure required to circulate at the

start of the kill procedure.
Example:
Slow pump rate test gave 800 psi at 45 SPM
SIDPP is 700 psi
Find Initial Pump Pressure
Initial Pump Pressure
b)
800 + 700
1500 psi
Final Pump Pressure: This is the pressure required to circulate once

heavy mud has reached bit. This calculation uses formula for Pressure
v Mud Weight change.
July 2002
New Mud Wt
New Pressure
Old Pressure x Old Mud Wt
With the heavy mud inside the drill string, the pump pressure required will be
greater. As the heavy mud is pumped down, the hydrostatic pressure in the
drill string increases until the heavy mud reaches the bit, at which point mud
hydrostatic equals formation pressure. If the pump was stopped the SIDPP
should equal zero. Therefore, the pump no longer has to overcome any
pressure imbalance. The pressure required to circulate will be the pressure
at a slow pump rate plus some extra due to the heavier mud. This can be
expressed in the fomula:
Final Circulating Pressure = Slow Pump Pressure x
New mud wt
Old mud wt
Example:
Slow pump rate test gave 800 psi at 45 SPM with 10ppg mud.
Kill mud weight
Final Circulating Pressure
11.2 ppg
11.2
800
10
896 psi
July 2002
c)
Choke Adjustments:
As the heavy mud is pumped down the drill string, the choke operator
will have to make adjustments to the choke for a smooth transition
from Initial Circulating Pressure to Final Circulation Pressure.
Example:
T.D. is 10,000 ft. Initial Circulating Pressure
Final Circulating Pressure
=
700 psi
5 Drill Pipe, 4.276 I.D.
600 ft 8 x 3 Collars
Pump Output, .2 bbls/strokes
1200 psi
Calculate Pump Pressure every 100 strokes.
First:
Calculate capacity of Drill String in barrels

=
Drill Pipe Capacity
4.2762
1029
167
172.2 barrels
9400
Drill Collar Capacity
32
1029 x 600
5.2
July 2002
Second:
Calculate number if strokes from the Surface to Bit:
Surface t bit strokes
Third:
= 861 strokes
172.2
.2
Calculate Pressure change every 100 strokes

Pressure drop
Initial C. Pressure - Final C. Pressure
1200 - 700
500 psi
Pressure must drop 500 psi in 861 strokes
Every stroke pressure drops
500
861
Every 100 strokes pressure drops =
500
861
100
.58
100
58psi/100 strokes
With the table on the following page, the Choke Operator can make the
necessary adjustments. A graph can be used in place of the table.
July 2002
Strokes
1200 psi
100
Strokes
1142 psi
200
Strokes
1084 psi
300
Strokes
1026 psi
400
Strokes
968 psi
500
Strokes
970 psi
600
Strokes
852 psi
700
Strokes
794 psi
800
Strokes
736 psi
861
Strokes
700 psi
July 2002
Calculating the Effects of Gas Expansion
Any type of kick is dangerous, but some are more dangerous than others:
Formation fluids can either be Gas, Oil or Water. Oil and Water are liquids,
therefore volume is unaffected by pressure: with gas the greater the
pressure, the greater the compression.
One barrel of gas at the bottom of the well 10,000 ft deep with a mud
weight of 9ppg will expand to 320 bbls at atmospheric pressure.
Gas behaviour under pressure is defined mathematically in Boyles Law.
If the temperature of a gas is kept constant, then the

volume will be inversely proportional to the pressure.
Boyles Law states:
This means, if the pressure is reduced by one half, then the volume will
double.
Boyles Law is expressed:
V1
V2
V1
V2
P1
P2
P2
P1
=
=
=
=
or
V1P1
P2 V2
Original Volume
New Volume
Original Pressure
New Pressure
July 2002
Example
A gas invasion of 15 barrels is taken at 8500 ft. The bottom hole pressure is
4,500 psi. What will be the gas volume at the Casing Shoe set at 5,000 ft if
mud weight is 10 ppg.
V1
V2
P2
P1
Solve the equation to find V2.
V2
V2
V1 x P1
P2
15 x 4500
(10 x 5000 x .052)
67500
2600
26 barrels
July 2002
M.A.A.S.P Calculations
M.A.A.S.P is the Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure, which should be
read as the maximum pressure gauge, before something breaks down.
As pressure in the Annulus builds up, there is a danger of breaking one of the weak
points in the system.
The weak points are:
a)
b)
c)
Casing
B.O.Ps
Formation below the casing
Most often the formation below the Shoe is the weakest point. An excess of
pressure would cause the formation to fracture with a resultant loss of mud.
To find the fracture point a Leak-off Test is run after drilling out the shoe.
With the rams closed, a small amount of mud is pumped into the well, after a short
wait, the process is repeated. By plotting volume pumped against Pump Pressure, a
straight line will not rise, but level off. This is when the formation is taking mud:
The pressure at this point is the Leak Off Pressure.
5
4
3
2
1
500
1000
psi
July 2002
The Leak Off Pressure can then be used to calculate

Pressure.
Formation Fracture
Formation Fracture Pressure = Leak off Pressure + Mud Hydrostatic Pressure
Example:
Shoe Depth 5000
Leak off Pressure =
1500 psi
Mud Weight
9.5 ppg
Fracture Pressure =
=
=
1500 + (9.5 x 5000 x .052)

1500 + 2470
3970 psi
Therefore, with a Mud Weight of 9.5 ppg, the maximum surface pressure allowed
(MAASP) is 1500 psi. When this value is reached, the pressure at the shoe is
equal to the Formation Fracture Pressure.
If Mud Weight is changed when drilling ahead, the MAASP will change.
The following formula can be used:
MAASP
Shoe Depth x (Frac. Gradient Mud Gradient)
Example:
Shoe Depth 400 ft, mud weight 10.5 ppg
Leak off pressure was 1400 psi with 10ppg mud in the hole.
July 2002
Calculate Formation Fracture pressure and convert to gradient.
First:
Frac. Pressure
1400 + (10 x 6400 x .052)
4728 psi
Frac. Pressure
Shoe Depth
Convert to gradient:
Gradient
Second:
4728
6400
.74 psi/ft
Calculate Mud Gradient of mud in the hole
Mud Gradient (psi/ft)
Third:
10.5 x .052 x 1ft
.546 psi/ft
Apply gradients and Shoe Depth to formula for MAASP

MAASP
6400 x (.74 - .546)
6400 x .193
1235 psi
July 2002
By increasing the Mud Weight from 10ppg (when test was taken) to 10.5 deeper
down, the MAASP had dropped from 1400 psi to 1235 psi.
In most cases, a safety factor is used to allow for errors when operating the
choke. The safety factor is applied to the formation fracture gradient.
Example:
Shoe Depth
Mud Weight
Leak off Pressure
7200 ft
11.5 ppg
1200 psi
Calculate MAASP if 90% of formation fracture gradient is used.
Formation Fracture Pressure
1200 +
5505 psi
Formation Fracture Gradient
5505
7200
.765 psi/ft
Mud Gradient
11.5 x .052
.598 psi/ft
Fraction Gradient @ 90%
.765 x .9
.6885 psi/ft
(11.5 x 7200 x .052)
July 2002
MAASP
Shoe Depth x (Fracture Gradient - Mud Gradient)
7200
x ( .6885 - .598)
7200
651 psi
.905
If mud weight was increased then MAASP would decrease.
July 2002
Section 6:
This section covers the basic theory and

calculations behind Lifting Machines; Wire Rope
Design factors and Ton Mile accumulations.
July 2002
Hoisting Systems
There comes a point where an object cannot be manhandled, usually due to weight,
size or distance to be moved. Here we need a human energy saving device,
commonly called a machine.
A machine is normally any device that can be used to gain some kind of advantage.
The amount of advantage is called Mechanical Advantage.
Mechanical advantage
Weight of Load moved

Effort used to move load
A force of 50 lbs is used to lever a stone slab weighing 200 lbs.
The advantage would be:
200
50
Lifting systems can be categorized into 4 main types:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Levers
Wheels and axles
Inclined Planes
Pulleys
July 2002
Pulleys are used to lift heavy loads vertically.

A load of 500 lbs can be lifted using a 4-line pulley with:
500
4
125 lbs Pull
To calculate Pull required, divide Load number by the lines strung in Derrick.
Pull
load x co-efficient of Friction

Number of lines
The fast line having an accumulation of friction losses has the greatest tension of
all lines strung. The more lines strung, the greater the co-efficient of friction.
Below is a table of constants that can be applied to the formula.
Fast Line Tension =
Weight of Load
Constant
Fast Line Constants

No. of lines strung
4
6
8
10
12
14
Constant
.271
.1882
.1469
.1224
.1062
.0948
July 2002
Example:
Hook load is 280,000 lbs. Blocks are strung with 10 lines. Calculate Fast Line Load
tension.
Fast Line Load
=
=
=
Weight of Load
280,000
34,272 lbs
x
x
Constant
.1224
This value is used in calculating the Design Factor of the system.

Design Factor is the ratio of Nominal Wire Rope Breaking Strength to the Fast
Line Load.
Design Factor
Nominal Rope Breaking Strength

Fast Line Load
1-3/8 Improved Plow Steel Drilling line has a rated strength of 167,000 pounds.
The recommended minimum design factor is 3. Therefore, with 1-3/8 line, we

must not have a fast line load of more than
167,000
3
55,666 lbs
if Fast Load is 55,666 lbs. With 10 lines strung up, what is Hook Load?
Fast Line Load
Weight of Load
Constant
July 2002
Solve equation to:
Weight of Load
Fast Line Load

Constant
Constant from Table
.1224
Weight of Load
55,666
.1224
454,790 lbs
Therefore, the Hook Load must not go above 454,799 pounds.
These calculations show us how loads to string ups can be evaluated.
A light load with a 10 or 12 line string up gives high Design Factors.

For instance, a Hook Load of 160,000 lbs using 12 lines gives a Design Factor of 9.9
This means that it will take a long time to run up the Ton-miles to cut-off.
Field experience confirms that the slow accumulation of ton miles will wear out the
wire due to the higher number of bending cycles.
July 2002
Example:
When making a Connection the string gets stuck. The blocks are strung with 8
lines of 1-3/8 Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope (breaking strength of 167,000
pounds). A Design Factor of 3.5 is used.
After working pipe, the String is calculated to be stuck at 10,280 ft.
(5, 19.5 lbs/ft pipe is being used).
Calculate the maximum over-pull that can be used.
Design Factor
Nominal Breaking Strength

Fast Line Load
Solve the equation to get Fast Line load.
Fast Line load
Nominal Breaking Strength

Design Factor
167,000
3.5
47,714 pounds
July 2002
Hook Load with the Fast Line Load of 47,714 pounds using 8 lines.
Hook Load
Fast Line Load

Constant
47,714
.1469
Therefore, Maximum Hook Load
Weight of String
Maximum Overpull
324,800 pounds
324,800 pounds
Length
Weight/ft
10,280
19.5
200,460 lbs
324,800
200,460
124,340 pounds
If 5, 19.5lb/ft drill is Grade E, Premium can this pull be made safely?
July 2002
The minimum Tensile Strength of Grade E 5 pipe is 311,400 pounds. Therefore,

this pull cannot be made.
Max Overpull
311,400
110,940 pounds
200,460
Wear on the line has to be monitored and measured , in addition to visual checks a
record of use is kept . The unit of measurement is the ton mile.
Ton-Mile calculations
What is a Ton-mile ?
A Ton-Mile of work is said to be done when we pull 1 ton for 1 mile.

When we pull 1 ton of pipe out of a hole 1 mile deep, that 1 ton is getting less, the
more pipe pulled. On average, we only pull half a ton. Therefore, we have done
ton-mile of work.
Example:
Drill Collars :
Drill Pipe:
Block and Hook weigh:
900 ft long weigh 100,000 pounds in mud

14,100 ft Long Weigh 250,000 pounds in mud
45,000 lbs
Calculate ton-miles to pull out of hole.
(1 short ton =
2,000 lbs
1 mile =
5280 ft)
July 2002
First:
Calculate ton-miles for drill pipe
Wt of pipe
250,000
2,000
125 tons
Distance moved is:
14,100
5,280
2.67 miles
Pulling out we have an average of:
62.5 tons pulled 2.67 miles
Second:
125
2
62.5 tons
62.5 x 2.67
166.8 Ton-Miles
Calculate Ton Miles for Drill Collars
The collars are pulled 14,100 before they reach the surface. This is 2.67 miles.
The weight is:
100,000
2,000
50 tons
Therefore, 50 tons are pulled 2.67 miles
50 x 2.67
133.5 Ton-miles
July 2002
Then pulling 900ft of collars out, we pull the average of

50
2
25 tons
900 ft
.17 miles
Therefore, 25 tons are pulled .17 miles
Ton mile for Drilling String
Third:
Block weighs
25 x .17
4.25 Ton-miles
166.8 + 133.5 + 4.25
304.55 Ton-miles
Calculate Ton-Miles for Blocks
45,000
2,000
27.5 Tons
Distance traveled is 15,000 up and 15,000 down

30,000
5,280
5.68 miles
July 2002
Therefore, 27.5 tons for 5.68 miles

miles
27.5 x 5.68
156.2 Ton-
Total Ton Miles to pull out of the hole

=
304.55
460.7 Ton-Miles
156.2
Exercise:
Hole depth 11,000 ft. Drill pipe 5, 19.5 lbs/ft. Mud Weight 11ppg. 800 ft of
Drill Collars at 147 lbs/ft. Travelling Block eight 40,000 lbs.
1 mile
1 short ton
=
=
5,280 ft
2,000 pounds
Calculate Ton-Miles for a complete Round Trip?
Ton Miles for Drill Pipe pulling out:
Weight of pipe
Buoyancy factor
10,200 x 19.5
198,900 x Buoyancy Factor
.8328
165,652lbs
July 2002
Wt in Mud
Average weight
198,900 x .8328 =
82.38
2 =
41.41 Tons moving 1,93 Miles
2,000 pounds
82.83 Tons
41.41 Tons
41.41 x 1.93
79.9 Ton-Miles
Ton miles for drill collars to reach surface:
Wt of Drill Collars in mud
800 x 147 x .8328

2,000
48.9 Tons moving 1.93 miles
48.9 x 1.93
94.5 Ton-Miles
48.9 Tons
Ton Miles for Collars to be removed:
Average weight
Distance pulled
24.5 tons moving .15 miles

48.9 Tons
2
800
5,280
24.5 Tons
.15 miles
3.7 Ton Miles

July 2002
Ton Miles for Blocks:
Travel twice 11,000
22,000
5,280
4.16 miles
Weight
40,000
2,000
20 Tons
20 Tons moving 4.16 miles
8325 Ton Miles
Total Ton Miles to pull out
83.2 + 3.7 + 94.5 + 79.9
261.3 Ton Miles
522.6 Ton Miles
For running in hole, is the same again
Total Round Trip
2 x 261.3
July 2002
Section 7:
Buoyancy Effects
This section covers the calculations used to

measure string weight when immersed in mud and
the number of Collars required to give selected
Weight on Bit.
July 2002
BUOYANCY
Archimedes first made scientific observations of Buoyancy. He stated that a body

immersed in a liquid displaces a volume of liquid equal to the volume of that body.
Therefore, a hole full of mud will discharge mud equal to the volume of steel (pipe
and collars) run in during a trip.
By calculating steel volume we can accurately measure FILL up, pulling out and
OVERFLOW, running in. The use of a Trip Tank will help in monitoring these
volumes.
Archimedes also noted that a body immersed in a liquid becomes lighter. It in fact
loses weight equal to the volume of liquid it displaces.
Therefore, if drill pipe displaced 100 gallons of 10ppg mud, the Hook Load would be
100 x 10 = 1000 pounds Less than in air.
To calculate the Buoyancy Effect, we need Pipe Density and Mud Density. Steel
pipe has an average Specific Gravity of 7.9. This means steel has 7.9 times the
weight of an equal volume of water.
To convert mud weight in ppg to specific gravity devide by 8.33.
Fresh water has a specific gravity of 1 and a weight in ppg of 8.33 ,
Therefore 10 ppg mud has a specific gravity of 10/ 8.33 = 1.2
July 2002
Apply the values to formula to get the Buoyancy Factor.
Buoyancy Factor
= 1-
Mud Weight ppg 8.33

Specific Gravity of Steel
Example:
If mud weight is 10 ppg calculate Buoyancy Factor
Buoyancy Factor
1-
10 8.33
7.9
1-
1.2
7.9
1-
.1519
.848
To find Hook Load in mud, first calculate dry weight, then multiply dry weight by
Buoyancy Factor.
July 2002
Example
Calculated The Immersed Weight of
10,000 ft of 5, 19.5 pounds/ft drill pipe
Buoyancy Factor
.848
Immersed Weight
(10,000 x 19.5) x .848
195,000 x .848
165,360 pounds
Buoyancy factor tables are found in most rig handbooks, but keep a copy of the
formula in your notebooks just in case.
The Buoyancy Effect is very important when considering Drill Collar length
required to give required Weight on Bit.
Example:
How many 30drill collars of 112 pounds/ft would be required to give a Weight on
Bit of 50,000 pounds in 11.5 ppg mud.
First: Calculate the Buoyancy Factor =
1 -
1 -
11.5 8.33
7.9
.1747
.825
July 2002
Second: Calculate the immersed weight per ft of drill collar

=
112 x .825
92.4 lbs/ft
Third: Divide 50,000lbs by 92.4 lbs/ft to get length of collar string
= 50,000
92.4
541 ft
Fourth: Divide by collar string by 30 lengths to get the number required

=
541
30
18 collars
July 2002
Example:
How many 30 drill collars of 105 pounds/ft would be needed for a Bottom Hole
Assembly to give 55,000 pounds weight on bit in 10.8 ppg mud, with an excess of
20,000 lbs collar weight?
Total collar weight in mud
Buoyancy factor
Immersed Collar Weight
Length of collar string
No. of collars required
55,000 + 20,000
75,000 pounds
1 -
.836
10.8 8.33
7.9
105 x .836
87.8 pounds/ft
75,000
87.8
854 ft
854
30
28.5 or 29 collars
To place these steps into a single formula (assuming a known Buoyancy Factor)
July 2002
No. of 30 collars
Wt of collars required_____
Collar
Buoyancy
Collar
wt/ft x
factor
x length
Apply this to the above example.
75,000
x
.836 x
105
75,000
2633.4
28.5 collars
30
Worked Example:
10,000 ft deep hole. Prior to running back in we decided to use 147 pounds/ft
collars each 30 ft in length. The required Weight on Bit will be 60,000 lbs with
30,000 lbs excess as Safety Factor.
The mud weight is 10.2 ppg
Drill pipe is 5 OD with 4.276 ID
Drill Collars are 8 OD by 3 ID
Calculate
a)
Number of joints of collars required
b) Expected number if barrels of mud to be displaced from hole.
July 2002
Buoyancy factor
Number of collars required
b)
24 collars at 30 length
1-
.845
60,000 + 30,000
147 x .845 x 30
24.1 or 24 collars
24 x 30
Length of drill pipe
10.2 8.33
7.9
720 ft of collars
10,000 - 720
9280 ft
Calculate volume of steel in drill pipe:
=
=
52 - 4.2762 bbls/ft
1029.4
.0065 bbls/ft
.0065
x
9280
60.32 bbls
July 2002
Calculate volume of steel in collars:
Total mud displaced
82 - 32
1029.4
38.47 barrels
60.56
99.03 barrels
720
38.47
To check our calculation, the drill collars have displaced 38.47 barrels of mud
weighing 10.2 ppg.
This volume weighs
38.47 x
=
Number of collars weighing
42
10.2
16480.5 pounds
16480.5
Number of collars in air to make 90,000 lbs =
Total number of collars =
16480.5
147 x 30 = 3.7 collars
90,000
147 x 30 = 20.4
20.4 + 3.7
=
24.1 collars
The same, as calculated above.
July 2002
When calculating collar length required, the term NEUTRAL POINT is commonly
used.
This is the point at which compression of the lower section of collars changes to
tension of the upper collars and pipe.
A safety factor is used so that any increase in Weight on Bit, will keep the neutral
point in the collars. Drill pipe run in compression can be detrimental to the string
life.
Common neutral points are between 70% - 90% of collar length.
If neutral point was at 80% of collar length, then 20% would be above and in
Tension.
Note: this measured from the bit up.
Example:
30ft, 147 pound/ft collars in 10.2 ppg mud. How many collars required to give
60,000 lbs W.O.B. with neutral point 80% up collars.
Buoyancy factor = .845
Length of collars to give 60,000 lbs
60,000
147
483 ft
.845
This is 80% of length required.
July 2002
If
80% =
483 ft
1%
483
80
100% =
483
80
100
603.75 ft
The number of collars required
Drill pipe
603.75
30
20.1 or 20 collars
Tension
20 %
above
Neutral Point
80 %
below
Drill collars
Compression
July 2002
Section 8:
This section covers the calculations used during

rig work encounters with Spotting Pills, applying
torque, stuck pipe and weighting up of mud.
July 2002
The following calculations are commonly used around the rig.
Spotting Pills
Torque
Stuck Pipe
Weighting up
SPOTTING PILLS:
TD 9000, Hole Diameter 12 , Mud Weight 11ppg
5 Drill Pipe ID 4.276
600 of 8 x 3 Drill collars
Make up a pill to cover collars plus 25% extra.
Pump 1 barrell/20 mins of the extra once the pill has been placed in the drill collar
annulus.
Calculate:
1.
2.
Volume of pill
Volume of mud to spot the pill
First:
Calculate volume of pill required to cover collars
Annular volume around collars
(12.252- 82) x 600

1029
50 barrels
July 2002
Second:
Calculate 25% excess

25% of 50 bbls
Total volume of pill
Third:
50
.25
12.5 bbls
12.5
50
62.5 barrels
Calculate height of pill retained in the string
(32)
1029 bbls/ft
.0087 bbls/ft
cap. of collars
5.25 bbls
Total pill inside string
12.5
Pill inside drill pipe
12.5
7.25 bbls
4.2762
1029 bbls/ft
.01776 bbs/ft
cap. of collars
Cap. of pipe
600
5.25
July 2002
Height of pill in drill pipe
7.25
0.1776
408 ft
Total height of pill in string
600
400
1008ft
Fourth:
Calculate volume of mud in remainder of string

Length of pipe with mud =
Volume of mud
9000 - 1008
7992ft
Drill pipe capacity/ft x 7992
0.1776 x 7992
142 bbls
This value has been calculated for the string only. An addition of the mud inside
the surface lines must be made.
i.e.
Surface line volume
5 bbls
Total mud pumped to follow pill =
142 + 5
147 bbls
July 2002
TORQUE
Example:
9 inch drill collar with 7
up to 83,000 ft-lbs.
5/8
API regular connection and 3-inch bore is to be made
The Rig Tongs are 4ft long.

Calculate the reading to be obtained on the Drillers Torque Gauge calibrated in ftlbs.
Explanation:
The value of 83, 000 ft-lbs requires a tong 1 foot long to give 83, 000 lbs of pull.
If the tong is 4 feet long, the extra leverage will reduce this value by 4.
Therefore, Pull required
Ft-lbs
Tong length, ft
83000
4
20,750 ft.lbs
Drillers gauge marker should be set at 20,750
July 2002
Example:
At what value should torque gauge be set if 50,000 ft. lbs is required using 5ft
tongs?
Value =
50,000
5
10,000 ft lbs
STUCK PIPE
Being able to calculate the depth at which the string is stuck is invaluable when
spotting freeing pills.
There are a number of ways to calculate Free Points. Section of the I.A.D.C.
Drilling Manual covers some of the techniques.
One common formula is:

L
735,294 x E x W
P
length of free pipe, feet
average elongation, inches
weight of pipe, lbs/ft
average pull in pounds
735,294
a Constant
July 2002
Example:
16.6 lbs/ft drill pipe. Average pull of 50,000 lbs gave average elongation of 12
inches.
Calculate Free Point
L
735,294 x 12 x 16.6
50,000
2929 ft
The string is stuck at and possibly below 2929 ft.

WEIGHTING UP
Mud density increases are common during normal drilling and essential during some
kill operations. To raise the Mud weight Barite is added. However how much is
needed to raise the weight?
If two substances having different densities are mixed, then the new density is a
function of the amount and density of the two substances. The relationship is
expressed in the following formula.
V1 D1 + V2 D2 = (V1 + V2) DR
V1
V2
D1
D2
DR
=
=
=
=
=
volume of original substance

volume of second substance
density of original substance
density of second substance
resulting density
July 2002
Converting this into oilfield units we get

V1 W1 + V2 DB = (V1 + V2) W2
=
=
=
=
=
V1
V2
W1
W2
DB
volume of mud before weighting, bbls

volume of barite added, bbls
initial mud density, ppg
final mud density, ppg
density of Barite, ppg. Which is 35.4ppg
We require to find V2, volume of barite to be added, therefore, solving the

equation 2 :V1 W1 + V2 DB = (V1 + V2) W2
V2 =
becomes:
V1 (W2 -W1)
WB - W2
Using the following figures we can get barrels of Barite to be added

W2
W1
WB
V1
=
=
=
=
12ppg
10ppg
35.4
100bbls
V2
= V1 (W2 - W1)
WB - W2
=
100 (12 - 10)

35.4 - 12
200
23.4
8.547 barrels of Barite
July 2002
Thinking of Barite volume in barrels is cumbersome. Barite is mostly measured by

weight for instance:
Number of sacks (1 sack weighs 100 lbs)

Number of pounds or tons in Barite container
This therefore requires further calculation to convert barrels of barite into
pounds.
1 barrel of Barite weighs 1490 lbs
(if barite weighs 35.4ppg then 1 barrel weighs 35.4 x 42 lbs = 1490)
Therefore, 8.547 bbls weighs
8.547 x 1490 = 12,735 lbs
When mixing, Barite container gauge would have to drop 12,735 lbs (or 5.7 tons) or
127 sacks would be used.
To make it easier the formula can be modified.
V2
V1 (W2 = W1)
35.4 - W2
1.
Modified formula for long tons (2240 lbs = 1 long ton) required per 100
bbls of mud (V1).
modifies to:-
Convert V1 from barrels to tons, to give answer V2 in Tons.

V1
100 bbls. 1 bbl of barite weighs 1490 lbs
100 bbls of barite weighs 1490 x 100 = 149,000 lbs
July 2002
V1
149,000
2240
Apply V1
66.5 tons to formula
66.5 Tons
66.4 (W2 - W1)

35.4 W2
V2 tons
2.
Modified formula Pounds

Same as above but do not convert into tons.
lbs
V2 pounds
3.
100 bbls of barite = 149,000
149,000 (W2 - W1)

35.4 - W2
Modified formula for Sacks

1 sack weighs 100 pounds
Convert formula 2) from pounds to sacks.
149,000 lbs =
V2, sacks
1490 sacks weighing 100lbs each

1490 (W2 W1)
35.4 - W2
July 2002
The above formulae give the quantity of barite required to increase the
weight of 100 barrels of mud.
The following example will be used to check the above formulae.
Example:
Mud weight of 9.5ppg has to be raised to 11.2ppg, using barite.
Calculate:
a)
b)
c)
a)
Number of sacks/100 bbls of mud

Number of Pounds/100 bbls of mud
Number of Tons/100 bbls of mud
V2
1490 (11.2 - 9.5)

35.4 - 11.2
105 sacks
b)
149,000 (11.2 - 9.5)

35.4 - 11.2
V2
10500 Pounds
66.5 (11.2 - 9.5)

35.4 - 11.2
4.67 Tons
c)
V2
July 2002
4.67 tons
4.67 x 2240
105 sacks weighing 100 lbs
10,460 pounds
10,500 pounds
All answers are same give or take a number of pounds due to rounding off figures
for useable numbers.
Example:
Mud weight is to be raised from 9.6 to 10.8 ppg.
Total mud in system = 1420 bbls
Barite is stored in pressurized tanks calibrated in Long Tons (1 Ton = 2240 lbs)
Present Tank Reading
125.8 Tons
Calculate the number of tons of Barite required and Final Tank
Tons barite/100 bbls
66.5 (10.8 - 9.6)

35.4 - 10.8
Tons barite for system
3.24 x 14.20
461 Tons
125.8 - 46.1
79.7 Tons
Final Tank Reading
July 2002
Adding all this barite will increase total mud volume.
The new mud volume can be calculated using the formula:-
bbls increase/100 bbls of mud =
100 (W2 - W1)

35.4 - W2
Weights in ppg
For watering down the mud, use the following to get barrels of water required.
bbls of water
(W1 - W2) x original volume of mud

W2 - 8.34
Weights in ppg
July 2002
COURSE CONSOLIDATION EXERCISES
The following questions and answers have been compiled as supplemental

exercises to be completed after each relevant section, to help consolidate
your learning experience
July 2002
DRILLING CALCULATIONS COURSE
Section End Consolidation Exercises

SECTION 1
1.
Convert 486 inches to yards ft and inches.
2.
Convert 486 square inches into square ft.
3.
How many US gallons would fill a tank with a capacity of 450 cubic ft?
4.
Convert 10.3 ppg into P.C.F.
5.
What would be the equivalent in P.S.I. of 15 tons resting on a square 2ft by 2ft
6.
How many pounds force would be exerted on a hatch 2ft by 1.5ft if the
pressure behind it was 3 P.S.I.
7.
Convert 240 US gallons per minute flow into litres per minute flow.
8.
Convert 1000kg into pounds
9.
How many pounds difference between 1000kg and one long ton?
10.
Convert 90oF to degrees rankin.
July 2002

SECTION 1 : ANSWERS
1.
13 yds, 1 ft 6 inches
2.
3 square ft 54 square inches
3.
3366.4 US gallons
4.
77.05 P.C.F.
5.
15 x 2240
24 x 24
6.
24 x 18 x 3 = 1,512 lbs force
7.
908.4 ltr/min
8.
2,204 lbs
9.
2240 2204 = 36 lbs
10.
90 + 460 = 550R
58.33 PSI
July 2002

SECTION 2
1.
Express the following fractions as decimals.

a) 5/8
2.
b) 11/16
c) 7/9
d) 23/32
e) 5/24
Round off the following to 2 places of decimal.

a) .6356
b) .7945
c).7987
d) .8429
e) .6464
3.
Calculate the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 6 inches.
4.
Calculate the area of a circle with a diameter of 6 inches.
5.
Calculate the annular area between a 13 inch inside diameter pipe and a 5 inch
outside diameter pipe.
6.
Calculate the square roots of.

a) 69
7a.
b) 138
c) 276
d) 552
Calculate the capacity of a tank in US BBLS with the following dimensions.

15 long by 6 wide by 8 deep
7b.
What volume would be in the tank if the liquid height was 1 foot?
7c.
How much volume has been added to the tank if during drilling operation the
lever rose by 1 foot 5 inches?
July 2002

SECTION 2 (Cont)
8. What would be the capacity in BBLS of a sand trap?
Sand
Trap
SAND TRAP
8 deep 10 long by 10 breath and is triangular in shape.
9a. What percentage of 186 does 42 make up?

9b. What percentage of 93 does 56 make up?
9c. What percentage of 56 does 60 make?
10.What would be the volume of a 1,500 foot annulus between 5 inch pipe
and 17 inch hole?
July 2002

SECTION 2 ANSWERS
1. a) .625b) .6875
2. a) .64
c) .7778
b) .79
d) .7188
c) .80
e) .2083
d) .84
e) .65
3. D or 2 r = 18.85 inches
4. r2 = 32 = 28.27 sq. inches
5. = .7854 (132 - 52) = 113.1 sq. inches
6. a) 8.3
b) 11.75
c) 16.6
d) 23.49
7a. 720 cubic ft 5.6146 = 128.2 BBLS

7b. 128.2 8 = 16.025 BBLS
7c. 17 x 16.025
12
= 22.7 BBLS
8. x 8 x 10 x 10 = 400 cubic ft 5.6140 = 71.2 BBLS

9.a)
b)
c)
42 186 x 100 = 22.58%

56 93 x 100 = 60.22%
60 56 x 100 = 107.1%
11. (17.52 - 52) = .2733 BBL/FT x 1,500 ft = 410 BBLS

1029
July 2002
SECTION 3
1.
From the following well information calculate the volumes:

Hole size 12 hole
Hole depth 12,650
Casing shoe depth 10,200
Casing size 13 3/8 ID 12.46
5 pipe ID 4.2
a)
What is the hole volume with no pipe in the hole?
b)
What would be the liquid volume with 5 inch pipe in the hole from top to
bottom?
c)
What volume would be in the drill pipe open hole annulus?
d)
What volume would be in the drill pipe casing annulus?
e)
What would be the volume in the drill pipe?
2.
Calculate the pump output per stroke of a triplex pump with a 12 stroke
and liner size of 6 at 98% volumetric efficiency.
3.
Calculate the pump output in BBL/STK of a triplex cement pump with 5

inch liners and an 8 inch stroke.
Use a volumetric efficiency of 95%.
July 2002
SECTION 3 (Cont)
4a.
What would be the fluid output per minute of a triplex pump running at 80
strokes per minute, with 6.25 liners and 98% volumetric efficiency?
4b.
What is the annular capacity of 8 drill collars in 12 hole?
4c.
What would be the annular velocity of the fluid passing round the drill
collars?
5.
How long would it take to circulate an annular volume of 950 BBLS using the pump
in 4a?
6.
What would be the maximum pressure that could be reached pumping at 400
gallons/minute with a pump of 750 hydraulic horse power?
7.
Determine the new pressure required by increasing the pump rate from 60 to 65
strokes/min.
Pump pressure at 60 STK/MIN was 2,650 PSI.
8.
Determine the new pump pressure required to pump a lighter fluid at the same
rate. 10.5 PPG mud is being pumped at 80 STKS/MIN at 3,000 PSI.
The weight is being reduced to 9.8 PPG.
9.
Calculate the total cross sectional area of three jet nozzles 16/32, 16/32 and
14/32.
July 2002
SECTION 3 ANSWERS
1a.
1b.
10,200 of casing x 12.462

1029
1538.9 BBLS
2,450 of open hole x 12.252 =

1029
357.3 BBLS
Total volume of hole
1896.2 BBLS
Volume of steel per ft of pipe x length

(52 4.22) x 12,650
1029
90.48 BBL
1896.2 90.48
Volume of liquid in hole
1c.
1805.7 BBLS
Drill pipe open hole annular capacity length

(12.252 - 52) x 2,450
1029
297.8 BBLS
July 2002
SECTION 3 ANSWERS (Cont)
1d.
Drill pipe casing and capacity x length

(12.422 52) x 10,200 = 1,281.3 BBLS
1029
1e.
Drill pipe capacity x length

(4.22) x 12,650 = 216.9 BBLS
1029
2.
Volume in BBLS for 1 ft of 6 inch diameter

=
62 = .034985 BBLS/Cylinder
1029
For 3 cylinders = .10495 BBLS/STK

At 98% volumetric efficiency
.10495 x 9.8 = .103 BBLS/STK
100
July 2002
3.
8 inches is 2/3 of a foot, therefore the output would be 2/3 or .6666 of that of a
12 stroke
8 x (52)
12
1029
= .01619 BBL/Cylinder
For 3 cylinders = .0486 BBL/Stroke

At 95% volumetric efficiency
.0486 x
95 =
100
.046
BBL/STK
4a.
(6.252) x 3 x .98 x 80
1029
4b.
(12.252 82) = .0836 BBL/STK

1029
4c.
Annular velocity = Pump Output

Annnular Vol
= 8.928 BBL/MIN
BBL/MIN
BBL/FT
= 8.928
.0836
= 106.7 Ft/Min
July 2002

5.
Annular volume
Pump output
(BBLS)
(BBLS/MIN)
950
8.928
= 106.4 Minutes
6.
HHP = P x V
1714
750 = P x 400
1714
750 x 1714
400
= P
P = 3214 PSI
7.
New Pressure = Old Pressure x (New STKS2)

(Old STKS2)
= 2650 x (652)
(602)
= 3,110 PSI
July 2002

8.
New Pressure = Old Pressure x New Mud

Old Mud
= 3,000 x 9.8
10.5
= 2,800 PSI
9.
Area = .7854 x (Diameter2)

16/32 Jet = .7854 x (16/322)
= .19635 sq
Two
= . 3927 sq
14/32
= .7854 x (14/322)
= .1503 sq
Total area = .3927 + .1503

= .543 sq
July 2002

SECTION 4
1.
a.
b.
c.
Calculate:
Slurry volume with 10% excess
Number of Sacks
Pump stroke to pump the plug for the following single stage cement job.
Hole size 17
Casing size 13 3/8 set at 4,600 FT
Casing ID 12.42
Yield 1.05 cubic FT/SACK
Pump output .138 BBL/STK
Float set 80 above shoe
2.
Calculate for a balanced cement plug.
a.
b.
c.
Slurry volume.
Volume of water behind the cement.
Pump stroke to displace.
Hole size 8
Drill pipe size 5 cap .01738 BBL/FT
Cement plug height 500 FT
Water ahead of cement 10 BBLS
Pump output .103 BBLS/STK
Hole depth 10,350
July 2002
SECTION 4 ANSWERS
1a.
Annular capacity = (17.52 13.3752) = .1238 BBL/FT

1029
4,600 = .1238 X 4600 = 569.3 BBLS
Volume between float and shoe
= 80 x (12.422)
1029
= 12 BBLS
Total CMT requirements with no excess = 581 BBLS

With excess = 639 BBLS
1b.
Yield is 1.05 cubic FT/SAC

639 BBLS = 639 x 5.6146 SACK
= 3588 Cubic Ft
Nos of Sacks = 3588
1.05
= 3417 Sacks
July 2002
1c.
Nos of STKS
To Bump Plug
Casing Volume to Float

Pump Output PER/STCK
Casing Volume
4520 x (12.42)
1029
675.4 BBLS
675.4
4,894 STKS
Nos of STKS
2a.
.138
Volume of slurry to fill 500 of open hole.

= 500 x (8.52) = 35.1 BBLS
1029
2b.
Height of the water placed ahead when in annulus.

= 10 BBLS
Annular Cap
= 10 (8.52 52)
1029
July 2002
2b (cont)
= 10
.0459
= 218
Volume of water behind

= 218 x DP CAP
= 218 x .01738
= 3.78 BBLS
2c.
Height of plug with pipe in the hole.

=
35.1
(0.459 + .01738)
= 555
Add the height of the water in the pipe.
555 + 218
= 773
July 2002

2c.(Cont)
Mud will be pumped to a depth of 10,350 773

= 9,577
Capacity of 9,577 of DP
= 9,577 x .01738
= 166.45 BBLS
Nos of STKS = 166.45 .103
= 1616 STKS
July 2002

SECTION 5
1.
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the following columns of fluid.

a.
b.
c.
2a.
Depth 12,000 (TVD) weight 10 PPG

Depth 8,500 (TVD) weight 15.2 PPG
Depth 17,200 (TVD) weight 17.8 PPG
Calculate the mud weight in PPG that would give the following pressures at:
i)
ii)
iii)
5,000 PSI
2,325 PSI
10,950 PSI
at
at
at
10,000 ft (TVD)
5,000 ft (TVD)
16,450 ft (TVD)
2b.
What would be the increase in mud weight required to exert an additional 350 PSI
hydrostatic pressure for the examples in (2a)?
3a.
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure exerted by column of fluid made up of

different densities
From surface
From 2,000
From 3,000
3b.
to 2,000
to 3,000
to 5,000
9.2 PPG mud

8.9 PPG
16.4 PPG
What mud weight would exert this pressure?
July 2002

SECTION 5 (Cont)
4.
Calculate the relevant values and construct a step down chart for pumping kill mud
down the drill pipe.
Well information:
Depth 8,200
Mud weight 10 PPG
Shut in drill pipe pressure = 250 PSI
Slow circulating pressure = 850 PSI at 30 STK/MIN
Strokes required to pump from surface to the bit = 860 STKS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
6a.
Kill mud weight

Initial circulating pressure
Final circulating pressure
Pressure drop per 100 STKS
Chart
Calculate in cubic feet the volume a 10 BBL gas kick would occupy on surface. If the
original formation pressure was 5,300 PSI and atmosphere pressure is 14.75 PSI.
Calculate the formation strength (fracture pressure) from the following data.
Shoe depth 6,200 (TVD)
Mud weight 9.6 PPG
Leak off pressure 1,200 PSI
Give answers as a pressure and a pressure gradient.
July 2002

SECTION 5 (Cont)
6b.
Calculate the maximum allowable annular surface pressure for 10 and 12 PPG mud
respectively.
July 2002

SECTION 5 ANSWERS
1a.
1b.
1c.
6,240 PSI
6,718 PSI
5,920 PSI
i.
ii.
iii.
9.61 PPG
8.94 PPG
12.8 PPG
2b.
a)
b)
c)
10.09 PPG an increase of .48 PPG

10.21 PPG an increase of 1.27 PPG
13.21 PPG an increase of .41 PPG
3a.
2,000 x 9.2 x .052

1,000 x 8.9 x .052
2,000 x 16.4 x .052
3b.
12.02 PPG
4a.
Kill mud wt
=
=
=
=
957
463
1706
3,126 PSI
SIDPP
Depth x .052
= 10 +
+ Original Mud
250
8200 x 0.52
July 2002

4a (Cont)
= 10 + .58
= 10.6 PPG
4b.
Initial circulating pressure = Shut in drill pipe pressure + slow circ pressure
= 250 + 850 = 1100 PSI
4c.
4d.
Final circ press =
Kill Mud Wt x slow circulating pressure

Original Mud Wt
10.6 x 850
10
901 PSI
Pressure drop per STKS = P.Final circ P. Initial circ

Strokes Surface to Bit
= 1100 901
850
= .234 PSI/STK
July 2002

Per 100 STKS = 23.4 PSI (23)
5.
V2 = P1 x V1
P2
STKS
1100 PSI
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
850
1077
1054
1031
1008
985
962
939
916
901
P1 = 5,300 PSI
V1 = 10 BBLS
P2 = 14.75
V2 = 5,300 x 10
14.75
= 3,593 BBLS
For cubic ft 3,593 x 5.6146
= 20,174 cubic ft
July 2002

6.
Fracture Pressure
=
Leak off plus hyst to shoe
= 1200 + 6200 x 9.6 x 0.52
= 4,295 PSI
Fracture pressure gradient = Fracture Pressure

TVD Shoe Depth
= 4295
6200
= .693 PSI/FT
MAASP = Shoe depth (formation fracture gradient mud gradient)
For 10 PPG = 6,200 (.693 - .52)
= 1073 PSI
For 12PPG = 6,200 (.693 624)
= 428 PSI
July 2002

SECTION 6
1.
Calculate the maximum hook load that can be applied with 12 lines
13/8 wire with a breaking strain of 167,000 and a design factor of 3.
2.
With the rig up in question if the string weight was reading 350,000lbs.
What would be the loading on the fast line?
3.
Calculate the ton miles for a round trip.

With depth 12,500
300 DC weight in mud
12,200 of DP weight in mud
Block weight
= 40,000 lbs
= 200,000 lbs
= 28,000 lbs
July 2002

SECTION 6 ANSWERS
1.
Max Fast Line load
Nominal Breaking Strain

Design Factor
167,000
3
55,660 lbs
Fast Line Load

Constant
55,666
.1062
524,161 lbs
Weight of load
Fast Line Load

Constant
Fast Line Load
Weight x Constant
350,000 x .1062
Weight of load
2.
37,170 lbs
July 2002

3.
For a round trip

Drill pipe
Weight of the pipe =
Distance moved
Ton Miles
200,000
2,000
12,200
12,200
5,280
100 x 2.31
231 Ton Miles
100 Tons
2.31 Miles
Drill Collars
Move 12,200 before they reach surface.
=
2.31 Miles
Ton Miles
40,000 x 2.31
2,000
46.2 Ton Miles
July 2002

R/Trip 300 Weighing 40,000

40,000
2,000
=
300
5,280
1.14 Ton Miles
Round trip ton miles for the blocks.

Weight
28,000
2,000
14 Tons
Distance
12,500 x 4
5,280
9.47 Mile
Ton Miles
14 x 9.47
132.6 Ton Miles
Total round trip miles

= DP + DC + Block
= 231 + 46.2 + 1.14 + 132.6
= 411 Ton Miles
July 2002

SECTION 7
1.
Calculate the buoyancy factor for:

a.
b.
c.
2a.
12 PPG
14 PPG
16 PPG
How many 30 drill collars would be required if 60% of the available collar weight is
20,000 lbs?
8 drill collars in 11.8 PPG mud.
Weight = 146 lbs/ft
2b.
Where in the drill calculations would be the neutral point if 18,000 lbs was being
applied to the bit?
July 2002

SECTION 7 ANSWERS
1a.
1b.
1c.
.818
.787
.757
2a.
B/Factor for 11.8 PPG

= 1 (11.8
8.33)
7.9
= .821
60%
= 20,000
100% = 20,000
60
100
= 33,333 lbs Buoyed
Buoyed Wt
Buoyancy Factor
Dry Wt
33.333
.821
40,600
July 2002

Length
40,600
146
278 of DC
Drill Calcs
Run
2b.
278
30
9.26
Length required to make up 18,000 lbs

=
18,000
Buoyed Wt of one Ft of DC
18,000
.821 x 146
150
Neutral point is 150 above the bit.
July 2002

SECTION 8
1a.
What volume of pill is required to fill the drill collar annulus and leave 20% of that
volume in the pipe?
Hole size 8 Depth 12,200
Drill Collars 6 1/4 OD 2 ID
Drill Collar Length 360
1b.
How many strokes would be required to spot the pill then displace it out of the
string?
Drill Pipe 5 Cap .01738 BBLS/FT
Pump Output .102 BBL/STK
2.
Calculate the line pull to apply the following torques using an effective tong length
of 3.5 ft.
26,500 ft lbs
64,000 ft lbs
92,000 ft lbs
3.
What would be the resulting density if 200 BBLS of 15.2 PPG mud was mixed with
150 BBLS of 12.6 PPG?
4.
How much barite would be required to increase the mud weight in a system of 950
BBLS from 11 PPG to 11.6 PPG?
July 2002

SECTION 8 ANSWERS
1a.
8.52 6.252
1029
.0323 BBL/FT
36
11.6 BBLS
Plus 20%
13.9 BBLS
String Capacity
360
Plus
11,840
2.65 BBLS
208.4 BBLS
DC/OH Annular Cap
Total DC/OH Annular Cap
1b.
.0323
x (2.752)
1029
x
.01738
+
205.78
Volume to leave 20% in string
208.4
206.1 BBLS
2.3
July 2002

1b (Cont)
No of STKS
To spot pill
206.1
.102
2,020 STKS
Plus 23 STKS to displace 20%

2.
7,571 lbs Pull

18,285 lbs Pull
26,285 lbs Pull
3.
(200 x 15.2) + (150 x 12.6) = 350 D

D
4.
V2
(200 x 15.2) + (150 x 12.6)

350
14.08 PPG
V1 (W2 W1)
WB W2
950 (11.6 11)

35.4 11.6
23.95 BBLS of Barite

1 BBL Weight 1490 lbs
WT of Barite
23.95 x 1490
35,684 lbs
July 2002

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Drilling Calculations

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Drilling Calculations Course

Fluid Circulation Calculations

Course Consolidation Exercises

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Drilling Calculations Course

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Science today is totally dependent on measuring systems. A system was

The most common measurements taken are:

Some are Derived units: Density is derived from Mass

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inches, feet, yards and miles are the most common

Convert 2845 inches to yards, feet and inches

First, divide by 12 to obtain feet and inches:

Therefore, 2845 inches = 79 yards 0 feet 1 inch.

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Convert 92,846 square inches to square yards, sq.feet and sq

First, divide by 144

644 sq ft, 110 sq inches

Second, divide 644 by 9 =

Therefore: 92,846 sq inches

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71 sq yds, 5 sq ft, 110 sq ins

The same units as length, but prefixed by cubic

1728 cubic inches

The common term for Mass is WEIGHT. Weight is measured in

1 ton is also called a LONG TON.

DENSITY: Density is the weight of a given volume of substance and is

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Convert 8.34 ppg to pcf:

First, how many us gallons in a cubic foot?

7.4809 U.S. gal / cubic ft

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(20 x 2240) pounds per 144 sq inches

311 lbs per sq in

To make conversion easier, a table of Units and Conversion Factors is included

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THE METRIC SYSTEM

The fundamental unit is the METRE

To use the Metric system, and understanding of DECIMAL places is essential.

How can 0.04 be expressed in words or as a fraction.

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Express 0.00328 in words or as a fraction.

There are 5 jumps to the right. Therefore, 0.00328 is 328/100,000 or three

These are commonly used when measuring small parts of a unit.

0.025 of a metre is 25 millimetres or 2.5 centimetres.

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DECIMAL POINT MOVEMENT:

The gram is the basic metric unit of weight

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The metre is again the standard but it is called a CUBIC metre

The metric system commonly uses cubic centimeters or cubic metres to

100 x 100 x 100

1,000,000 cubic cms

PRESSURE: The metric unit of pressure is kilograms/sq centimeters, and the

Defines the weight of a given volume of a substance.

In the metric system, density is measured in kilograms/cubic metre or

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COMMON SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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COMMON SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS