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Table of Contents
INDIAN HERITAGE AND CULTURE .................................................................... 16
Indian Paintings ................................................................................................ 16
Sadanga of Indian Paintings .............................................................................. 17
Genres of Indian Paintings ................................................................................. 17
Murals .............................................................................................................. 17

Miniature Painting ............................................................................................. 18

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Eastern Indian painting ..................................................................................... 18

Western Indian Painting .................................................................................... 18
Malwa, Deccan and Jaunpur Schools of Painting ................................................ 18

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Cave Paintings .................................................................................................. 19

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Regional Paintings ............................................................................................. 19

Warli Paintings .................................................................................................. 19

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Patachitra Paintings .......................................................................................... 19

Phad painting .................................................................................................... 19

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Lepkashi Paintings ............................................................................................ 20

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Kalamkari Arts .................................................................................................. 20

Thangka Paintings............................................................................................. 20

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INDIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE .................................................................... 20

The Mauryan Period .......................................................................................... 20
The Stupas........................................................................................................ 21
The Schools of Art ............................................................................................. 21
The Gupta Art ................................................................................................... 22

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Glossary of Indian Architecture .......................................................................... 22

INDIAN MUSIC .................................................................................................. 40
Indian Classical Music....................................................................................... 40
North Indian Classical Music ............................................................................. 40
Dhrupad ........................................................................................................... 40
Hindustani Khayal Singing ................................................................................ 40
Difference between Hindustani and Carnatic Music ............................................ 42
The evolution of Indian music ............................................................................ 45
INDIAN DANCES ............................................................................................... 57
Classical Dances of India ................................................................................... 57

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Folk Dances of India .......................................................................................... 61
Sangeet Natak Akademi ..................................................................................... 62
Aims and Objectives .......................................................................................... 64
Natya Shastra ................................................................................................... 64
MUGHAL TWILIGHT .......................................................................................... 65
The emergence of regional states and the East India Company ............................ 65
The Fault Lines Of Mughal Control ................................................................... 65
Mughals Post Aurangzeb.................................................................................... 66

EUROPEANS IN INDIA ....................................................................................... 69

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The Portuguese ................................................................................................. 69

The Dutch ......................................................................................................... 70
The British East India Company ........................................................................ 70

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The French........................................................................................................ 72

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Anglo-French Conflicts ...................................................................................... 72

Robert Clive and the Diwani of Bengal ................................................................ 75

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Warren Hastings: architect of an empire ............................................................. 76

Absconding peasants and the permanent settlement........................................... 81

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Permanent Settlement ....................................................................................... 82

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Subsidiary Alliance ............................................................................................ 85

The uses of education ........................................................................................ 86

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Dalhousie and the Policy of Annexation (1848-1856)........................................... 89

REVOLT OF 1857 .............................................................................................. 90
THE COLONIAL ECONOMY ............................................................................... 94
The spread of the railway network ...................................................................... 94
FOUNDATION OF THE CONGRESS .................................................................... 95

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Ilbert Bill Controversy ........................................................................................ 98

INDIA AFTER CURZON ...................................................................................... 98
Administrative Reforms ..................................................................................... 99
The Partition of Bengal, 1905 ............................................................................. 99
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT .. 100
FIRST PHASE, 1885-1905 ............................................................................... 101
Period of Moderate Politics or Tea-Party Politics ................................................ 101
Official attitude towards the Congress .............................................................. 102
Assessment of the Policies of the Moderates (1885-1905) .................................. 103
SECOND PHASE, 19051919 ......................................................................... 103

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Rise of Extremism or Radical Politics................................................................ 103
Causes for the Rise of Extremism ..................................................................... 104
The Objectives and Methods of the Extremist Group ......................................... 105
The Extremist Programme of Action ................................................................. 106
Assessment of Extremism ................................................................................ 106
INDIAN NATIONALISTS AND WORLD WAR I ..................................................... 107
Home Rule Movement ...................................................................................... 107
The Lucknow Session, 1916............................................................................. 107

ANNIE BESANT ............................................................................................... 108

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THE REVOLUTIONARY TERRORIST MOVEMENT ............................................. 109

Revolutionary Activities in Maharashtra ........................................................... 110
The Rand Murder at Poona, 1897 ..................................................................... 110

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Shyamji Krishnavarma and Establishment of India House at London ................ 110

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Revolutionary Movement in Bengal .................................................................. 111

The Ghadr Movement ...................................................................................... 112

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Second Phase of Revolutionary Terrorism ......................................................... 112

THE THIRD PHASE OR THE GANDHIAN ERA, 1919-1947 ................................. 114

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Aim of Swaraj through Non-Violence & Non-Cooperation................................... 114

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The Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920-22 ........................................................ 114

The Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930-34 ...................................................... 115

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The Great War and the Constitutional Deadlock ............................................... 116

Assessment of Gandhis Role in Indias Struggle for Independence ..................... 117
Gandhi Timeline before 1920s ......................................................................... 118
Gandhiji in Champaran Ahmedabad and Kheda ............................................... 119
The Khilafat movement .................................................................................... 120

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Rowlatt Act ..................................................................................................... 120

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre .............................................................................. 120
Home Rule League ........................................................................................... 121
Lucknow Pact.................................................................................................. 121
Indian Liberal Party ......................................................................................... 122
Tej Bahadur Sapru .......................................................................................... 122
Nehru Report .................................................................................................. 123
Lahore Conspiracy Case .................................................................................. 124
Meerut Conspiracy Case .................................................................................. 124
Karachi Session............................................................................................... 125

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Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932 .............................................................. 125
Communal Award............................................................................................ 128
Lucknow Session 1936 .................................................................................... 129
The Faizpur Congress Session (December 1936) ............................................... 129
Demand for Pakistan ....................................................................................... 129
C.R.Formula ................................................................................................... 130
Desai-Liaquat pact .......................................................................................... 131
INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY................................................................................. 131

Royal Indian Navy Mutiny ................................................................................ 132

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SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE ............................................................................ 132

Cellular Jail .................................................................................................... 134
THE PATTERN OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ................................................ 135

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The MorleyMinto reform and separate electorates ............................................ 135

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The MontaguChelmsford reform and responsible government .......................... 136

Federalism and the Government of India Act of 1935 ........................................ 137

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The Second World War, the Cripps mission and Quit India .............................. 138
The Simla Conference and its aftermath ........................................................... 140

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The cabinet mission scheme and the advent of partition ................................... 141

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Operation Mountbatten and Plan Balkan ........................................................ 143

INTEGRATION OF STATES .............................................................................. 145

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FOREIGN POLICY OF NON-ALIGNMENT .......................................................... 145

INDO-CHINA RELATIONS ................................................................................ 146
The Chinese Attack, 1962 ................................................................................ 147
HISTORY OF THE WORLD ............................................................................... 147
Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 17501850 ................................. 147

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Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis ....................................... 148

Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises ....................................................................... 148
The Enlightenment and the Old Order .............................................................. 149
The Pencil ....................................................................................................... 152
Folk Cultures and Popular Protest ................................................................... 153
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 17751800 ...................................................... 154
Frontiers and Taxes ......................................................................................... 154
The Course of Revolution, 17751783 .............................................................. 156
The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800 ....................................... 157
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 17891815 ......................................................... 158

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Protest Turns to Revolution, 17891792 ........................................................... 159
The Terror, 17931794 .................................................................................... 161
Reaction and Dictatorship, 17951815 ............................................................. 162
Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 17891850 .................................. 163
The Haitian Revolution, 17891804.................................................................. 163
The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment, 18151820 ................ 164
Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 18211850 ............................................. 165
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 166

THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 17601851 ........................................ 167

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Causes of The Industrial Revolution ................................................................. 167

Population Growth .......................................................................................... 167
The Agricultural Revolution ............................................................................. 168

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Trade and Inventiveness .................................................................................. 168

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Britain and Continental Europe ....................................................................... 169

The Origin of Graphs ....................................................................................... 170

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The Technological Revolution ........................................................................... 171

Mass Production: Pottery ................................................................................. 171

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Mechanization: The Cotton Industry................................................................. 172

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The Iron Industry ............................................................................................ 173

The Steam Engine ........................................................................................... 173

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Railroads ........................................................................................................ 174

Communication over Wires .............................................................................. 175
The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution ................................................... 175
The New Industrial Cities ................................................................................. 176
Rural Environments ........................................................................................ 176

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Working Conditions ......................................................................................... 177

Changes in Society .......................................................................................... 179
New Economic and Political Ideas .................................................................... 179
Laissez Faire and Its Critics ............................................................................. 180
Positivists and Utopian Socialists ..................................................................... 180
Protests and Reforms....................................................................................... 181
Industrialization and the Non-industrial World ................................................. 181
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 183
NATION BUILDING AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMERICAS,
18001890 ...................................................................................................... 183

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Independence in Latin America, 18001830 ..................................................... 184
Roots of Revolution, to 1810 ............................................................................ 184
Spanish South America, 18101825................................................................. 185
Mexico, 18101823.......................................................................................... 186
Brazil, to 1831 ................................................................................................ 187
The Problem of Order, 18251890 .................................................................... 188
Constitutional Experiments ............................................................................. 188
Personalist Leaders ......................................................................................... 189

The Threat of Regionalism ............................................................................... 190

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Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars.......................................................... 192

Native Peoples and the Nation-State ................................................................. 193
The Challenge of Social and Economic Change ................................................. 194

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The Abolition of Slavery ................................................................................... 195

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Immigration .................................................................................................... 197

American Cultures .......................................................................................... 198

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Womens Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice .......................................... 199
Development and Underdevelopment ............................................................... 200

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Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina ............................................. 201

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Altered Environments ...................................................................................... 202

Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 203

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LAND EMPIRES IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, 18001870 ............................. 204

The Ottoman Empire ....................................................................................... 205
Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 17981840 ................................................ 205
Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 18071853 ..................................... 206
The Crimean War and Its Aftermath, 18531877 .............................................. 209

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The Web of War ............................................................................................... 211

The Russian Empire ........................................................................................ 212
Russia and Europe .......................................................................................... 212
Russia and Asia .............................................................................................. 214
Cultural Trends ............................................................................................... 214
The Qing Empire ............................................................................................. 216
Economic and Social Disorder, 18001839 ....................................................... 216
The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 18391850 ................................................. 216
The Taiping Rebellion, 18501864 .................................................................... 218
Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 18641875.............................. 220

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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 221
THE NEW POWER BALANCE, 18501900 ........................................................ 221
New Technologies and the World Economy ....................................................... 222
Railroads ........................................................................................................ 222
Steamships and Telegraph Cables .................................................................... 223
The Steel and Chemical Industries ................................................................... 223
Electricity........................................................................................................ 224
World Trade and Finance ................................................................................. 225

Social Changes ................................................................................................ 225

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Population and Migrations ............................................................................... 226

Railroads and Immigration............................................................................... 226
Urbanization and Urban Environments ............................................................ 227

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Middle-Class Womens Separate Sphere ......................................................... 228

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Working-Class Women..................................................................................... 229

Socialism and Labour Movements .................................................................... 229

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Marx and Socialism ......................................................................................... 230

Labour Movements .......................................................................................... 230

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Nationalism and the Unification Of Germany And Italy ..................................... 231

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Language and National Identity Before 1871 ..................................................... 231

The Unification of Italy, 18601870 .................................................................. 232

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The Unification of Germany, 18661871 ........................................................... 232

Nationalism and Social Darwinism ................................................................... 232
THE GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE, 18711900 ............................................... 233
Germany at the Center of Europe ..................................................................... 233
The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain ................................................... 234

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The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria- Hungary .................................... 235

Japan Joins The Great Powers, 18651905 ...................................................... 235
China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867 ............................................... 236
The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 18681894 ................... 237
The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 18941905 ................................................ 238
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 238
THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 18691914 ............................................................... 239
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods ..................................................... 239
Political Motives .............................................................................................. 240
Cultural Motives .............................................................................................. 241

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Economic Motives............................................................................................ 241
The Tools of the Imperialists ............................................................................ 242
Colonial Agents and Administration ................................................................. 243
The Scramble for Africa ................................................................................... 244
Egypt .............................................................................................................. 244
Western and Equatorial Africa ......................................................................... 244
Southern Africa ............................................................................................... 245
Political and Social Consequences .................................................................... 246

Cultural Responses ......................................................................................... 248

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Asia and Western Dominance .......................................................................... 248

Central Asia .................................................................................................... 248
Southeast Asia and Indonesia .......................................................................... 249

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Hawaii and the Philippines, 18781902 ............................................................ 250

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Imperialism and Tropical Ecology ..................................................................... 251

Imperialism in Latin America ........................................................................... 251

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Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade ..................................................... 252

American Expansionism and the Spanish- American War, 1898........................ 252

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American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 19011914 ......... 253

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The World Economy and The Global Environment ............................................ 253

Expansion of the World Economy ..................................................................... 254

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Transformation of the Global Environment ....................................................... 254

Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 255
THE CRISIS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER, 19001929 ........................................ 255
Origins of The Crisis In Europe And The Middle East ........................................ 256
The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans.............................................................. 256

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Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy .................................................... 257

THE GREAT WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS, 19141918 ................. 258
Stalemate, 19141917 ..................................................................................... 258
The Home Front and the War Economy ............................................................ 260
The Ottoman Empire at War ............................................................................ 260
Double Revolution in Russia, 1917 .................................................................. 261
The End of the War in Western Europe, 19171918 .......................................... 262
Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 19191929 ................................................... 263
The Impact of the War ..................................................................................... 263
The Peace Treaties ........................................................................................... 263

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Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy ............................................... 264
An Ephemeral Peace ........................................................................................ 265
China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies .......................................................... 266
Social and Economic Change ........................................................................... 266
Revolution and War, 19001918 ...................................................................... 267
Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 19191929 ......................................... 268
The New Middle East ....................................................................................... 269
The Mandate System ....................................................................................... 269

The Rise of Modern Turkey .............................................................................. 269

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Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine ........................................................ 270

Society, Culture, and Technology In The Industrialized World ........................... 270
Cities Old and New .......................................................................................... 271

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Class and Gender ............................................................................................ 271

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Revolution in the Sciences ............................................................................... 272

Technology and the Environment ..................................................................... 273

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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 274

THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD ORDER, 19291949 ........................................... 274

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The Stalin Revolution ...................................................................................... 275

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Five-Year Plans ............................................................................................... 275

Collectivization of Agriculture........................................................................... 276

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Terror and Opportunities ................................................................................. 277

The Depression ............................................................................................... 278
Economic Crisis .............................................................................................. 278
Depression in Industrial Nations ...................................................................... 278
Depression in Nonindustrial Regions ................................................................ 278

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The Rise of Fascism ......................................................................................... 279

Mussolinis Italy .............................................................................................. 279
Hitlers Germany ............................................................................................. 280
The Road to War, 19331939 ........................................................................... 281
East Asia, 19311945 ...................................................................................... 281
The Manchurian Incident of 1931 .................................................................... 282
The Chinese Communists and the Long March ................................................. 282
The Sino- Japanese War, 19371945 ............................................................... 283
THE SECOND WORLD WAR ............................................................................ 284
The War of Movement ...................................................................................... 284

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War in Europe and North Africa ....................................................................... 284
War in Asia and the Pacific .............................................................................. 285
The End of the War.......................................................................................... 286
Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory ....................................................... 287
The Character of Warfare ................................................................................. 287
The War of Science .......................................................................................... 288
Bombing Raids ................................................................................................ 288
Biomedical Technologies .................................................................................. 288

The Holocaust ................................................................................................. 289

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The Home Front in Europe and Asia................................................................. 290

The Home Front in the United States ............................................................... 290
War and the Environment ................................................................................ 291

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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 291

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STRIVING FOR INDEPENDENCE: AFRICA, INDIA, AND LATIN AMERICA,190049

....................................................................................................................... 292

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Sub-Saharan Africa, 19001945 ...................................................................... 292

Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes .................................................. 293

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Religious and Political Changes ........................................................................ 294

Religious and Political Changes ........................................................................ 295

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The Mexican Revolution, 19101940 ................................................................ 296

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Mexico in 1910 ................................................................................................ 296

Revolution and Civil War, 19111920 ............................................................... 297
The Revolution Institutionalized, 19201940 .................................................... 298
Argentina and Brazil, 19001949 ..................................................................... 299
The Transformation of Argentina ...................................................................... 299

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Brazil and Argentina, to 1929 .......................................................................... 300

The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil .............................................. 301
Argentina After 1930 ....................................................................................... 301
Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: A Comparison ................................................... 302
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 302
THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION, 19451975 ...................................... 303
The Cold War .................................................................................................. 304
The United Nations .......................................................................................... 304
Capitalism and Communism ............................................................................ 305
The Green Revolution ...................................................................................... 306

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West versus East in Europe and Korea ............................................................. 307
United States Defeat in Vietnam ...................................................................... 308
The Race for Nuclear Supremacy...................................................................... 309
Decolonization and Nation Building.................................................................. 311
New Nations in South and Southeast Asia ........................................................ 311
The Struggle for Independence in Africa ........................................................... 312
The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America ........................................... 314
Challenges of Nation Building .......................................................................... 316

Beyond A Bipolar World ................................................................................... 316

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The Third World .............................................................................................. 316

Japan and China............................................................................................. 317
The Middle East .............................................................................................. 318

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The Emergence of Environmental Concerns ...................................................... 319

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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 320

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CRISIS, REALIGNMENT, AND THE DAWN OF THE POSTCOLD WAR WORLD,

197591 .......................................................................................................... 320
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 19751991 ....................... 321

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Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America .................... 322

Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan ..................................................... 324

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Asian Transformation ...................................................................................... 325

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China Rejoins the World Economy ................................................................... 327

The End of The Bipolar World, 19891991........................................................ 328
Crisis in the Soviet Union ................................................................................ 328
The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc ..................................................................... 329
The Persian Gulf War, 19901991 .................................................................... 330

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The Challenge of Population Growth................................................................. 330

Demographic Transition .................................................................................. 330
The Industrialized Nations ............................................................................... 332
The Developing Nations ................................................................................... 333
Old and Young Populations.............................................................................. 333
Unequal Development and The Movement Of Peoples ........................................ 334
The Problem of Growing Inequality ................................................................... 334
Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities ........................................................... 336
Global Migration.............................................................................................. 336
Technological and Environmental Change ........................................................ 337

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New Technologies and the World Economy ....................................................... 337
Conserving and Sharing Resources .................................................................. 338
The Personal Computer ................................................................................... 338
Responding to Environmental Threats .............................................................. 339
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 340
GLOBALIZATION AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM .................................... 341
Global Political Economies ............................................................................... 342
The Spread of Democracy ................................................................................ 342

Global Politics ................................................................................................. 343

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Arms Control and Terrorism ............................................................................ 345

The Global Economy ........................................................................................ 346
Managing the Global Economy ......................................................................... 347

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Global Culture ................................................................................................ 348

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The Media and the Message ............................................................................. 348

The Spread of Pop Culture ............................................................................... 350

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Emerging Global Culture ................................................................................. 351

Enduring Cultural Diversity ............................................................................. 352

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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 353

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SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY AND DIVERSITY ............................. 353

What is society? .............................................................................................. 354

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COMPONENTS OF SOCIETY ............................................................................ 354

Indian Society and Its Salient Features ............................................................ 354
Unity In Diversity ............................................................................................ 355
Indias demography ......................................................................................... 363
Villages And Cities In India .............................................................................. 364

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Marriage, Family And Kinship In India ............................................................. 366

Types of Families in Indian Society ................................................................... 368
What is Kinship? ............................................................................................. 371
Cultural Pluralism In India .............................................................................. 372
Globalization and Social Transformation ( Mains Special ) ................................. 373
Dimensions of Globalization ............................................................................. 374
Rise of Consumer Culture ................................................................................ 375
Media, Internet and Popular Culture ................................................................ 375
Increasing Coverage of Film and Music............................................................. 377
Food Diversity and Festivals ............................................................................ 377

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Fashion, Body Look and Dress ......................................................................... 378
Occupation, Mobility and rising Disparity ......................................................... 379
Global Vs. Local Culture .................................................................................. 380
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 381
RURAL AND URBAN PROBLEMS IN INDIA ....................................................... 381
Characteristics of Rural Problems .................................................................... 381
Characteristics of Urban Problems ................................................................... 382
Social Problems and Social Change in India ..................................................... 382

COMMUNALISM: CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS, CAUSES AND REMEDIAL

MEASURES ..................................................................................................... 383

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Communalism................................................................................................. 383
Causes of communalism .................................................................................. 384

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Remedial Measures ......................................................................................... 384

Regionalism: Characteristics and Types............................................................ 384

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Regionalism: Causes and Suggestive Measures ................................................. 386

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ROLE AND POSITION OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIAN SOCIETY ........ 387

Situation of Indian Women .............................................................................. 388

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Review of the various programmes ................................................................... 388

Position of poor women entrepreneurs in India ................................................. 388

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WOMEN MOVEMENT IN INDIA ........................................................................ 391

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Socio-Religious Reform Movements .................................................................. 392

Womens Organizations started by men ............................................................ 392
Womens organizations started by women......................................................... 392
National Womens Organizations ...................................................................... 393
Votes for Women ............................................................................................. 393

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Reform of Personal Laws .................................................................................. 394

Women in the National Movement .................................................................... 394
Women in the labour movement ....................................................................... 395
First Phase of Womens Movement: An Assessment ........................................... 395
The Womens Movement: 1970s to the Present.................................................. 396
Towards Equality Report.................................................................................. 397
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR WOMEN IN INDIA
....................................................................................................................... 400
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN ................................................................................ 403
Introduction .................................................................................................... 403
Meaning of Crime / Violence against Women .................................................... 403
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International Initiatives to Curb Gender Violence .............................................. 404
National Initiatives to Curb the Gender Violence ............................................... 404
Verma Committee Report ................................................................................. 405
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 406
PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT 2005 ................. 407
Introduction .................................................................................................... 407
Review of Important Provisions ........................................................................ 407
Constitutional Perspectives .............................................................................. 408

Where the Act Fails ......................................................................................... 409

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Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 410

GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN IN INDIA ................................................. 410
Suggestions to eliminate gender inequality ....................................................... 411

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Understanding the importance of female empowerment .................................... 415

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The case for the seven strategic priorities ......................................................... 416

Empowerment of Working Women Employed in Different Sectors - Suggestions . 417

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URBANISATION IN INDIA ................................................................................ 418

Characteristics of Urbanisation ........................................................................ 419

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Historical Evolution of Cities: Colonisation and Capitalism ............................... 420

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Technology, Globalisation and Their Impacts on Cities ...................................... 420

THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA ............................................. 421

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Inclusive Cities ................................................................................................ 422

Urban Governance .......................................................................................... 422
Local capacity building .................................................................................... 423
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM ................................................................... 423
POSSIBILISM .................................................................................................. 424

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DEMOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 425
Physiologic Population Density......................................................................... 425
Factors Affecting Population Density ................................................................ 426
The Demographic Transition Model .................................................................. 427
POPULATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .......................................... 428
Population Dynamics and Its Implications For Sustainable Development ........... 429
Population growth increases environmental pressures: Relationship is more
complex than suggested by simple models ........................................................ 430
Population growth increasingly differs between countries: Pressures are mounting
in the worlds poorest countries ....................................................................... 431

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Population growth differs within countries: Rapid urbanization changes
vulnerabilities and creates new opportunities ................................................... 433
Population Dynamics and Its Implications For Policy Makers ............................ 434
HUMAN MIGRATION ....................................................................................... 437
What is Human Migration? .............................................................................. 437
Types of Migration ........................................................................................... 437
People Who Migrate ......................................................................................... 437
Laws of Migration ............................................................................................ 438

Impacts of Migration........................................................................................ 439

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? ........................................................................... 439

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Forced Migration ............................................................................................. 440

Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration .................................................. 442

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Legal Status .................................................................................................... 443

Economic Conditions ....................................................................................... 444

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Power Relationships ........................................................................................ 444

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Economic Effects of Migration .......................................................................... 446

Migration and the Economic Crisis ................................................................... 448

ut

Cultural Effects of Migration ............................................................................ 449

The Financial Crisis and Xenophobia ............................................................... 451

ct

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 454

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Primary Activities ............................................................................................ 455

Secondary Activities ........................................................................................ 463
Characteristics of Modern Large Scale Manufacturing .................................. 464
Why do Large-scale Industries choose different locations? ................................. 465
Classification of Manufacturing Industries ....................................................... 466

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Traditional Large-Scale Industrial Regions........................................................ 469

Iron and Steel Industry .................................................................................... 469
Cotton Textile Industry .................................................................................... 470
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities.................................................................... 470
Factors Affecting Transport .............................................................................. 474
QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES .............................................................................. 476
QUINARY ACTIVITIES ...................................................................................... 477
The Digital Divide ............................................................................................ 477
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND INDIAN GEOGRAPHY ......................................... 477
Refer to Prelims Study Material for Complete Analysis of Physical and Indian
Geography ...................................................................................................... 477
ALTIUS ACADEMY

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