CHAPTER 1 MIXTURE

Lesson 1- forms of Mixtures (page2-8)

Mixture is any material consisting of two or more substance that is not
chemically combined.
- Formed by combining two or more substance physically
- Made of different forms of substances like solid, liquid and gas

Solid and solid mixture combination of 2 or more solids

Ex. Salad mixture, nutmix, steel
or cast iron, mixture of iron and
graphite in steel structure
Solid and liquid mixture
Ex. Sodium chloride in water
(brine)

Liquid in liquid mixture

Ex. Acetic in water (vinegar)
Liquid and gas mixture
Ex. Air or moist air
Gas mixture formed in carbon
dioxide in water or soda water
Gas and gas mixture formed in
carbon dioxide and oxygen in
nitrogen (air)

1. Homogeneous Mixture uniform composition.

- Components are distributed evenly throughout the sample
- Same properties throughout the system and show only one phase
- Components are not distinguishable.
- Also called Solutions
Components:
a. Solute is the substance that is being dissolved
b. Solvent is the substance that dissolves ad is in greater amount in
the solution.

Ex. Air a gas solution containing oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert
gases

Sea water a salt solution

2. Heterogeneous Mixture components that are not uniform in composition.

- Show 2 or more phases with definite boundaries
- Components are readily distinguishable
- Example are suspensions

- have big particles that are undissolved in liquids

Ex. Smoke, milk, blood, clouds

Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) evaluates and ascertains the quality
of products before they are
sold in the market.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) checks the accurate weights

and prices of the finished products.

Challenge yourself
A. Observations: (page 4)
1. How do you classify the mixture that was formed?
1

It is a heterogeneous mixture because components are distinguishable from

each other and are not uniform in composition.
2. How does homogeneous mixture differ from a heterogeneous mixture?
- Homogeneous mixture is a mixture that have uniform composition and are
evenly distributed showing only one phase while heterogeneous mixture is a
mixture that show two or more phase with definite boundaries and do not
have a uniform composition.
3. Why are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture important?
Conclusion:
B. Work more (Ho or He)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sea water - Ho
Milk - He
Alloy - Ho
Smoke - He
Air - Ho

6. Soluble salts - Ho
7. Muddy water - Ho
8. Soil 9. Vinegar - Ho
10.Syrup - Ho

C. Smart challenge
D. Test Yourself multiple choice (page 4)
1. Which of the following tells about the mixture?
E. C. mixture consist of 2 or more substances that are not chemically
combined
2. Which of the following is a mixture
A. air
3. Which of these consists of solute and solvent?
B. Solution
4. Which of these does not belong to the group?
D. Water
5.
6.
7.
8.

Which is the universal solvent?

What substance dissolves?
Which of these is a homogeneous mixture?
Which of these best describes heterogeneous mixture?
F. C. They have components that are not uniform
9. Which of these is a heterogeneous mixture?
Smoke
10.Which of the following is being dissolved?

D. Water
D. Solvent
A. Air
D.

B. Solute
G.
H.
Lesson 2 Colloids (page 9-13)
I.
Colloids heterogeneous mixtures consisting of particles that are suspended
or dispersed uniformly in any solvent like medium.
J.
Two phases:
a. Dispersed phase consists of the suspended particles.
b. Dispersing medium material in which the particles are suspended.
K.
Characteristics:
L.
Brownian Motion particles of colloids moves fast and randomly through
fluids where they are
dispersed.
- Prevents particles of colloids from setting.
2

M.
Most particles of colloids have electrical charges called ions which can
either be positive or negative.
N.
Colloids absorb ions on their surface and can hold some substances that they
have come in contact with on their surface
If negative ions are absorbed, colloids become negative.
If positive ions are absorbed, colloids become positive.
Charged colloid particles can attract particles from opposite charges.
O.
P.
Classification of Colloids according to their dispersed and dispersing
medium
a. Solid liquid dispersion
Q. Sol solid dispersed in liquid
R.
Ex. Pearls, opal, red glass
S. Liquid sols pigment particles that are dispersed in a liquid such as in
paints and ink
T.
Ex. Milk of magnesia and toothpaste
U. Gels- jelly-like colloids.
- They are like flexible solids.
- Most have branching structure that is made of gelatin.
V.
Ex. Gulaman, agar, jams, jellies
b. Liquid-liquid dispersion
W. Emulsion liquid dispersed in another liquid form.
- Contains tiny droplets of a liquid dispersed in another liquids.
- Formed only with an emulsifier (it is a substance that makes tiny
particles of a liquid to disperse in another form of liquid.)
- Important in improving the uniformity, consistency, stability and
textures of most foods.
X.
Ex. Mayonnaise oil and vinegar with egg yolk (contains
lecithin) as emulsifying agent
Y. Emulsifier
Z.
*Lecithin possesses a hydrophilic region, a water-loving portion that
interacts with
vinegar.
AA.
*Soap- when used with water, soap molecules spread over the
oil. This loosens oil
particles, thus washing them away easily.
c. Solid-gas dispersion
AB.
Smoke colloid dispersions which contains solid particles that are
dispersed in the air
AC.
Ex. Smoke from factories, chimneys, motor vehicles exhaust,
airborne viruses.
d. Liquid-gas dispersion
AD.
Foam consists of gas particles dispersed in a liquid.
AE.
Ex. Whipped cream and shaving cream
e. Solid or liquid gas dispersion
AF. Aerosols composed of solids or liquids particles dispersed in air.
AG.
Ex. Air freshener, aerosol sprays, man-made aerosols like
deodorants, cleansers, hair spray and insecticides
AH.
3

AI.

SUMMARY

AJ.
C
olloid

AK. Disp
ersed
phase

AL. Disper
sing medium

AM.

Example

AN. S
AQ.
Pearls, opal, red glass, pigment
AO.
Solid
AP.
Liquid
ol
ink, blood
AR. G
AS.
Liquid
AT.
Solid
AU.
Gulaman, agar, jams, jellies
els
AV.
E
mulsio AW. Liquid
AX.
Liquid
AY.
Mayonnaise
n
AZ. S
BA.
Solid
BB.
Gas
BC.
Vehicle exhaust, airborne viruses
moke
BD. F
BE.
Gas
BF.
Liquid
BG.
Whipped cream, shaving cream
oam
BH. A
BI.
Liquid
BK.
Air fresheners, deodorants, hair
erosol
BJ.
Gas
/ solid
sprays, insecticide, cleanser
s
BL.
BM. Importance
Body consist mostly of colloid particles that are suspended in water.
Blood ha a fluid portion that has protein called fibrinogen that is suspended
in it to form a sol.
When experienced a cut, one of the blood vessels breaks. Reactions take
place to convert sol to a gel. The gel makes the blood clot to prevent
losing more blood.
In food and industries, colloids are demonstrated in the formation of clump
solids called curds. The coagulation in milk is also observed in cheesemaking.
Clay is a colloid that is used in ceramics industry.
In paper industry, colloidal processes such as coating, printing and glossing
are involved.
Use of cellulose fibers, glues and inks is also shown in the cleansing action of
soaps and detergents.
BN.
BO.
Colloids that have biological and environmental impact
BP.
Dangerous pollutants when not used properly
1.
2.
3.
-

Aerosols
Spray
Insecticides
Man-made aerosols containing
fluorine, chlorine and carbon
which can be broken down in
the presence of sunlight.

Releases chlorine monoxide

molecules that affect the
ozone molecules.
4. Fluorocarbon aerosols
- Detrimental to the ozone layer

5.
6.
7.
-

A.

B.
C.

D.

Effects to the environment

To human respiratory diseases
To non-living reduced fertility of soil
Habitat destruction
Endangers biological species present in destructed habitats
Disturb the balance of the ecosystem caused pollutants from automobile
exhausts, smog and smoke from factories.

8.
9.
Observations
1. How is an emulsion formed?
2. Did you observe a liquid on top? Why?
3. Why are emulsions useful?
4. What other emulsions are found at home?
10.Conclusions
Prepare model of the Brownian movement to show one property of colloids
11.http://www.sciencehq.com/chemistry/properties-of-colloidal-solution.html
Smart Challenge
12.Form a group of five members. Make a poster to show the proper use of
colloids to avoid its negative biological and environmental impact.
Test yourself (multiple choice)
1. Which best describes colloids?
13.C. Colloids are particles suspended uniformly in a solvent like medium
2. Which of these is an emulsion?
B.
Mayonnaise
3. Which is a mixture of smoke and fog?
C.
Smog
4. What happens when a colloid absorbs a negative ion?
B. A
colloid becomes negative
5. Which of the following refers to tiny liquid or solid particles dispersed in a
gas? A. Aerosol
6. Which describes the motion of colloidal particles? B. Colloids are in constant
and rapid motions
7. Which is a colloid consisting of gas particles dispersed in a liquid?
A. Foam
8. Which of these is a jelly like colloid?
gel
9. Which of these is a colloid used in ceramic industry?
B. Clay
10.Why are aerosols detrimental to environment?
D.
aerosols endanger the ozone layer

14.
15.
16.
17.
A.
-

Lesson 3 Separating Mixture (page 18-20)

Mixtures can be separated by different physical processes
Methods of Separating Mixtures
Decantation
Process of separating solid components from liquid components in a
mixture. The solids or sediments settle at the bottom. Then the liquid clears,

it is poured out slowly from the container into another container leaving
solids or sediments that settled.
B. Distillation
- Separate a mixture that has volatile component. Involves 2 processes called
evaporation and condensation.
- Done when a dissolved solid remains in the distilling flask as its solvent
separates
18.*Simple distillation used when liquid components in the solution possess
different boiling points.
C. Evaporation
- Involves separating volatile substance mixed with non-volatile
substance.
- Done by heating the mixture
- The volatile substance evaporates at a temperature that is lower than the
boiling point of water.
- As the liquid is heated, it absorbs heat and changes to vapor.
D. Filtration
- Separating a mixture composing of two phases: solid and liquid using a
filter paper, cloth or any fine material that can hold solid particles
- Solid will stay in the filter paper while the liquid pass through.
E. Physical Manipulation
- Separation of components of the mixture using the hand or any
instrument.
19.Ex. Cleaning the rice before cooking by removing the seeds, weed, tiny
stones etc. from the rice grains.
F. Using a Magnet
- Uses a magnet to separate particles of metallic substances from those of
nonmetal substance in the mixture.
G. Chromatography
- Separating liquid mixtures.
- Continuous or batch chemical analysis and separation that is based on the
preferential absorption of different components of liquid.
- Done by taking advantage of the difference in the tendency of each
component to be absorbed in the surface and the tendency to be dissolved in
a solvent.
20.
21.
Benefits of Mixture and Safety Measures in using them
Household products
Mixture in our body (blood, urine, sweat and other body fluids)
22.
*Cholorfluorocarbon (CFC) used in aerosol s and propellant products
destructs the ozone layer that protects the earth from harmful radiation, increases
temperature causing worlds climate disturbance.
23.
24.
B. Work More
1. Saltwater
Evaporation
2. Vegetable salad
Physical Manipulation
3. Iron and sulfur
using Magnet
6

4. Palay husk from the grain

Physical Manipulation
5. Pebbles and sand in an aquarium
Filtration
25.
C. Test yourself
1. What processes are involved in distillation?
C. Condensation &
Evaporation
2. How is salt separated in saltwater solution?
C.
Evaporation
3. How can iron filling be separated from sawdust and cornstarch mixture?
D. use of magnets
4. Which is true about the process of decantation?
26.C. it is pouring the liquid to another container and leaving the solid
component
5. Which of the following processes uses a paper, cloth, or fine material to
separate the solids from the mixture?
C. Filtration
6. Which of the following does not describe the process of decantation?
27.D. less denser liquid settles beneath the denser liquid
7. Which process or method separates a metallic substance from those of
nonmetal?
28.D. use of magnets
8. Which is an example of physical manipulation?
B. Picking tiny
stones from the rice grains
9. Which of the statement is incorrect?
C. Mixtures are all beneficial
to the environment
10.Which is not true about mixture?
C. Mixture are made only for
household consumption
29.
30.
UNIT I TEST
A. Multiple Choice
1. Which of these best describes mixtures?
31.C. Mixture consist of two or more substances that are physically
combined
2. Which of these consist solute and a solvent?
B. Solution
3. What happens when a colloid absorb a negative ion?
B. A colloid
becomes negative
4. Which colloid is used in ceramics industry?
B. Clay
5. What processes are involved in distillation?
C.
Condensation & Evaporation
6. Which is incorrect about mixtures?
C. Mixture are useful only for
household consumption
7. Which of these is a mixture?
A. Air
8. Which is the universal solvent?
D. Water
9. Which is a homogeneous mixture?
A. Air
7

10.Which is a heterogeneous mixture?

A.
Emulsion
32.
B. Fill in the blanks
1. Solvent the substance that dissolves and in greater amount I the
solution
2. Solute the substance that is being dissolved.
3. Mixture consist of two or more substances
4. __________ a mixture consisting of particles that are not chemically
combined.
5. Gel jelly-like colloids
6. Aerosol colloids composed of solid or liquid particles dispersed in air
7. Foam a colloid consisting of gas particles dispersed in a liquid.
8. Filtration/Decantation a process of separating solid components from
liquid components in a mixture
9. Physical Manipulation a process of separating components of mixture
using the hand.
10.Use of Magnet a process of separating components from those of
nonmetal substance
33.
C. Ho or He
1. Air
Ho
2. Seawater Ho
3. Blood
He
4. Milk
He
5. Smoke

He
34.

CHAPTER 2 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

35.
Lesson 1 Parts and function of Musculoskeletal System (page 28-31)
36.
Musculoskeletal System the system that provides locomotion, support
and protection to the body.
- Also called locomotor system
37.
Primary function:
a. Supporting the body
b. Allowing movement
c. Protecting vital organs
38.
2 body systems: muscular system and skeletal system
39.
40.
Composition and Function
1. Bones classified according to their appearance or shape
a. Humerus bone of the upper arm
b. Femur thigh bone
41.
Function:
- Store salt and metabolic materials
- Serves as the part where bodys production of red blood cells or erythrocytes
takes place.
8

- Framework of the body

- Give shape and support
- Protect internal organs like brain, heart, lungs and liver.
2. Muscles fibrous structure that make the body move.
42.
Three categories:
a. Voluntary conscious movements
b. Involuntary found in certain internal organs. (no control)
43.Ex. Esophagus with the muscles that contract to make foods move
downward.
c. Cardiac muscle found in the heart
3. Joint where bone articulate.
44.Ex. elbow and knee
4. Cartilage strong and tough tissue which covers joint ends
5. Tendons tissues that connect muscles to the bones
6. Ligaments connect one bone to another.
45.
46.
*Connective system of musculoskeletal system term which refer to the
working together of these parts allowing a person to move and have specific
range of motion.
47.
*Bursa small fluid sac consisting of white fibrous tissue and lined with
synovial membrane.
- Provides cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a
joint.
48.
49.
A. Observation
50.
1. What happened to the chicken wing?
51.
2. How do movements occur?
52.
3. How do the muscular and skeletal systems work together?
- The tissues of muscular system and skeletal system interact to cause
movements in body. Together with the joints, which act as fulcrums, the
bones and muscles work together to create levers in the body.
53.
54.
Conclusion:
55.
56.
B. work more
1. What consists the musculoskeletal system?
a. Bone
b. Muscles
c. Joint
d. Cartilage
e. Tendon
f. Ligament
2. What are the three categories of the muscles in the musculoskeletal system?
a. Voluntary muscle
b. Involuntary muscle
c. Cardiac muscle
3. What are the primary functions of the musculoskeletal system?
a. Support the body
9

b. Allows movement
c. Protect the vital organs
57.
C. Smart challenge
58.
Write an essay to explain the working relationship of the muscular and
skeletal systems.
- The tissues of muscular system and skeletal system interact to cause
movements in body. Together with the joints, which act as fulcrums, the
bones and muscles work together to create levers in the body.
59.
D. Test yourself (multiple choice)
1) How is musculoskeletal system called?
C. Locomotor
System
2) Which serves as the framework of the body?
A. Bones
3) Which is not taken care of by the voluntary muscles?
C. Sleeping
4) Which of these connect muscles to the bones?
D. Tendons
5) Which does not describe the musculoskeletal system?
D. it
transport food and oxygen
6) Which of these is not a function of the bones?
D. they send
messages to the body cells
7) What are fibrous structures that make the body move?
D. Muscles
8) Which muscles are found in the heart?
B. Cardiac Muscles
9) Which is true about the ligaments?
C. They connect one bone
to another
10)
Which is a strong and tough tissue that covers joint ends?
A. Cartilage
60.
61.
Lesson 2 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and their
Prevention (page 35-38)
62.
Frequently cause disability, impairments and handicaps.
63.
These disease causes pain or discomfort in the bones, joints, muscles or
surrounding structure.
64.
If used too often and too hard, it is prone to wear and tear damage due to
environmental factors and activities or a weak and ineffective system.
65.
1. Arthritis joint tissues become less resilient. These joint tissues start to
degenerate as one grows older
- Cause chronic inflammation that result to severe joint damage called
rheumatoid arthritis causing pain and immobility
- Loss of mobility and changes that occur in both joint soft tissues and the
opposing bones is called osteoarthritis.
2. Osteoporosis porous bones
- Common disease of the bones
- Deterioration of the bone tissue that results to loses of bone mass
- Susceptible to bone fracture
3. Osteomalacia soft bones
- Lack of calcium during early childhood development
- Bones do not become rock hard but rubbery

10

4. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affects people whose job deals with repeated
flexing of wrist like typing and painting.
- Develops tingling or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers
with weakness of movements of the thumb.
5. Tendonitis caused by repetitive forceful motions, overstretching and
overloading the body part
- Repeated strain on a tendon and attachment of muscles to bone can cause
inflammation on the tendon results in pain and difficulty in movement
involving the muscle.
6. Bursitis causes pain in the bodys joint.
- Caused by the inflammation of the bursa (acts as lubricating surface for
muscles to move over bones)
- Caused by over activity of an arm or leg
7. Sprain injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint.
- Result to sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissue of the ligaments.
- Extremely painful
- Injured part swells and turns black or blue
8. Fibromyalgia causes pain throughout the entire body.
- Affects ligaments, muscles, tendons of the body
- Causes fatigue and exhaustion of the body
66.
67.
Prevention and Care of the Musculoskeletal System
68.
Treatments:
1. Over the counter remedies
2. Specialized braces restrict movement
3. Medical treatment
69.
Orthopedic care- gives to individuals with disabilities that are inhibiting
their ability to enjoy full range of
motion and move without physical pain.
70.
Ex. traction, splints, and non-surgical procedures such as ligament
repair
71.
Most important Care
1. Eating the right kind and amount of food
2. Enough sleep
3. Living a happy life
72.
Rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons doctors who specialize in
musculoskeletal disorders.
73.
Rheumatologist diagnoses and treats conditions such as arthritis,
bursitis and tendonitis.
- Prescribes rest, physical therapy and medications
74.Orthopedic Surgeons performs surgery if patients dont respond to
conservative treatment.
75.
76.
A. Observation
77.
1. What happened to the chicken bones? Why?
78.
2. How can bones be made strong?
79.
Conclusion:
80.
81.
B. Work more
11

82.

Describe
1. Arthritis joint tissues become less resilient causing inflammation, pain and
immobility in joint tissues and bones
2. Tendonitis Repeated strain on a tendon and attachment of muscles to bone
can cause inflammation on the tendon results in pain and difficulty in
movement involving the muscle
3. Bursitis pain in the bodys joint caused by the inflammation of the bursa
due to over activity of arms or legs
4. Sprains injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint caused by
sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissue of the ligaments resulting to
swelling of injured part which turns to black or blue
5. Osteoporosis Deterioration of the bone tissue that results to loses of bone
mass and becomes susceptible to bone fracture
C. Smart Challenge
83.Make a research on our favorite athlete who exemplifies physical fitness.
Write an essay about this person. Include his/her picture and sports.
84.D. Test yourself (multiple Choice)
1) Which of these musculoskeletal conditions describes the deterioration of the
bone tissue that results to the loss of bone mass?
c.
osteoporosis
2) Which disorder causes pain in the bodys joint?
c. bursitis
3) Which is not a cause of tendonitis?
b. sudden fall
4) Which is brought about by an injury to a ligament or to the tissue covering a
joint?
d. sprain
5) Which of these is a condition causing pain throughout the body affecting the
ligaments, muscles and tendons?
b. fibromyalgia
6) Which of those is caused by lack of calcium in the bones? c. osteomalacia
7) Who specialize in musculoskeletal disease?
d. rheumatologists
8) Who performs musculoskeletal surgery to a patient not responding to
conservative treatment?
85.
c. orthopedic surgeon
9) Who may not be affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?
a. dancer
10)
Which of these is most needed to keep the bones strong? a. calcium
86.Chapter test
1. Which of the musculoskeletal organs serves as the framework of the body?
A. bones
2. Which of the organs makes the body move?
C.
muscles
3. Which of these connects one bone end to another?
B.
ligament
4. Which connect muscles to the bones?
D.
tendons
5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
C.
locomotor system
12

6. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

C. Metabolic
7. Which allow the conscious movements of the body pars?
muscles
8. Which does not describe the musculoskeletal system?
transports food and oxygen
9. Which is not taken care of by voluntary muscles?
breathing
10.Which is not a function of the bones?
body move
11.Which muscles are found in the heart?
muscles
12.Which of these diseases describes bones as porous and weak?
C. osteoporosis
13.Which is not a symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome?
of the muscles
14.Which of these diseases causes pain in the body joint?
B. Bursitis
15.Which is an injury to a ligament?
sprain
16.Which is caused by lack of calcium in the bone?
A. calcium
17.Who deal most in treating musculoskeletal disease?
rheumatologist
18.Who may not be affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?
A. dancer
19.Who performs musculoskeletal surgery?
orthopedic surgeon
20.Which describes the deterioration of bone tissue resulting to
mass? C. osteoporosis
87.

D. Voluntary
D. it
B.
B. make the
A. Cardiac

D. swelling

C.

D.

C.
loss of bone

88.

13

89.
CHAPTER 3 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
90.
Lesson 1 Parts and the Processes of Digestion
91.
Digestive system responsible for the
food taken into the body which serves as the
source of energy that makes human work.
- Transforms food into simpler form
- Composed of alimentary tract and
digestive glands
92.
93.
The Process of Digestion
94.
Ingestion The process where food enters
the body through the mouth.
95.
Digestion The mechanical and chemical
process that take place when food is in the
mouth.
96.
Mastication The process of chewing the
food using the teeth.
97.
*Saliva

chemical
substance
secreted by the salivary
gland
that
lubricates the mouth.
Important in the chemical digestion
of food.
The food is chemically broken down into smaller particles.
98.
Swallowing reflex brings the food into the pharynx
99.
Peristalsis alternate rhythmic wavelike contraction that propels bolus to
the stomach.
100.
*food passes from pharynx esophagus stomach for only 5 to 10
seconds.
101. Absorption the process that takes place in the small intestine (complete
digestion of food)
102.
*Villi part of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients takes
place.
103. Circulation Process where digested products are transported to the
different cells of the body.
104. Assimilation Process where the digestive products are incorporated as
part of the protoplasm.
105.
*digestive products are broken down to provide energy.
106. Egestion The last process where undigested residue is expulsed.
107.
108. Parts:
109. Pharynx A common passage way for digestion and respiration.
5 to 6 inch long.
110. Esophagus a long muscular tube that conveys the bolus from the pharynx
to the stomach
111. Stomach an enlarged organ fond below the diaphragm.
14

Serves as the storage and mixing chamber for food before it enters the small
intestine.
112. Small intestine longest organ of the digestive tract about 6m long and
2.5cm wide.
113.
Positions:
a. Duodenum shortest and most fixed position of the small intestine.
(2.5cm)
b. Jejunum middle and freely movable part.
114. *treitz ligament band that marks the junction between
duodenum and jejunum
c. Ileum longer and highly coiled portion that is connected to the large
intestine.
115. Large intestine (colon) 1.5m long and 5cm in diameter.
- Reabsorb the excess water that forms vitamins and minerals which the body
also absorbed.
116. Rectum end part of the large intestine that stores fecal materials
temporarily.
There are 2 sphincter muscle between rectum and anus one voluntary and
the other is involuntary.
Strong contraction of the large intestine gives an urge to defecate.
117. Two Glandular Organs helps in the chemical digestion of food in the small
intestine.
1. Liver largest organ in the body and found at the upper part of the abdomen
Plays an important role in the production of bile.
118.
*Bile composed of bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, inorganic
salts and bilirubin.
119.
Emulsifies fats and neutralizes the acidity of the chime in order
for the enzyme in the
small intestine to function well.
120.
*Bilirubin a waste product that is formed when red blood cells are
destroyed.
2. Pancreas an elongated organ that lies behind the stomach.
Secretes pancreatic juice that contains an alkaline solution rich in
bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acidity of chime.
121.
Components of pancreatic juice: amylopsin, trypsin, steapsin and
nuclease.
122.
*Chime semi-fluid mass of partly digested food.
123.
*Enzymes organic catalysts that bring about chemical digestion of
food.
Epiglottis a small flap that closes off the windpipe of the trachea before the
food are swallowed to prevent the entry of food into the lungs
124.
A. Observations
1. What roles do the following do?
125.
Biscuits?

126.
127.

Calamansi?
Squeezing hand?

15

2. What happened to the biscuits?

Why?
128.
3. How does the stomach work?
129.
Conclusion:

B. Work More
C. Conduct/make a research on how
commercial anti acid affects acid in
stomach

D. Test yourself (multiple choice)

1. Where does the digestion of food start?
B. mouth
2. Why is the digestive system important?
B. it transforms
food to simpler forms.
3. Which of the following lubricates the food as it is broken into pieces in the
mouth?
C. saliva
4. Which is an enlarged organ that serves as the storage and mixing chamber
for food? D. stomach
5. Which of these is the rhythmic wavelike contraction that takes place in the
stomach?
E. D. peristalsis
6. Which is the longest organ of the digestive tract?
D.
small intestine
7. Which of the processes transports the digested products to the diff. body
cells?
C. Circulation
8. Which is the largest organ of the body?
C. Liver
9. Where does the complete digestion of food take place?
B. Small intestine
10.What is the end part of the large intestine?
C. Rectum
F.
Lesson 2 Diseases and Care of the Digestive System (page 51-54)
1. Appendicitis inflammation of the appendix (small organ attached to the first
part of the large
intestine).
G. Symptoms:

Pain in the lower right part of

the abdomen

Low-grade fever
Nausea
vomiting

2. Colorectal cancer cancer of the colon and rectum

- Cells in the colon or rectum abnormally divide and form a mass called tumor.
- Cells travel through the blood or lymph casing cancer in other organs of the
body.
3. Symptoms:
Change in bowel habits
Blood in the stool
4. Diarrhea having loose, watery stools caused by infection with bacteria,
viruses or parasites, some
foods or health problems affecting the digestive
system.
16

5. Food-borne illness or Food poisoning caused by food and beverages

contaminated by bacteria,
viruses or parasites.
6. Symptoms:

Upset stomach
Diarrhea

Abdominal cramping
Vomiting

7. Gas (flatulence) common to everyone

- May be in the form of burping or passing gas.
- Caused by sulfur produced by bacteria in the colon.
8. Gastritis inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
- Caused by too much alcoholic drinking, long term use of pain relievers and
certain bacterial infection.
9. Symptoms:
Pain or abdominal upset
Bloating
Burning in the upper abdomen
10.Gastroesophagael reflux (GER) occurs when the lower esophageal
sphincter fails to close allowing
stomach acid to flow back into the
esophagus.
- Can cause heartburn
11.Heartburn burning sensation on the chest.
- Caused when acid in the stomach flows back in the esophagus
12.Hemorrhoids swollen, inflamed veins around the anus or lower rectum.
- Common symptom is having blood in stool.
13.Stomach Ulcer (peptic ulcer) occurs when a sore develops in the lining of
the stomach and sometimes in the duodenum.
- Commonly caused by bacteria called Helicobacter Pylori or H. Pylori.
14.Symptoms:

Gnawing abdominal pain

Poor appetite
Nausea

Weight loss
Vomiting

Prevention vital to prevent digestive disorders

a. Drinking water (6 to 8 glasses of water daily) lack of water in the body
causes constipation and related digestive discomfort and disorder.
b. Eat fresh fruits and vegetables
c. Eat food sources rich in choline from lettuce, cauliflower, soybeans and
eggs.
d. Reduce stress in your daily life. intestine react in a negative manner to
stress
e. Eat plenty of fiber foods
Fiber indigestible part of plants from fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds and
whole grains
Without fiber, proper elimination of wastes does not take place.
17

f.

A.

B.

C.

D.

Exercise promotes food digestive health. It speeds up digestion and

elimination.
Food allergies cause digestive discomfort.
Rudolph Schindler father of gastroscopy
- Describe many diseases that involve the human digestive system.
- Developed, together with Georg Wolf, a semi-flexible gastroscope in 1932.

Observation
1. What fruits and vegetables are good for the digestive system?
2. How do fruits and vegetables care for the digestive system?
3. What other ways help care for the digestive system?
Conclusion:

Work more
Have an interview with a nutritionist. Ask him/her and keep a record of the
healthy foods needed to care for the digestive system.

Smart challenge
Form a group of 5 members. Enjoy by creating different sounds the body
makes as foods are processed. Discuss what sounds are made as they eat and
digest foods. Identify the different processes of the digestion process and
associate the different sounds made.

Test yourself (multiple choice)

1. Which of the following diseases is described as having loose and watery
stools?
B. Diarrhea
2. Which of the following does not describe diarrhea?
C.
Swollen vein
3. What is a small organ attached to the first part of the large intestine?
A. Appendix
4. Which of these describes a burning sensation felt on the chest?
B. Heartburn
5. Which is not a source of fiber?
D. Garlic
6. Which does not belong to the group?
A. Asthma
7. Which is not a symptom of stomach ulcers?
A.
Difficulty in breathing
8. Which of these does not show care for the digestive system?
D.
Face a stressful life
9. Which of these statements is incorrect?
D. Eat on
an irregular schedule
10.Which disease is caused by foods that are contaminated by bacteria?
C. Food poisoning
Chapter Test
18

1. Which best describes the digestive system?

D. it transforms food to
simpler forms
2. Which process shows the entrance of food through the mouth?
D. Mastication
3. Where does digestion start?
B. Mouth
4. Which chemical substance lubricates the mouth?
D. Saliva
5. Which is the largest organ of the body?
C. Liver
6. Which is a muscular organ that serves as storage and mixing chamber for
food?
C. Stomach
7. Which is the largest organ of the digestive tract?
C.
small intestine
8. Which refers to the expulsion of the undigested residence of the digestive
tract?
A. Egestion
9. Which part secretes pancreatic juice?
C. Pancreas
10.What are the organic catalysts that bring about chemical digestion of food?
B. Enzymes
11.Which is not a sign of having diarrhea?
C.
Swollen vein
12.Which of these describes a burning sensation that is felt on the chest?
C. Heartburn
13.Which is not a source of fiber?
D. Garlic
14.Which disease is caused by foods that are contaminated by bacteria?
C. Food poisoning
15.Which is not a good practice to care for the digestive system?
D.
Face a stressful life
16.Which does not affect the digestive system?
A. Asthma
17.Which of these statements is incorrect?
D. Eat on
an irregular schedule
18.Which may occur when a sore develops in the lining of the stomach?
D. Ulcer
19.Which describes swollen, inflamed veins around the anus or lower rectum?
B. Hemorrhoids
20.Which is described as having loose and watery stools?
B. Diarrhea

19


Chapter 4

The Human Respiratory System

Respiratory system responsible for the supply

of oxygen needed for life
activity.
- Made up of different organs
that work together in the
process of respiration.
- Divided into two:
1. Upper tract nose, nasal
cavity, pharynx
2. Lower
tract

larynx,
trachea, bronchial tubes,
bronchioles, air sac

Oxygen used by the body to

produce energy.

needed by the body

continuously, 8
minutes absence
could be fatal

Holding breathe carbon

dioxide, a waste
product builds up in the body and must
exhaled as it is not
needed in the body.

Normal rate 16 to 24 times per minute

Extreme activities like jogging faster breathe rate

*breathing deep and fast after jogging means that the body needs
more supply of oxygen.

Respiration process through which oxygen is taken in and delivered to the

cells of the different parts
of the body.
- Responsible in giving off water and carbon dioxide as waste products

Upper Respiratory Tract

1. Nose where air enters the body
Parts:
a. Nostrils two openings of the nose
b. Septum a strong and flexible cartilage that separates the nostrils
c. Hairs in the nostril filter the larger particles of dust and dirt as air enters the
nostrils.
d. Cavities hollow space inside the nose
e. Nasal cavities lined with cilia and mucus membrane
f. Cilia mucus and hair like structure
Filter smaller particles of dust and dirt
g. Mucus membrane moist tissue lining that catches particles of dirt.
Warms and moistens the incoming air.
h. Tiny blood vessels warm and moisten the passing air

20

*action of mucus membrane and cilia makes the air that enters the
lungs free from dust and dirt.
2. Pharynx (throat) where warm, clean and moist air passes.
- About 13 cm long, found at the back of the throat which connects the nasal
cavity with the trachea
- Separated into 2 tubes: esophagus leads to stomach, and trachea leads to
the lungs

Epiglottis flap of cartilage found at the bottom of the pharynx.

- Opens and closes the trachea.
- Closes when you swallow food
- In upright position when you inhale to allow air to pass through.
- Open most of the time to allow the flow of air in the breathing process.

Lower Respiratory Tract

1. Larynx main site for sound production. (voice box)
- Located at the lower end of the pharynx and on top of the trachea
- Contains two vocal cords which vibrate when air passes by them.
- Produce voice with the help of either one of the 2 pairs of vocal cords
- Prevent choking
Glottis elongated space between the vocal cords where epiglottis folds back
over when you swallow food.
2. Trachea (windpipe) situated in front of the food pipe (esophagus) and can be
felt through the neck.
- Covered by tough and hard rings.
- Facilitates the flow of air into the lungs and even moistening of air.
- Lined with mucus and cilia which trap the dirt and dust and sweep them away
from the lungs by coughing or sneezing.
- Divides into 2 branches at the end.
3. Bronchi (bronchial tubes) tube like structure made strong with a lining of
ciliated epithelium and mucus producing cells.
- Enters the spongy lungs on both right and left
sides of thoracic cavity.
- Allows the lungs to expand and contract
during the breathing process.
- Divided
into
smaller
branches
called
bronchioles which do not contain any cartilage
- Ends in circular sac called alveoli
4. Alveoli one of the most important part
- Basic functional units of the lungs
- Air sac that makes the lungs soft and spongy
- Primary function is gaseous exchange
facilitated by capillaries.
Capillaries extremely thin-walled blood vessels where the blood takes
up a new supply of oxygen and deposits the excess carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
Veins carry blood with carbon dioxide to the alveoli.
Red blood cells carry carbon dioxide from the cells and release it.
21

The inhaled oxygen is absorbed into the arterial blood.

Carbon dioxide is pumped out of the alveoli and the lungs with the help of the
diaphragm that relaxes, shrinking the lungs, thereby increasing the pressure. So,
carbon dioxide is expelled through inhalation.

Lungs main organs of the respiratory system.

- Located inside the chest cavity
- Have a spongy-like quality and a pinkish color
- Right lung is larger and broader than left and has three lobes
- Left lung is smaller, narrower and longer because heart lies to the left side. It
is also divided into 2 lobes
- Oxygen is taken into the body ad carbon dioxide is breathed out.
Each lung s 600 grams and can hold about 6 liters of air. The child lungs however
can hold less.
Red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and
carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it.
RBC drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide, which
is a waste gas product produced by the cells.
RBC transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and you breathe it out when
you exhale.

Pleura two membranes that covers the lungs.

- One is tightly attached to the lungs and the other covers the inner part of the
thoracic cavity.
- Secrete mucus that acts as lubricants to decrease friction when the lungs
move during breathing.

Diaphragm a sheet of smooth muscle that separates the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity
- Found at the floor of the chest cavity
- Together with the rib cage, serves as a protection for the lungs against
external shock or injury
- Moves up and down during breathing process
- Major function is to initiate the breathing process.
When you breathe out, it moves upward, forcing the chest cavity to get
smaller and pushes the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and
mouth.
Human average about 14 to 17 breaths per minute, which brings about 7 liters
of air into the lungs.
One deep breath brings into the lungs an amount of air called tidal volume.

22

Mechanism of breathing

Breathing refers to the mechanical processes of inhaling and exhaling air.

- Accomplished by changing the size of the chest cavity by contract and
relaxing the diaphragm and the chest muscles.
Two reasons why Breathing is important:
1. It means to supply the body and its various organs with oxygen which is vital
for your survival.
2. It gets rig of waste product and toxins from the body.

Ventilation the term used to describe the movement of air to and from the
alveoli.

Respiration or inhalation the process of taking in air into the lungs

- the diaphragm stretches down and the chest muscles raise the rib cage and
breastbone.
- Chest expands, and a lesser pressure is formed inside the cavity. Since the
outside is greater, air enters the lungs through the nose or mouth.

Exhalation or Expiration process of breathing out

- The diaphragm moves up again and the ribs drop to their normal position
thus increasing the pressure against the lungs
- The space around the lungs and the chest becomes smaller since the lungs is
squeezed and air is expelled through the nose or mouth.

Pathway of the air

Inhale: nose/mouth pharynx larynx trachea left/right bronchi

(enters lungs) bronchioles alveoli (air sac)
Each air sac swells when you breathe in.
Oxygen passes through the thin walls of the air sac into capillaries oxygen
blends with blood cells in the alveoli transported to the different parts of the
body exhaled
Exchange of gases in the lungs takes place in the capillaries

Exchange of gases

23


External respiration Interchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide that
takes place in the capillaries
in the lungs.
- Blood loses carbon dioxide and moisture as it gains oxygen, which combines
with the hemoglobin of the red cells.
- There is a continuous flow of blood through the capillaries, so that at eat once
or twice each minute all the blood in the body passes rough the capillaries of
lungs.
- This process takes place only a second or two but many changes take place.

Internal Respiration exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the cells or

the different parts of the body.
- After the exchange, oxygenated blood is returned o the heart and distributed
to all the parts of the body.

Control of breathing

Breathing center specialized cell at the medulla of the brain which control
the rate of breathing.
- Monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
When too much CO2 in the blood, they activate the nerves that
speed up the actions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.
Factors such as excitement, stress, exercise, and disease can
modify the rate of breathing, which is normally about 14-17 times
per minute

Yawning adaptation of the human body when it is tired.

tired body slows down and does not readily get rid of the metabolic
wastes
- Too much carbon dioxide remains in the blood activating the breathing center.
- The body involuntarily opens the mouth wide, takes in an enormous amount
of air and then pushes out a large breath that expels a lot of carbon dioxide.
- Also triggered by sights and sounds induce yawning when seeing someone
yawn.

Hiccups happen when the message going to the breathing center gets
mixed up with other messages particularly those that activate the epiglottis.
- May happen while breathing center activates the diaphragm to inhale air, the
epiglottis at this point gets the wrong signal and closes the wind pipe causing
the diaphragm to jerk violently.
The lungs of an average adult, unfolded and flattened out would cover an area
the size of tennis court. Each adult lung weighs about 0.45kg. a healthy
individual releases 3.5 oz. of gas in a single flatulent emission or about 17 oz. in
a day.

24

A. Observation
Name the parts of the lungs labelled and state the function or brief
description of each part

B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
1.

Conclusion:

Work More
Write a short composition about the parts and functions of the respiratory
system
Compose a song about the respiratory system.
Make a crossword puzzle about the mechanism of breathing
Make a short poem about the respiratory system.

Test yourself
Why does the body use oxygen?
A. to release excess
carbon dioxide

25

2. Why are the cilia and the mucus membrane important in the respiratory
system?
D. They cleanse and warm the air before it reaches the lungs
3. Why do you breathe faster when you exercise?
D. oxygen is used up
and more CO2 is present
4. Which of the following best describes the air you inhale?
D. equal content
of oxygen and CO2
5. How does air enter your body?
A. through the
respiratory tract
6. Why do we need to breathe?
C. to get oxygen
and release CO2
7. Why do you breathe harder when you jog?
A. Your body
needs more oxygen
8. Which of the following happens when you exhale?
B. air pressure in lung becomes greater than outside
9. Why are lungs important?
A. they supply the body with oxygen and
remove CO2
10.Which of the following would prove that there is carbon dioxide in exhaled
air?
B. exhaling through a drinking straw into lime water

26


Lesson 2 Common Ailments and Care of Respiratory System

Respiratory System filters out foreign matters and organisms that enter
through the nose and mouth.

Factors affecting the health of lungs and other parts

1. Genetics
2. Pollutants
3. Irritants
4. Infectious diseases

Diseases of the lung

1. Asthma condition where a person experience difficulty in breathing.
- Shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
- During an attack, the bronchial tubes contract quickly.
- Often an allergic reaction
- Caused by plant pollens, eating certain foods or stress
- Usually begins in childhood or adolescence but may also first appear during
adult years.
Treatment:
Identifying the specific substance causing the allergic reaction and
avoiding contact with it
Drugs to relax the muscles of bronchial tubes and allow an increased air
flow which may be taken by mouth or inhaled through a nebulizer, a
device that delivers a regulated flow of medication into the airway.
2. Bronchitis too much mucus is produced in the bronchial tubes.
- Most cases is a result of smoking.
- Cough often to try to clean the mucus from the airway. However the more a
person coughs, the more the cilia and bronchial tubes can be harmed.
When cilia are damaged, their ability to move mucus, bacteria and dirt
out of the lungs is impaired. When this happens, harmful substances
such as sticky tar from burning tobacco, build up in the airways.
Symptoms: runny nose
Dry cough
Breathlessness

Sneezing
Wheezing
- There is no cure for chronic bronchitis and treatment to help reduce
symptoms is complex.
- Best way to prevent is stop smoking or to avoid learning how to smoke
- If excessive coughing occurs, there is a need to see a doctor at once.
Treatment:

Complete bed rest

Steam breathing
Hot foot bath
Keep the body warm

Drink plenty of fruit juices

Avoid fatty foods, sweet and
starch

3. Tuberculosis acute or chronic infectious disease of the lungs cause by Tubercle

bacilli
- Coughing and spits out a yellowish sputum often streaked with blood.
- Highly communicable disease (avoid using the personal things of infected
person)
27

Can be treated at home with a combination of prescribed drugs. If not

effective, surgery to repair the damaged lung or remove part or all of it may
be performed.
- If diagnosed early, recovery rate for TB sufferers is very good.
4. Symptoms: fatigue
loss of appetite
fever
5.
Sweating at night loss of weight
persistent cough
6. Treatment/ Prevention:
Antibiotics, vitamins, good diet, complete bed rest, fresh air
Strong body resistance
Avoid contamination
7. Emphysema disease in which the alveoli in the lung can no longer expand and
contract.
- Smoke is trapped in the alveoli in the lung which eventually causes the
alveoli to stretch and collapse
- Alveoli cant push air out of the lungs
- Less oxygen move into the bloodstream from the alveoli
- Blood becomes low in oxygen and high in CO2 resulting in shortness of breath
- Some people affected with emphysema cant blow out a match or walk up a
flight of stairs because the heart works harder to supply oxygen to body cells
which often develop to heart problems
8. Treatment/ prevention

Drink plenty of juice

Complete bed rest
Steam inhalation

Consult a doctor
prescription

for

drug

9. Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and

parasite.
- Has a cough that produces yellow-green phlegm.
- Causes fever, chill, unusual rapid breathing with wheezing sound, difficulty in
breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
- Can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can spread
in the air and can be inhaled by another person and by sharing drinking
glasses or eating utensils.
10.Treatment:

Hospitalization
Eat food rich in protein

Enough liquid in the diet

Keeping the room warm

11.Lung cancer abnormal growth of cells in the lung tissues.

- It develops when the cells of the lung tissue becomes abnormal and grow
uncontrollably, forming tumors.
- Caused by smoking
- Can also be caused b toxic chemicals, exposure to asbestos, radioactive
minerals, environmental pollution, and a family history of lung cancer.
- Tends to spread quickly to other body parts
12.Early symptoms:
28

Cough that does not go

away
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Persistent hoarseness
Swelling of the neck and
face

Significant weight loss

Unexplained fever
Bloody or brown colored spit
or phlegm
Lung infection

13.
14.Treatment/Prevention:
Surgery (remove one lobe or the entire lung)
Chemotherapy
Radiation
15.
Common colds
16.Cold inflammation of the upper respiratory tract caused by over 200 viruses.
- The most common respiratory infection
- Symptoms may include mild fever, cough, runny nose, headache, sneezing
and sore throat
17.Treatment/Prevention:
Complete bed rest
Hot compress on chest
Drink plenty of juice
18.Cough symptoms of illness not an illness itself
- Common causes are colds, asthma, seasonal allergy and pneumonia
19.Sinusitis inflammation of the sin uses and the nasal passages.
- Can cause headache or pressure on the eyes, nose, check and one side of the
head
- May also cause cough, fever, nasal congestion wit thck nasal secretion
- Often bacterial and requires antibiotic for treatment
- It can also be viral and may not be treated with antibiotic
20.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) a respiratory ailment caused by a
virus which was first reported in Asia in 2003
- Symptoms include: high fever, headache, body aches, a dry cough and
pneumonia
- Spread mainly by close person to person contact.
- Spread when in contact (eyes, nose or mouth) with the droplets of saliva or
mucus containing the virus when an infected person coughs or sneezes
- Kissing, touching, sharing utensils for eating and drinking or talking with an
infected person can also put you at risk
21.Treatment/Prevention:
Frequent washing of hands with soap and water
Wear a mask
Drink plenty of water
22.Cystic fibrosis an inherited or genetic disease caused by a defect in a persons
genes.
- Affects the lungs, digestive system, sweat glands and male fertility

29

In the lungs, the thickened mucus increases irritation and inflammation of

lung tissues which swells the passageways, partially closing them down.
23.Treatment/Prevention:
No cure
Good health, especially good nutrition and exercise can keep the bodys
immune response working properly.
24.Influenza virus causing illness in people which can spread from person to
person.
- Spread through exposure to droplets from the cough and sneeze of the
infected person.
- Not transmitted by eating partially of uncooked food
- Symptoms are similar to normal flu: fever, headache fatigue, lack of appetite,
runny nose, cough, vomiting or nausea and diarrhea
- Much worse than colds (higher temperature , shivery and tired, body feels
achy)
See doctor if fever is higher than 40deg C or fever last for more than 2 days.
25.Treatment/Prevention:
Clean surroundings
Complete bed rest
Consulting a doctor
26.
27.
Keeping the respiratory system healthy
1. Cover your mouth/nose when coughing or sneezing
2. Always wash hands with soap and water
3. Use alcohol based hand sanitizer
4. Avoid close contact with sick people
5. Increase your bodys resistance by regularly taking vitamins
6. Eat nutritious food. Eat a balanced diet in regular meals particularly food rich
in vitamins A and C
7. Have at least 8 hours of sleep
8. Be physically active. Engage I daily exercise to regulate breathing
9. Manage your stress. Stay in a well-ventilated room
10.Drink plenty of juice and sufficient water everyday
11.Avoid exposure to extremely cold weather
12.Keep surroundings clean through proper garbage disposal
13.Consult the doctor for check-up if not feeling well
28.
29.
Caring for the Respiratory System
1. Avoid smoking. Smoking is very dangerous to ones health
2. Cover your nose when in dusty area. Avoid over crowded place.
3. Eat food rich in vitamin C. Drink plenty of water or juice
4. Stay away from pollutants and irritants. Wear mask when you have to be in a
dusty or crowded place.
5. Get regular medical check-ups
6. Allow enough rest and sleep. Allow enough ventilation and fresh air in the
room with enough sunlight.
7. Always keep your surroundings clean.

30

30.
Spirometer is an instrument used to measure the breathing capacity of the
lungs. It can measure various quantities like tidal air and vital capacity. The lungs
are never completely empty of air. After forced expiration, there may still be about 1
liter of air left in the lungs.
31.
A. Do it yourself
1. Visit he school or community clinic. Interview the doctor, nurse or midwife
assigned in it about the common ailments of respiratory system.
2. List down the ailments and find out how many patients they have for a day,
month or year.
3. Ask the doctor about the symptoms or causes of the ailments and how they
can be treated. Record the gathered data in the table below:
32.
Observation:
33.

Ailments
34.
Symptoms or Cause
35.
Treatment
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
1.) How can people acquire the ailments of the respiratory system?
2.) Which of these ailments is the most dreadful? Why?
3.) How can people avoid contracting these ailments?
51.
Conclusion:
52.
Problem: What are the proper ways of caring for the respiratory system?
53.
Observation:
1. What are the bad effects of pollution on the respiratory system?
2. How can you take good care of your respiratory system?
54.
Conclusion:
55.
B. Work more
1. Write a short composition regarding the common ailments of the respiratory
system. Read your composition to the class.
2. Make a slogan about the respiratory disease and paste it in your notebook.
3. Cut out some pictures that show healthful practices to avoid respiratory
problems.
4. Construct some advertisements about taking care of the respiratory system.
Paste the advertisement on a construction paper or illustration board.
C. Test Yourself (multiple choice)
1. How are the common ailments of the respiratory system be caught?
56.A. by means of viruses and unhealthy nutrition
2. How can you have a clean environment?
D. Disposing of
garbage properly
3. How will you care for a person with cold?
D. let him rest and take
plenty of juices
4. How can bronchitis be avoided?
A. by not smoking and exposing to
air pollution

31

5. Why do you think emphysema cannot be cured?

C. it may
enlarge the lungs
6. What happen when you breathe in air? D. Your diaphragm contracts and your
rib cage expands
7. How should a person with a respiratory ailment be cared for?
57.A. Make the patient comfortable. There should be enough light and air in the
room
8. Why should you refrain from smoking?
58.A. cigarette contains poisonous substances that are harmful to the respiratory
organs.
9. How can you avoid colds and coughs?
A. by not staying too close to
people who have them
10.Which of the following can contribute to some respiratory problems?
D. staying in a place with high piles of garbage
59.
Chapter test
1. In which part of the respiratory system does exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide take place?
D. lungs
2. When a person is diagnosed with emphysema, which part of his/her respiratory
system is damaged?
A. Alveoli
3. Which of the following can cause lung diseases?
D. Smoking
4. Which of the pairs of words below are the waste products of respiration?
B. CO2 and water
5. What is the process of alternate inhaling and exhaling called?
B.
Respiration
6. Which of the following diseases does cigarette smoking most commonly cause?
C. Bronchitis
7. Which of the following disorders do bacteria or viruses not cause?
B. Asthma
8. Which is the best thing for you to do when you have the common cold?
E. Take a rest and drink plenty of water and fruit juices
9. Which part of your respiratory system as the job of getting ready for your lungs?
60.a. Nose
b. trachea c. kidney
d. diaphragm
10.What gas is produced by the cells as they work and which leaves your body
when you breathe out?
61.D. Carbon Dioxide
11.What produced the thick sticky fluid called mucus?
62.a. blood vessels
b. trachea c. diaphragm
d. kidney
12.What large muscle contracts to bring air into the lungs called?
C. Diaphragm
13.When do your lungs expand as you breathe in and out?
a. When air rushes in
b. When air rushes out

c. When you diaphragm expands

d. When your chest cavity relaxes

32

14.What is characterized by runny nose?

common cold
15.How can you prevent and cure tuberculosis?
all of these
16.
17.
Answer the questions completely
1. Why are the parts and functions of the respiratory system important?
2. How do you keep your system healthy?
18.

A.
D.

19.
Chapter 5 The Circulatory System
20.
responsible for the transport of oxygen and food to the different cells of the
body
21.
to regulate the body temperature
22.
23.
Lesson 1: The Heart and its Parts
24.
Heart hollow muscular organ about the size of a persons clenched fist
situated at the center of the chest, above the diaphragm and between the left and
right lungs.
- Enclose in a sac called pericardium.
Consists of fluid that serves as a protection and cushion preventing
the irritation of the heart wall
25.
Interior of the Heart
26.
Myocardium

the
hearts
muscular wall which contracts and
releases causing the heartbeat.
Heat beats or contracts 60 to 80
times per minute.
The amount of blood that is pumped
is about 130 mL of blood.
Every beat makes about 7 liters per
minute
27.
Septum a thick muscular wall
that separates the left side and right
side of the hearts interior.
28.
4 Chambers of the heart
1. Right and left Atrium two upper chamber
2. Right and left ventricles two lower chambers
29.
Atria (plural of atrium) smaller with thinner walls.
- Hold the blood before it goes down to the ventricles
30.
Ventricles bigger with thicker walls.
- Pump the blood
31.Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
32.Left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body
33.
*How does the blood move through the heart? Blood moves in one direction.
34.
*Valves that are found between then atria and ventricles with the blood
vessels attaced to them prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
35.
Bicuspid valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle
36.
Tricuspid valve found between right atrium and right ventricle.
37.
Aorticsemilunar valve between left ventricle and the aorta
- Main and largest artery directly connected to the heart.
38.
Pulmonary semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery

39.
40.
The heart work as a double pump. The first pump sends blood to the
lungs so as to collect oxygen. The next pump sends the oxygen to the tissues.
41.
The blood passes through the different valves that open and close as
the heart beats. The veins bring the blood to the heart from all parts of the body.
Blood enters the right atrium. Then it goes through a valve into the right ventricle. It
passes to the second valve to the pulmonary artery leading to the lungs. Oxygen is
picked up by the blood in the lungs. The pulmonary veins brig the blood back from
the lungs to the heart entering the left atrium. The blood goes to the third valve
that leads to the left ventricle. Blood is pumped through the fourth valve going to
the aorta. The aorta branches off the blood into arteries and capillaries. The arteries
and capillaries supply blood to all tissues of the body.
42.
The heart plays a vital role for the body. It pumps blood that transports
the needs of the body. It pumps blood into the lungs to get good supply of oxygen.
The oxygenated blood travels into the opposite side of the heat and pumps
throughout the body. Take good care of your heart to have a healthy body.
43.
There have been great achievements contributed by modern
technology. Pne is the development of pacemakers for the heart. This instrument
saves many patients from death. Another contribution is the stethoscope. A French
physician, Laennec, introduced this medical instrument. Doctors use this to be
aware of the various sounds produced by some body organs like the heart and lungs
in making accurate diagnosis.
44.
A. How is your heartbeat?
1. Put your hands at the middle part of your chest.
2. Count your heartbeat for one minute using the watch with a second hand
3. Work with your partner. Get his heartbeat
4. Compare your number of heartbeat with your partners number of heartbeats.
5. Jump in place for 20 counts. Get your heartbeats in one minute.
6. Let your partner do the same things. Compare your heartbeats.

45.Observations:
1. How many beats did you feel in one minute?
2. What was your partners count of heartbeats?
3. Compare your number of heartbeats with your partners?
4. Whose heartbeats are faster? Why
46.Conclusion:
47.
B. Make a research on famous persons who specialized in heart transplants. Report
you research in class.
C. Write a poem about the heart. The poem may be about the composition of the
heart, its function and how the heart helps the body
D. Multiple choice
1. Why is the heart an important organ?
B. it pumps the blood to be
transported to the body.
2. How many chambers does the heart have?
B. 4
3. What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle called?
C. Heartbeat
4. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the different parts of the body?
C. Left Ventricle
5. What sac encloses the heart to protect it and prevent from heart wall
irritation?
C. Pericardium
6. Which belong to the upper chambers of the heart?
A. left
and right atria
7. What separates the right chamber from the left chamber?
C. Septum
8. Which belong to the lower chamber of the heart?
B. left and
right ventricle
9. Which of these prevent blood to flow back to and go to diff. directions?
D. valves
10.How does the heart muscle differ from the other muscle?
a. It is strong and firm
b. It is fibrous and soft
c. It contracts and relaxes
d. It stores blood.
48.

49.
50.
-

Lesson 2: The blood

Blood the river of life.
It carries the oxygen and the food nutrients that the body needs.
It travels throughout the body at all times and takes away waste products
from the body cells.
- It serves as a protector of the body from germs that cause diseases.
- It assists with communication by transporting chemical substances called
hormones to the body pats where these are needed.
- It also controls and regulates body temperature by going to or away from the
skin
51.
Composition of the blood
52.
The blood has the liquid part and cellular part. The liquid
part of the blood is composed of pale yellow liquid called plasma. Plasma consists
of 90% water and 10% substances such as food, antibiotic, hormones and waste
products. The cellular part consists of the red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.
53.
RBC or red corpuscles also called erythrocyte
- The red cells contain hemoglobin that combines with oxygen and this gives
the blood its red color. (hemoglobin contains iron)
- The red cells pick up oxygen I the lungs and transport it to all body tissues.
54.
WBC or white corpuscles also called leucocytes
- Soldiers of the body because they fight germ
- They also produce antibodies that wipe out microorganisms
55.
Platelets also called thrombocytes
- special blood cells that have been developed in the bone marrow
- smallest parts of the blood
- their role is to stick together and form blood clots which prevent the loss of
blood when there are cuts
56.
57.
How blood circulates
58.
There are two paths of blood circulation. Circulation is the continuous
flow of the blood from the heart going throughout the body and back to the heart.
59.
The first path of blood circulation is called systemic circulation. The
blood travels from the left side of the heart going to all parts of the body except the
lungs. Then the blood goes back to the right side of the heart.
60.
The other path of the blood circulation is the pulmonary circulation.
The blood travels from the right side of the heart and goes to the lungs. Then, the
blood goes back to the left side of the heart.
61.
Oxygenated blood is carried in the systemic circulation which goes to
the different parts of the body except the lungs. The blood that returns to the heart
carries CO2 and wastes. This is called deoxygenated blood. This type of blood
leaves the right side of the heart in the pulmonary circulation. This gives to the
lungs to the oxygen. Then, the blood returns to the left side of the heart and enters
again in the systemic circulation.
62.
About five quarts of blood is carried by the circulatory system in one
complete circuit through the body for every minute.

63.
64.
65.

A. What are the components of the blood?

1. Use a compound microscope
2. Place a slide with a drop of blood under the microscope
3. Observe closely and carefully
66.
Observation:
1. How do blood looks like?
2. What shape do they have?
3. How do the red blood cells differ from the white blood cells?
4. What consist the blood?
67.Conclusion
B. Make a research on the different blood groups or blood types. Give a report
about this
C. Write an essay tracing the flow of blood to the different parts of the body and
back the heart.
D. Multiple Choice
1. How long does it take the blood to complete the bodys circulation?
B. 1 minute
2. Which blood circulation brings blood to be oxygenated in the lungs?
D.
Pulmonary Circulation
3. Which of these is called the river of life?
A. Blood
4. Which component of the blood serves as defenders against diseases or germs?
D. WBC
5. Which make the blood clot?
B. platelets
6. Which is the liquid part of the blood?
A. Plasma
7. Why does not the blood flow back as it goes to the different parts of the body?
68.C. there are valves in the vein
8. Which of the following gases does blood bring to the body cells?
D. Oxygen
9. The blood has four main components. Which of these contains all components?
69.D. RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
10.When you have a cut in your skin. What makes the blood clot?
a. Increase of oxygen
b. Increase of plasma
c. Clotting of blood
d. Decrease in the platelets
70.

71.
Lesson 3: Blood Vessel
72.
The blood vessels are the bodys transportation system. The heart
pumps blood. The blood travels through the blood vessels and reaches the different
parts of the body. There are three types of blood vessel: the arteries, capillaries and
veins.
73.
Arteries blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart
- Vary in sizes: aorta is the largest artery ( 2.5cm in diameter), arterioles are
the smallest arteries.
- The artery walls are thick. These allow them to withstand the increased blood
pressure that comes from the heart.
- There are three layers in an artery wall. The outer layer consists of
connective tissues. This protects the artery from damage. At the middle layer
are smooth muscles with elastic fibers. They regulate the flow of blood. The
inner layer is composed of flattened cells.
- Blood flows to the bigger arteries and they passes through smaller arteries.
Then, the blood reaches the smallest arteries called arterioles. The arterioles
are connected to tinier vessels called capillaries.
74.
Capillaries the smallest vessels. They form a network throughout the
organs and tissues of the body. With this network, the capillaries are near every cell.
- They have thin walls. Because of this, it is easy for the transfer of oxygen and
nutrients from the blood to the cell and the waste products are transferred
from the cell to the blood by the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the
movement of tiny particles from the area of greater concentration to the area
that is of less concentration.
- The capillaries lead to the venules. Venules are tine vessels that are
connected together to for the veins.
75.
Veins the veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They
also differ in size. They are larger in diameter than the arteries. The largest veins
open directly to the heart. These largest veins are the superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava. The tiniest veins are the venules.
- They carry blood that contains CO2 and waste products. There is one vein
called the pulmonary vein which carries blood rich in oxygen coming from
the lungs back to the heart.
- Have thin walls. Though they have thin walls, they are not likely to burst
because the blood inside the veins has lower pressure.
- There are valves in the veins. They prevent the blood from flowing back.
76.
*there are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body. Each square inch
of the human skin consists of 10 feet of blood vessels.
77.
A. How do the blood vessels help the body?
1. Get a partner. Have a look at some blood vessels in your body.
2. Observe the white part of your partners eye. What are found in it?
3. Have your partner show the underside of his/her tongue. Observe and
describe what you see.
4. Describe the colors of the blood vessels.
78.Observation:

1. What blood vessels have your observed?

2. How do the blood vessels differ?
3. Why are some blood vessels color red and other are bluish?
4. How do blood vessels help in the body?
79.Conclusion:
B. Complete the table by writing the needed information
80.

Arterys wall
1. Outer layer
2. Middle layer
3. Inner layer

81.
82.

Description

83.
C. Using comic strip, trace how the blood vessels work together in helping transport
the blood to the different parts of the body.
D. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
C. valve
2. Which of these carries oxygenated blood?
A. arteriole
3. How does the artery help in the circulatory system?
A. it carries blood
away from the heart
4. Why are blood vessels important?
C. they work as
transportation system
5. Which is the largest artery?
A. Aorta
6. How do veins work in the circulatory system?
C. they carry blood
back to the heart
7. Which of the following blood vessels have the largest diameter in size?
A. arteries
8. Why is it important for the arteries to be located deep inside the body?
84.B. they keep the body safe from any injury.
9. Which of the following are the largest veins?
D. superior and
inferior vena cava
10.Where does the blood transfer food substances and oxygen to the cells and
remove waste products?
B. Capillaries
85.
86.
Lesson 4: Ailments, Diseases and Care of the Circulatory System
87.
According to studies, cardiovascular diseases are the most causes of
death in the country and the whole world. Some of these diseases are acquired. This
means these diseases are developed due to the poor health habits. Other diseases
are congenital which means they
are developed while in the mothers womb.
88.
89.
Arteriosclerosis happens when the pressure build up in the vessels
causing the harden cholesterol inside the vessel which cause difficulty in blood flow
to burst.

Caused by poor eating habits, eating too much fatty foods which causes the
accumulation of fatty lumps called cholesterol.
90.
Heart Attack happens when heart fails to pump because there is an
obstruction in its main arteries.
- Symptoms of this include pain in the neck, chest and upper abdomen, and
difficulty in breathing.
91.
Hypertension also called high blood pressure.
- There is sudden rise in blood pressure
- Symptoms include pain in the back of the neck, severe headache, dizziness
and sweating.
92.
Stroke this is a damage to a part of the brain.
- This happens when the brain does not get enough supply of oxygen. Due to
this, blood clot builds up in the artery wall in the brain.
- Happens when blood vessel ruptures and bleeding occurs.
- Some who suffers from this result to temporary or permanent disability of
some parts of the whole body.
- There is numbness on the parts of the body, inability to talk, slurred speaking
and difficulty in walking.
93.
Rheumatic Heart Disease characterized by weakening of the heart.
- Caused by inflammation of the inner lining or the leaking of the mitral valve.
- Symptoms include rapid irregular heartbeats, swollen painful joints.
94.
Anemia blood related ailment where there is less hemoglobin, low
production of red cells in the bone marrow, deficiency of iron or deficiency of vit.
B12
- Symptoms include headache, paleness, shortness of breath, weight loss,
fatigue and chest pain.
95.
Leukemia disease of the blood caused by an excessive production of
immature WBCC by the bone marrow.
- Symptoms include frequent infection, swollen liver and lymph nodes, bruising
easily, bleeding gums, weakness and fatigue.
96.
Hemorrhage bleeding disorder
- Results due to the inability of the platelets to function normally or form clots.
- Symptoms include prolonged nosebleeds and continuous bleeding from small
cut.
97.
Caring of the circulatory system
98.
The circulatory system is very important system of the body. If the
transporting of the blood is affected, the whole body suffers. There is a need to
practice desirable and healthy habits to take care of the circulatory system.
1. Eating balanced diet
99.
The right kind and amount of food is necessary to maintain a healthy
body. The go, grow, and glow foods must be considered in having a balanced
diet. Eat plenty of vegetables. Green and yellow vegetables contain nutrients
and carotene that prevent heart disease and certain cancers. Reduce or avoid
fatty foods. Fatty foods such as animal fats being an increase of the
cholesterol level. Replace these fatty foods with fruits, vegetables and juices
2. Have regular exercise, enough rest and sleep

100.
Discipline oneself in having regular exercise. Physical activities
like jogging, walking, swimming and cycling are forms of exercise that keep
the heart healthy. Exercise burns excess fats, lowers blood pressure and
builds strong bones. Exercise makes the heart pump greater amount of blood
rich in oxygen which makes the muscles strong. have enough rest and sleep
so as to be physically fit at all times.
3. Avoid smoking. Drinking alcohol and taking prohibited drugs.
101.
Smoking is bad to the health. The presence of nicotine in
tobacco and cigarettes damages the lungs and heart. It also raises blood
pressure and causes hardening of the arteries.
102.
Heavy drinking of alcohol leads to coronary heart disease,
hypertension and stroke. Taking prohibited drugs like marijuana as well as the
whole body.
4. Handle stress properly
103.
Stress is a part of living. Stress is a pressure that may be good
or bad. It may be caused by anxiety, fear, sadness, boredom, work hassles,
depression, traffic jams and death of loved ones. Avoiding stress is necessary.
Handle tensions and unnecessary worries properly. Have social contacts or
socialize with people. Share your feelings to your parents as well as friends.
Have recreational activities like gardening, engaging in sports, embroidery
and others.
5. Having physical check-up
104.
Though you are not having any ailment, visit your doctor for a
medical check-up. This gives you peace of mind. If during the check-up an
ailment is detected, then the necessary treatment will be given. This will
prevent the disease in becoming serious.
105.
Cigarettes when burned produce chemical residues that harm the arteries walls
make the blood sticky which results to blood clots, stroke and heart attack.
The nicotine constricts the blood vessels
Cholesterols are formed and block the blood vessels
106.
A. How does a balanced diet help the circulatory system?
1. Interview your mother, a cook, a nutritionist or a dietician on what consists a
balanced diet
2. Prepare a menu that will be good for the heart.
3. See to it that the menu includes 3 meals breakfast, lunch and dinner
4. Write the menu on a chart
107. Observation:
1.
2. What foods must be avoided to prevent harming the circulatory system?
3. How will a balanced diet protect the circulatory system?
108. Conclusion
B. Make a poster to encourage everyone to avoid smoking cigarettes.
C. Form groups of 5 members. Prepare a skit to show the effects of:
a. Regular exercise
b. Enough sleep and rest

c. Eating a balanced diet

d. Smoking, drinking alcohol
e. Drug addiction
D. Multiple choice
1. Which of the ff. harms the heart and blood vessels?
B. fatty foods
2. Joe has disability on his right foot. He finds difficulty in talking. He has slurred
speech. What ailment is he suffering from?
C. Stroke
3. Miguel felt pain in the back of his neck. He has a headache. He feels dizzy and is
sweating. There is a sudden rise in his blood pressure. His ailment is ______.
C. Hypertension
4. Maria looks pale. She always experience shortness of breath, fatigue and chest
pain. She was diagnosed with deficiency of iron. What ailment does she have?
A. anemia
5. Jerome had his blood chemistry. the result says there is an excessive number of
white cells. He bruises easily and always feeling weak and fatigue. What is his
ailment?
C. leukemia
6. Which of these is not a blood related ailment?
D.
hypertension
7. Which is not a desirable health practice?
C. eat too
much fatty foods
8. What is a fatty, hardened substance that blocks the blood vessels?
B. cholesterol
9. Why is smoking cigarettes not good for the health?
C. smoking
constricts the blood vessels
10.Which of the following is not a health practice?
B. consult your doctor
when needed only
109.
110. Unit test
1. Which best describes the heart?
A. it is a hollow
muscular organ
2. Which is the largest artery that is directly connected to the heart?
A. aorta
3. How many chambers does the heart have?
B. 4
4. Why is the pericardium important to the heart?
111.
D. it protects and serves as a cushion to the heart
5. Which separates the right chambers of the heart to the left chambers?
C. Septum
6. Why is the blood called the river of life?
B. it carries oxygen and
food to the body
7. Which is not a cellular part of blood?
A. plasma
8. Which best describes the WBC?
B. they are the producer
of antibodies.

9. Which of these carry blood away from the heart

A. artery
10.Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?
D. veins
11.Which of these best describe the blood vessels?
C. they are the bodys
transportation system
12.Which of the following blood vessels is the largest in terms of their diameter
a. arteries
13.Which process shows the movement of tiny particles from the greater
concentration to area of less concentration?
B. Diffusion
14.Which of these does not belong to the group?
C. valve
15.Which of these are the largest veins?
D. superior and
inferior vena cava
16.Which of these harms the circulatory system the most?
B. fatty foods
17.Which of the following is undesirable practice?
C. eat
too much fatty foods
18.Why is smoking cigarettes hazardous to ones health?
C. it
constrict the blood vessels
19.Which is not a blood-related ailment?
D.
Hypertension
20.Which of these is a fatty hardened organ?
B.
cholesterol
112.