CNC PART PROGRAMMING

CNC part programming is concerned with the planning and documentation

of the sequence of processing steps to be performed on a Numerical Control machine. It is
usually accomplished by a person whose title is part programmer. The planning portion of part
programming requires knowledge of machining (or other processing technology for which the
NC machine is designed) as well as geometry and trigonometry. The sequence of processing
steps in NC involves a series of movements of the processing head with respect to the machine
table and work part.
The documentation portion of part programming involves the input
medium that is used to transmit the program of instructions to the CNC controller unit (the
MCU). The most common input medium is used over the last 30 years is 1 wide punched tape.
Recently other ways of entering the program to the MCU have been developed. The use of
magnetic tape and floppy disks has been growing in popularity since they represent more modern
storage technologies for numerical control. The advantage of these input media is their much
higher data density. For example, one floppy diskette is capable of storing the equivalent of
several thousand feet of punched tape.
In addition, techniques for transmitting the program directly from a central
computer to the individual machines in the factory have been introduced. This form of program
input is called direct numerical control (DNC)
NC WORDS
Following is a list of the different types of words used in the formation of
block. Not every NC machine uses all the words. Also, the manner in which the words in a block
are given in the order below:
SEQUENCE NUMBER (N-WORDS). This is used to identify the block
PREPARATORY WORK (G-WORDS)
This word is used to prepare the controller for instructions that are to
follow.
For example, the word G02 is used to prepare the NC controller unit for circular interpolation
along an arc in the clockwise direction. The preparatory word is needed so that the controller can

correctly interpret the data that follow it in the block. Some typical examples of G-words are
given in the Table below.
Some Common G-Words
CODE
G00
G02
G03

PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS
Used with countering systems to prepare for a point to point operation
Linear interpolation in contouring systems
Circular interpolation, clockwise

COORDINATES (X-, Y-, Z-, WORDS):

These give the coordinate positions of the tool. In a two-axis system, only two of
the words would be used. In a four or-five-axis machine, additional a-words, b-words would
specify the angular positions.
FEED RATE:
This specifies the feed rate in a machining operation. Units are mm/min or
inch/min.
CUTTING SPEED:
This specifies the cutting speed of the process, the rate at which the spindle
rotates. Units are revaluations per minute. In a machining operation it is usually desirable for the
tool engineer to specify the speed in terms of the relative speed of the tool and work. The units
would be metre per minute. It is there necessary for the part programmer to make the conversion
from using the machining process equations given.
TOOL SELECTION:
This word would only be needed for machines with a tool turret of automatic tool
changer. The t-word specifies which tool is to be used in the operation. For example, T05 might
be the designation of 6mm drill bit ion turret position 5 on an NC turret drill.
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION:
The m-word is used to specify certain miscellaneous or auxiliary functions which
may be available on the machine tool. Of course, the machine must posses the function that is
being called. A partial but representative list of is given below. The miscellaneous function is the

last work in the block. To identify the end of instruction, an end of block (EOB) symbol is
punched on the tape.
Some typical M-Words:
CODE
M03
M04
M05

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
Start spindle in clockwise direction
Start spindle in counter clockwise direction
Stop spindle

TAPE FORMATS:
The organization of words within blocks is called the tape format. Three tape format
seem to enjoy the most widespread use:
1. Word address format
2. Tab sequential format
3. Fixed block format
The tape for mat refers to the method of writing the words in a block of instruction.
Within each format there are variations because of differences in machining processes, type of
machine, features of the machine tool, and so on.
WORD ADDRESS FORMAT:
In this format, a letter precedes each word and is used to identify the word type and to
address the data to a particular location in the controller unit. The X-prefix identifies an Xcoordinate word; an S-prefix identifies spindle speed and so on. The standard sequence of words
for two-axis NC system is
M-word
G-word
X-word
Y-word
F-word
S-word
T-word

EOB
However, since the type of word is designed by the prefix letter, the words can be
presented in any sequence. Also, if a word remains unchanged from the previous block or is not
needed, it can be deleted from the block.
FUNCTION (G CODES)
G

Codes are instruction describing machine tool movements.

G00

Fast Traverse

G01

Linear interpolation (cutting feed)

G02

Circular Interpolation (clockwise)

G03

Circular Interpolation (counter clockwise)

G04

Dwell

G20

Imperial (Input in Inches)

G21

Metric (input in mm)

G28

Go to Reference

G40

Cutter Compensation Cancel

G41

Cutter Compensation Right

G42

Cutter Compensation Left

G50

Coordinate Setting

G70

Finishing Cycle

G71

Stock Removal in Turing

G72

Multiple Facing

G73

Pattern Repeating

G74

Peck Drilling

G76

Multiple Thread

G81

Drilling Cycle

G90

Turning Cycle

G94

Facing Cycle

G96

Const. Surface

G97

Var. Surface

G98

Feed per Minute

G99

Feed per Rev.

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION (M CODES)

M Codes are instructions describing miscellaneous functions like calling the tool, spindle rotation, coolant
on etc.,
M00

Program Stop

M01

Optional stop

M02

Program end

M03

Spindle On

M05

Spindle Stop

M06

Tool Change

M08

Coolant On

M09

Coolant Off

M10

Vice Open

M11

Vice Close

M13

Spindle Forward, Coolant on

M15

Spindle Reverse, Coolant on

M25

Quill Extend

M26

Quill Retract

M30

Programme End

M38

Door Open

M39

Door Close

M98

Subprogram call

M99

subprogram exit

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