BOLIS UNDER TO{AL I) If the gasket is relatively inflexible,

IilIIIAL TENSIO}T ftr'!I compared with the flexibility of the

bolts and flange, the bolt load will re-
main constant2 until P equals the total
(initial) bolt load lsince the bolts can
apply more load only by stretching,
iP" and if they stretch, the flanges sepa-
APPLTED D(TERI{AL LOAD
rate. As the {langes tend to separate
(r[rriALLY zERo) the bolts immediately tend to force
thern together again). The gasket load
will then be zero, and has deereased
at a uniform rate as P lr.as increased.
ent, a Figure I If the load P is further increased, the
n 1948
Simple Bolted Assembly total bolt load rvill increase to equal
rf So- P, but the gaskets will have lost con-
etrole, tact rvith the {lange faces. 2) If the
rry at bolts and flange are relatively inflex-
large ible compared to the flexibility of the
\\-nr c h gasket, the bolt load will increase as
rr a4cl
tities.
Bending iAoments qnd Leokoge the load P increases. The gasket load
will remain constant, and in contact
.ns to
arrel s At Flqnged Joints with the flange faces. 3) If the bolts
and flange are of about the same order
of flexibility as the gasket, the gasket
rupcd load rvill decrease and the bolt load
PART I rvill increase, to about the same extent.
Nord Behaviorl is more or less implied in
bar- ROBERT G. BLICK standard flange design methods, as
:arby-
, vvrrl.
shorvn bv reference to the API-ASI\{E
Getr- code, Section W-317, rvhere 116 (which
d the
r tire
rn amounts to the gasket load) is taken
as W-H (.H : total hydraulic end-
con- IHIS article is concerned directly Dressure on the compression side load,, W tetal bolt load). It should
cries with the problem of finding simple cri- of the ''rreutral" axis, and de- be noted -that despite the fact that the
, the teria which will show whether the joint creased pressure on the "tension" code goes to great lengths Io auoill.
rvill or rvill not leak. The comple- side of the axis. and that the bolt defning tlrc gasket load,. the implica-
co11- mentary problem of determining the Ioad is not affected. tion is there. So that, using behaviorl
Liorrs stresses in the flange material (under Before using such a simplifying as- as the most probable, we partly justify
the pressure load) has been well covered sumption, it is lvorthwhile to try to the simplifying assumption that the
been by many investigators, notably Messrs. justify it.It can in part be justified external moment is restrained almost
Waters, Vesstrom, Rossheim and Wil- by reference to Figure l, rvhich repre- exclusivelv bv a redistribution of the
.o11S, liams in the United States. Some exten- sents a simple kind of bolted assembly. gasket pressuies. British investigations
Pe- sion is necessary, however, to include If P is zero, and I, the initial bolt have also indicated that there is no
the the effect of bending moment. tension, is 100 pounds, then G, the great change in bolt load during ap-
:of If the published gasket coefficients initial gasket compression, must be 100 plication of hydraulic load. The gas-
kers and constants are aecepted as a pro- pounds. With P given some value, ket, once yielded, is most likely a rela-
rde- visional basis, the analysis is fairly several types of behavior are possible. tively in{lexible thing, compared to
I-os simple. These various coefficients and the axial flexibility of the bolts and
'eal. constants are presumably deterrninate the twisting or rotating {lexibility of
for pressure loads, and have been FLANGED JOTNIS dre ol major importonce
in the design of petroleum plonts. Yet the the flange. Figure 2 shows the gasket
,,lecr established with the idea of providing problem ol their behovior under lorces other acting as a fulcrum, the metallic flange
a pressure-tight, or leakproof design.l thon pressure lodds has received little re- segment acting as a stiff leter, the
If external bendine moments can be corded thought. If a llange /eoks in service, bolts represented as a spring, the
broken dorvn in sote simple manner the gosket is replaced. Or perhops the con- "trvisting" effect of the flange as a
that sholvs ho'rv they affect gasket pres- struction crew just heaves up on the wrench thin rod in torsion,3 capable only of
sures, then these modified gasket pres- handle.In extrcme coses the piping may he supplying a nloment load, and the ex-'
revised. The problem, once repoired lor a
sures can be compared rvith the gasket particular cdse, con ogoin return in onother ternal load represents any kind of
coefficients, and the pressure-tightness plant-generolly is again repoired, and axial load (hydraulic, axial thrust,
of the joint including the effect of promptly lorgotten. Unfortunotely it moy etc.) applied to the pair of flanges.
bending-moment evaluated along -s1and- periodically recur os o mdintenonce hedd- Inspection of the figure shows that, if
ard lines. ache.
the external load equals the bolt load,
This orticle presents a simple method lor
Since simplifying assumptions often the onalysis ol llonged joints under a bend- then the fulcrum load is zero. Since
lead to clarification of problems, it is ing-moment load due to weight, expansion, the flange can supply only the "twist-
of value to search for some simpli{ica- or the like, acting obout the ioint. The con- ing" resisting momenta necessary to
tion at this point. One possible as- clusions hove been derived lrom o basis ot keep the system in equilibrium, artd
theory, becouse ol the obsence of experi-
sumplion is the folloning: mentol dota. Since every set ol experimental no force-loads, it is evident that the
That the external moment is re- dota needs some theoreticol bosis-first to gasket load must always equal the
strained (r'nternally at the iunc- determine what dotd to occumulate, ond sec- aleebraic sum of the bolt load and the
tion of the Ilanee faces) eiclu- ond to make possible on evoluation ol thot external load,5
ddto-the onalysis is presented also with
sivell by a rediitribution of the the thought in mind that some such invesfi- It should be re-emphasized here,
gasket pressures. That is. increased gotion might be stimuloted, that this article is concerned immedi-

February, 1950-A Gulf Publishing Com,pany Pttblication 101

 ( SPRING) Tlris establishes the maximum g4s. rh
BOLT LOID ket pressure not to have gasket crrish.
ing (and, presumably, leakage will be 1e

associated \\'ith any crushing of ths

rl)

gasket).
Referring to Figure 4, and usine IT

Figure 2. the above tr.o relationships plus a dgl t(

GASKET
Flonge Segment fined quantity "H1;r)' (the yield load
Symbolized necessarv to initially seal the gasket)"
( FI'LcRUM) I
EXTEF.I.{AL bv a ferv mathematical operations ii
L0ti can then be determined that:6 I
i
I. to avoid gasket crushing (and pre.
sumably atterrdant leakagei.
I9I S1!- MOi,fENT
I],AN 3E
("mRsroNu RoD) rJ 1+ H",.-H,'
,'l|L\
)

IL to avoid leakage due to in-s1ff1-

ately, not with the flange stresses. but the gasket. and next to it a "maximurn cient gasket pressure.
u ith criteria for determinins if tlre
l)ossibilit)." for the r,r.ay the gasket carr Lr . Ho- H,,r.
joint rrill or rrill not leak. Alllrouglr. be loaded. under direct and bendine rl'', \
2
natural l1-. if tlre flanse is rroI strorrq loads. Several other confisurations ar!
etrorrgh 1o Legin rritlr" tlre joint 1,r.e- examined irr llre last sections of tlris rrlrclt' H," : ---,
-
\l
atrrl f [ - extcrnal
sumably rvill leak. Ho.tvever. the ?act article,
that the fl.ange malr not be orrr.:rslrcs.sed nr()lnent in inch porrnds.
Since one of the "best" conditiorrs If gasket crushing is discounted as
does not cleterminc that the ioint l'ill lr'ould be the "maximum possibilitv"
not leak. Preserrl flanee slr.esi arralr.is the factor in lea-kage, then II becomes
case. minirnum requirements can I'e the criterion for deterrnining leakage.
methods are rcialirelrl lel l-knorrrr ind deternined b1- rvorkine rrith that case.
reliable. Since manv designeis use the analy.
r. r-
lf 11- exceed. H,t"'' -H.''"'
2 tlren the
Having hypotheticallv establi-qhed si,s forms in the excellent tleatise flange most certainly rr.ill leak. Pro.
the idea tlrat tlrc exterrril ni()melI i: "Modern Flange Design" published hv uided, that the initial a-qsumption. that
restrained alrno-st exclusivell- by a re- the Taylor Iiorge Company. the rvriter
-rrressures" the gasket is relativel,v incompressible,
distribution oi the gasket rrill use the same notation. The nomen- holds true.
it is necessarr. to dciermine po-.sible clature cross-references some of these H"--I"" criterion
redistribution l)rtlerns. so tlrat sonre terms 'r,ith those in the API-ASME ['sitrg the H.
kind of boundaries for this "no leak- -
code. on the example shorvn in "NIodern
leak" criterion can be rvorked up. Using the recommended g-asket con- Flange Design" (a 4t/s-ir'ch thick
Since the gasket is not acting in an stanL "m," the minimum total gasket flange lor 3:l.ineh o.d. pipe. operatirrg
elastic rarrgc. and for all practical prrr- load ean he cxpressed as ''rz''-timcs at a pressure of 400 psi. and 750o F.):
poses can be considered to change in- the internal pressure times the effec-
sigrrificantlr irr thickness. ser-er.ai Ito.- tive gasket area. Stated matbematicallv. Hc -: f .i1,000
siL,ilities preserrt llremselres. Figrrie 3 Hun :2lr:;(irlrl Hcr 107,000
shows a cross-section of the saskct" This establislres the minirnum tolal H-
r
" l\f"' :fl.0tl{J
and next to it a ''standard possibiliti" )a
gasket load not to have leakage.
for the lva,v the gasket is loaded, .rvhen ''l\lodern FIange Design! recom- lf _4.1.000 x 3-1
under direct (bolt and pressufe) loads mends that the unit load on the eross 3.1,116
and berrdinpr loads. gasket area shou]d nol excecd irrir.t'
: 475,000 inch pounds
Figure 4 sholr.s a cross-section of the sasket yield load. If the moment exceeds that r.alue,

r TENSIONfl

MOMENT LOAD
lDot Tm nn
GASKEI THRU
FLANGE FAC

Figure 3.
"Stondord Possibility"
for Gosket Looding

CASKET COWRESSION LARGE COI,IPRESSION

GASKET UNDTR IJNIFORM GASEET UNDER RSSI'LTANT

LOAD FROM BOLTING AND TARrING LOAD CASTET LOADING
HIDRAIJLIC PRE.SSURE FROM IMMElrl

102 PL:trolcunt, Refner-l7ol. 29, Ittro. 2

5qD- then the joint almost certainl,v rvill I

rsh-
ieak.t This does not mean that a
I

lbe
I
NOMENCLATURE
moment less than 475,000 inch
pounds
the
l ould not cause leakage, since the I or Hcp Total gasket load required to hold pressure 'i.vithorrt leagage
natcifiLunl possible value has been de' "" 2b Effective operating u'idth of gasket
;ing G trIean gaskct diarneter
de- termined.
nl Gasket coefficient-ratio of the requirccl gasket pressure to t
oad It is interesting to note that- using interr-ral hydraulic pressure
er), half-inch rvall pipe in this case, tlte internal hydraulic pressrrrc (psi.)
p
sit pipe stress involved due lo the 475.000- H, or Hcy Totai gasket load required to initialll' yield (sct) the gasket
in"h-pound moment tonlv) would be l{e Total gasket load
pre-
about 1200 psi.-rvhich is indeed a \{ Bending moment (inch porrnds)
small value, compared with the allol'' n Total gasket nidth
y Gasket constant-"yic1rl" stress (psi.) of the gasket nraterial
able stress of 10,400 psi. This shorvs
Ar or Ar Total bolting area (sq. in.)
that there is wisdom in trying to locate Sr or S,p Operating bolt stress (psi)
flanges at points of lorv bending mo' C Diameter of bolt circle
'rffi-
ment-but unfortunately this cannot 1^ Loeflrcrent use(1 to nultipl]' the h1'draulic encl load to obtain
ahvays be done. -l-
K
The writer does not possess eco- the charrge in bolt load Iassumecl to decreasc folmulas
(10) and (11)l
nomic breakdorvn shon'ing the evils of Au (.lrangc i. L,,,lr lerrstl,
rnal flanged-joint leakage. However, it is ! Tr.ni.^l
'^
certain that there is appreciable eartr' Ar" Changc in bolt folcc |
las ings-loss from periodic maintenance A.r Change in rnornellt
mes shutdowns. If a reasonably practical
En E,lastic constant of half the bolt t""ett;-4(.,ier"u
X,,p,,
*b'' method can be'rvorked out to determine Lctrtfth 72 -
the the effects of moment-loads on flanged Iralf the ga-sket thickr't.ss: #/" =
Pro- joints, therr certainlv tlre small invest- _.-Gasket Contact Are:r X "li"
u'ill be rvell -C;rip
Ciasket Thickness /2
that ment in engineering cost
It is surprising that nothing
justified. El:rstic constant of the flange: "f /Radian :
ble, Total Bolt Load X I-ever Arttr
has been done to establish "moment R"s,tltittg A"grtiir Rot"ti* G Rt,li,,tt
rion raiings" for flanges, considering that
codes specify the pressure-temperature
lern ratings. This is probably because the NO'f!ls rvhich &rc less obscure, aDd whi.rh do rlot
hick prevent subsequenL corrcctions for changing
p r e s s u r e - temperature characteristics t llcduce.l to essenlials, the I)ressure oll the holt-load- Il can be reaclily seen, for iilstance,
ting gasket coltiiitt surflces should not be iess
F.) ,
are more obviously related to safet-v, than "rD" ljnes the internal pressure' nor be
that if tlre flange is extrernely flexible rota-
tionally, il Nill behave cxactl},- likc & le!er,
lvhereas the presence of bending mo- so g:reat ttrat an "uliirnate compression allow- ln that casc, the bott load reduction lvould
abtc' (that clcllerlds or1 tlle gAsliet ]'ield depend on the reletive distance of the external
ment primarily influences the pressure- lroint) is er|eedcii. 'I'hese constalrts a.e Eien- toad to the fulcruD and the bolt loa.c1 to the
erally found in the API--ASN{E co.le, Se(ltion fulcau rn.
tightness of the joint. But if flanges \\.-31?. 1'het are Dot rnancliltory. 6 Assuming the siml)lest typc of gasket.
2 c)r in fact lrral_ de(rrease sonrelthat. ? "Lealiage" is a vague term. -{lrnost all
leak, an explanation rvhy this happens, 3 Although, of ( ourso, the flange is nor joints continuously leak to some small extent.
and a simple analysis procedure to pre- under "torsi!rn" i1s such. It would l)e more correct to say that, "the
{ Tending to turrl it inside-out. joint is definitelt' operating: outside the
vent it, is certainly desirable. The fol' 5 If the bolt load is assumed to decrease recommendeal linril.s Ior reasonable assurance
of n.glicil'lp l'.Nkrg..
.rncls lowing sections of this article further with application of external load, the gasket
load must allYays equal ress th&n the algebraic
expand several ideas in the direction sum of the 1:7?r:Iiol bott load and the ext€'rnal End. ot' Part I. Part II uill appear
Llue, load. By proceeclilrg on the assumption of a in an early issue.
of developing such a procedure. corlstant bolt load. results nlay be obtaiDed

LOA!
MO},TENT
APFLIED TO
GASKET
FtA\GE FACES

Figure 4.
lity" "Moximum Possi-
ing bility" for Gosket
Looding

COMPRESSION LARCE CCI.PRESSION

GASKET IJNDER INIMRM GASKET IJNDE1 RESIJLTAilT

TVARYINGtr LOAD G.{SKET LOADING
LOAD FROM BOLTING AND
HYDRAIJLIC PRESSIJRE FROht M0MENT +

o.2 February, 1950-A Gulf Publishirry Companv Prftlication

 trTENSION|r From formula (2):
Ies
Jto fo < fc-"-
rh, for*f"offaor ( fe-"'
ro fcu ( fc-""-fc"-f6,
les ICriterion for excessive gasket pressure]
est (s)
le.
It is now necessary to determine f611.
This may be done rr.ith the following
assumptions:
(a) That each circle defined by the
gasket surfaces remains plane
at the flange faces.
(b) That the unit load distribution
hen
GASKET COIIPRESSION on the gasket due to bending
the moment has the customary'otri.
l1€- Figure 5. Gosket Under Rondom Stress Due to Moment' angular" pattern, increasing
ch- uniformly from the centroidal
ard axis, or:
the
ac- (b)'That the unit gasket load dis-
r ri- triliution due to bending mo-
ses
Bending Xloments ond Leokoge ment has some other pattern.
cts
of,'
rto
At Flonged Joints Assuming (a) and (b),
r-
rc\I
M
iie- - Section modulus of gasket
PAR.T II I\{
- n/4 G'2b
es-
itu ROBERT G. BLICK Then formula (4) becomes:
)er Box 232, Sun VolleY, Colif. II 1 Ae S"o
;/icr:r \ 2bnc - 8b -"'u
Gp
ler
to
ni-
T_l
IJ
or. "o;t""-'f(++b-)
he f tnSf the basic assumption is made The "extreme fiber" unit gasket load
ng (6)
that the bending moment t'ill be re' due to a bending moment:
n- And formula (5) becomes:
strained exclusively by a redistribu- : (t) fau (3)
ry, tion of the gasket loads' II ln AB S"" , Gp
nd
nt
The unitl gasket load necessary to Total unit gasket load: 7+c'5o rr - Zbnc - sb
id. hold the pressure without leakage: fc : fcs * fco -F fe.t r rG')'rL_
r\f <n_itG' -r-24 G_aq!er-
fc*r": *mp (1)
AnS,o * f,r,,
zb,iic - -QP-
(7)
rl. The unit gasket load not to be ex- - 8b
:(l
ceeded rvithout danger of crushing the On the other hand, assuming (a)
)n
S-
gasket:2
),, From formula ( 1) : and (b)', one may refer to figure 5,
<e -
-
eJ

la 2 fc",t" rvhich shon's the gasket under some

Hou'ever, this is the maximum value symmetrical (but random) stress pat-
lc fcB*{co-fc.t ) fc"""
ih computed over tlre gross gasket area, ) fc-,"-fc"-fco tern due to bending moment. Working
a ruheiea. the effeetivi operating gasket -fc.r
ferr ( fct*fco-fc''t' with this figure, equilibrium requires
rvidth is 2b. The apparent erushing that:
le on the basis of ICritcriorr for srrfficielrt gasket Pressurel
stress allowable a (4)
rvidth of 2b is: v =zJG/z f*ry y da
o
n . l'n /)\
tc^"": rl.2h. :
b.
\.1 lN PARI I several ideas ol q Let f", : some mean value of fcot",
auolitotive nqture were dis- such that
The unit gasket load due to the cussed, towqrd the develoPment
bolting: of o simple method to deline the xt - zt,, (G/2
Ja,
1' rla

Bolt Load moment caPocitY ol llonged

rub
- | Effective opcrating gasket area ioints. Part ll Presents o mothe-
'moticol Statical ntoment
oPProoch deriving some b,,, fG'2 :''1^.= Q-
oI €{asKet
| AoS"n of those relotionshiPs necessory
-- --zwc- :2f* :2f-
to more accuratelY deline this trI Q bG'
copocity. Introduced is s "leok- t-
t,f
The unit gasket load due to hydrau' rm -4,.-
\ oge enieloPe," o groPh on which - lD Lr'
lic end load: the operating moment-Pressure Lct the maxirnum perrnissible rralue for
.
r"r' HYdraulic End Load condiiions may be Plotted, com' f- be
f", : fart
rcn:-
Effective operating gasket al'ea pored with the coPobilities of
__,ir/4Grp ___9p the ioint, ond the morgin agoinst t-
IG\I
2birc 8b leokoge reodily determined. - 2b G"

t 19
May, 1950-A Gulf Publi'shing C orn,pany P u'blicttion
 Then formula (4) becomes: {-- _ Hydraulic end loarl "leakage envelopes" may be dralvn for
Bolting Area anv fl ange, bolt, and gasket cornbination.
N{ / AB S"" Go
2bG" - 2bqr G -
F-rilP
6D : -;r/4 Gz p Figure 8 has been made for an B-inch-
A 150-pound raised face carbon steel
q -G4i!es -\ flange_ rvith a compressed asbestos gas-
-o(-G"4 *2bG'm)
11 The bolt stress due to the minimum
ti ye.t 8l/z inches i.d. by tl inch rvide.
gasket load requiremenr (to hold
(8)
pressure):
The bolts are assumed to he A-96.
Grade A. The florv temperature is taken
And formula (5) becomes:
,- _ Area of gasket times (nr p)
rBs
as 5000 F., and the bolt temDerature
MzYn An S,,o Grr
ISolring Area is assumed to be 4500 F. (90 per cent
zbc"\b- 2a.c -' -8b Z
qzb:lp of flo'n temperature) . Under these cir.
cumstances. the flange is operating at
Ar
u<o 9'4 f2G'yn--941 S'" (s) its-primlry service pr".rut" rating of
The "extreme fiber" bolt stress due 150 psi. Norv. assumi'ng thnt tlte llanse
to bending moment: u,ould not /ail, inasmuih as rhe'speii-
. Relationships (8) and (9) express fied bolts have an allorrable streis of
Ihe maximum possible moments con- _t
16,250 psi., at a "factor of safety', of
ceivable3 (under the basic assumntion) Assumine that the bolt stress due to l. the follorring data can lre sei up:
without leakage. Thev correspond to moment is "trianeularly" distributed:
th_e "maximr- pos.ibility" ease of Bolts Gasket
Fieure 4. l_ tr{oment I at t7t,, clta. G:9"
Again using the example in ,,N[od-
rB\I
- Sectiorr n)o(kllus of l,6l1i11g nr"^ S,,r : 16,2-50 psi. b: tA"
ern Flange Design." the "leakage en. l\I ,, r. 1. , ..oli,IrnJlr. 61r.1a; .\,, 2.JJ sq. in rr-/(nn
velopeso of Figure (r have been d-rarvn. a (ttalileter
(..\r,. .: -
shorving maximum bending moment
versus pressure. The ordinaies for the The total bolt ,.tress must not exceed Referring to formula (6) :

"rectangular" distribut iot-t are 4/r Sno. the allorvable bolt stress. II oiS:,
times the ordinates for trianeular dis-
> fr,,*f"**fnn,
S.o "" -r,'.":( 3 .b,,)
tribution.
It is of interest. at this point. to c : f,G'I 2rtil'rrrp , +II
rr.9\1.+lYt6,2-r0
l}r \

-1.4,' '
-+
compare another assumption. other Ao C-{"
: +
3'1-11rt
j't'' -1"'''\ -etrI (
than that the moment is'resisted ex-
trl <CA"S, "( I,x2.s)
clusively by a redistribution of gasket
pressures._Assuming that the unil gas-
+ - 1,icc/t:
8it,J00-222p
ket load does not chunge rvith ap'pli-
_ Fi-gure 7 defines the "leakage enve- \\-hcn p : O, fI < 88,300 inch pouncls
cation of bending moment, the 6olts lopeo' under this assumption. It
must resist the nroment. This is the be more correct to call
u,ould
this envelope \\'l,crrlr -{).p: -i:TO -JOSpsi.
(improbable) "Behavior No. 2,' men- an "allo.rvable liolt stress envelope,"
tioned earlier. since, l'ith this type of behavior, the . A straight line is drau'n intersecting
Another "leakage envelope" may be flange rvould not' ieak until the bolts these poinls, forrning part of the leakl
conslnrcted on this hasis. failed. The .rvriter n'ould speculate age envelope.
The bolt stress due to hvdraulic that, if joints leaked onlv l'hen bolts Referring to for-mula (7) :
end load: failt'd. tlrele slrouirl irr,leed he
lerv ferv cases of joint leak- rt(p 3.1.116 x f. -fi

f (IICf,.POIII{DS) l()

Xj
age.

2q{0t\ 2,, \l !? x t6140_

t 14lq X 2
-{s arr example of horr these
lor0oor0@ II < 143 p + 287,000-88,300
\t<143pf198,700
at p -: O, \I : 199,769 it.r."
81000,000 lrour rls
at p : 100, }I :213,669 1tr.',
porrn ds
t
A straight line is drarvn inter-
6rooorooo ,secting these points. Since it does
not inter-sect the first line. it is
cr ident tlral "crushirrg" the gas-
ket is not a factor in this case.
4,ooo r0oo This rvould shorr that a better

i
,i 2,0oo,0o0 Figure 6
P robo ble
Leokoge
E nve lo pes

p
( prr)

t20
Pctroleunt Reftner-l/ol. 29, Ilro. 5
 dralvn for
mbination,
an B-inch- 10,ooo,ooo
rbon steel lrgure /
bestos gas- lmproboble
inch wide. "Leokoge"
Envelo pe
be A.96, 8,00o 1000
rre is taken
)mperature
0 per cent
: these cir-
6rooo rooo
rerating at
I rating of
the t'lange
the speci-
e stress of /+ 1000 r0O0
safety" of
)e set up:
sket
- 9t' 2,0o0,0o0
= %,,
=2 \
.4500
.P
(psl)
;\-+Dnr I
\)l choice of gasket materialt could have the leakage envelope leads to the fol- spite this mathematical obstacle.
been made. A gasket rvith a lorver y lolvine conclusion: Fieure t has been constructed for
generallv hasa loner m, and conse- Thal lf the flanse will not be over- this same example on a quite different,
quently uould be more efficient. It stressed rvith 4-96. Grade A bolts, conservative, basis. Starting with the
f-xzs) would raise the rieht-hand end of the then it rvill
probably not be over- conservative assumption that the
stressed at 150 psi. with a bend'ing flange-gasket-bolt combination can (at
first line [from foimula (6)], allow- 150 psi.) carry no bending moment
moment ol 55,000 inch pounds simul'
ing greater moments at higher pres- taneously applied.o Some readers may rvithout danger of leakage or danger
ch pounds
sures. care to run a check on this flange for of flange failure, the following can
: 398 psi. Getting Lack to the primary pres- these operating conditions. rvith the be deduced:
sure rating of the flange, a heavy line specified bolting. It should be noted Referring to formula (6) :
tersecting has been drarvn vertically from I50 rhar some of thJ B l6E flanges do not
the leak- pounds on Figure 8. Study- of the mo- hold up under a standard pressure \r<co;t''-o'?"(f+r*1
ment defined bv its intersection \\'ith analysist-but rvork satisfactorily de'

I (r!{cH-P0urDs)

x]!]so -l--
I

BB,3OO 200 ro0o

198,

inch
1@,ooo
) inch
Figure 8
wn inter- Leokoge Envelope
ce it does 120 r0oo for 8-lnch,
ine, it is 1SO-Poun{ Flonge
the gas-
.his case. NA
--t
a better 80,0o0

40,ooo

p
(plt)

l2L
No. 5 May, 1950-A Gulf Publishing Company Publtcation
,f
tl
rl

There are several factors that influ.

NOMENCLATURE I
ence th_e_ leakage envelopes of flanged
joints. Chief among these is the chaige
Hn or rf^ Total gasket load required to ho1c1 pressllre n,ithorrt leagage in bolt-load that occurs rvhen intern"al
2b Effective operating $,idth of gasket
pressure aud bending momenl are ap-
G trfean gasket dianreter
plied. In Part III some of these fai.
IN Gasket coefficient-ratio of the requiretl gasket pressure to the
internal hydraulic pressure tors are evaluated. and an analytical
intcrnal hydraulic pressrrre (psi.)
p metlrod is developed to drarv envelopes
H" or lf6, Total gasket load reclrrirc<l to initiallr- (set) thc gasket that include the effect ol the dlnami-
1..ielcl callv changing bolt-load.
Total gasket load
Bending moment (inch pounds) . End ot' Part II. Part III will appear
Total gasket s,idth tn on earLy t,ssue,
Gasket constant-"yielcl" stress (psi.) of the gaskct n.raterial \OTES
Total bolting area (sq. in., rlt is $ortlri" 0f note that ISritish investi-
gations tend to indicate that the ratio of the
Operating bolt stress (psi) (total ) h]-draulic load t.o the net (total)
Dianreter of bolt circle g:rsltet load is deterntinate, rather thaln the
|atio of the htdraulic l)fessure to a unit
Bask.it load. This $-oulcl tend to require a
gasliet load per inch of circunference (not
r.lated to gasl<et \ridilr) dependent on
{llalrleter, }rressule an(l a q:1sket constant.
L,Ising the same gasket as in the pre_ servative leakage envelope of Figure 9 :l'he unit gasket loa{1 trot to be ex{.eeded
ceolng example, \\-ithout danraBing thc fl.rtrge contact fa(.e-s is
is drarvn for this joint. That this is a not (.onsidcfed here.
3 (larcful
o (Ao S"o) retiglrterriDg oi the bolts after
trI <'A ))) n conservative envelope maY l)e demon- :rpplicatioD of pressure Dlight in effe.t pro-
- .strated as follorvs: ,lu, o llri{ ,listril,uri^rr l,iltprn,
llot occur normall]-.
if it \routd
at p : 150 psi ( rlre primarl. { These tnight ilot. (orre.tly be called
pressure rating)
service Ar S,,', : l4,ggg "leak&ge en\-elopes lrith fixed bolt load_,,
since the installeal bolt load rvill determiie
Ilnt Ar :2.42 sq. in. the gasket lo.d. -{s arl example of what this
o< 9
(AR S.,,) 222 x 150
rneans, the bolt load has been taken as Asrct
(41.6 sq. in.) times ttle allo\yatlle ol)erating
A
- e _ 14,800 : irolt stress of 13,11)r) l)si. If the bott load had
X 159 ""': -'2llL' 61oo Psi' L,ppn takpn as (ABAc, I, .{n-inr : 2, a smaller
!alue. thF Frrt ploppj s orrl,l L,p smallpr, The
'1A" S^,) - -222z.zl - ra xrro "crushin8" part of thc envelope would move
up, but the "insufficient g.ashet pressure,'part
In other lvords. on this basis even s-oul(l nloye to the left. If the bolt area
Using this value of (AB S,,") to obtain the use of Grade A-107 carbon steel and/or bolt stfess lrcre increased, the
a maximum permissible moment at "crushing" part of the envelope would move
p: o, bolts, rvith an Sop allowable of 6875
psi. rvould be excessive for these
dos'n, but the "insufficient gasket pressure"
part \rould move to ilre .ignr,
5 Or perhaps a smaller
width.
II< ftla.s00;- 222X0 flanges. In fact, these bolts r-ould not -
6 Due to the relatively
ilango-monrpltls
sman effect on the
oi shifring 1,art of tlrp Hc
4 even,develop the load necessar)' to luad to HD, and vi.e r This will inl rorluci
:33,200 inch initialll'_yield the gasker for proper an effective "torsion' "rsa. on the cross-section of
tr{ pounds the flange, lvhich.ran lrobablt be ignored,
setting. Figure 8 is probably the mbre r lrua lo hA rilrq I,epn ill .ommon u."e betore
the de|elopnent of ilre present method of
By dran'ing a line intersecting this corre_ct envelope for this joint (pro- flange stress anal)-sis. 1.his particular case
point and M: O at 150 psi." the con- vided 4-96-4 holts are used). shoulcl proye satisfactory.
8An "effcctive bolting,', so to speak.

200,000

160,0o0

120,000
t

r
Figure 9
40,000
I
Conse rvotive
Leokoge 33'
Envelope

300

Pctrolettm I?efiner-\,'ol. 29, No. 5

 B1
lN PARI It ol this series, mothe-
moticol relotionshiPs lor ioint- Ei
tiofitness were derived that os-

Bending lAoments qnd Leokoge

tii" o constont boltJood' Also,
the ideo ol q "leokoge enve-
lopel' plotting Performonce ca-
oitititi"t ol the- ioint, wos deter-
At Flqnged Joints 'i,in"a. This concluding orticle
discusses seYerol other lactors
f
and derives the mathemotics
necessorv to evoluate the effect
PAR.T III
ol the dynamicollY chonging
bolt-load.

ROBERT G. BLICK
Box 232, Sun VolleY, Colif
TT nlication of Pressure lo some final
U P fO this point. it lras heen as'
.ilred that the
t'neutral'' axis of the i'alue. and tlren reduction of pressure
n".1", ..i""ides rvith the centroidal [o zero.
The return-path has a greater sloPe
l*L. ftti. is ttot necessarily so' Horr- than the increase'path-that is' the-gas-
ever. it is a logical assumption" an!
for all Practr- ["i-i. 4tln*" unier a decreasing lo-ad
Probablv a correct one tt un una.t an increasing load' Tlris
cal purposes.
Figuie l0 is a qtralitative represel- can be deduced from purely theorellcal
considerations. Assuming that the,gas-
tatioi of the stress-strain characteris- ket rvill take a permanent set' ther-e
compressed aslreslos' lt shou s
ii.. of *lif U" a positive amount of rvork
-thut ttupp.ns rvhen a load is gradually
Jrt* i" tlre total compression cycle'
anplied't'o and released from the gas'
i[i- R.tott. on the curve indicate the The shaded area in the figure repre-
sents the net loss of enerqv for a com-
Jir""tio., of the cvcle, from initial ap'
1S
Dlete cvcle.l That there must be a net
io.. foi an\ Portion of the cvcle can
also he deduced - for otherrvise it
rvould be possible to oPerate over a
Dortion of-the cycle and obtain per-
netnal motion.
' Since gaskets lre stiffer utrder re-
au"i"g lou,l.;' th"t" will be a shift of
*r"::"?"".f axis torvard the "tension"
.iJ" of the centroid. Figure^ lI shorvs
an exaggerated piclure of tllts he-
havior. ictuallr-. the shif t of tlre "neu'
irut;; u*i. l'ill'probablv be extremely
iglrt- so tlrat calcrrlations ma) lre
sl
assrrrnption that it coirr'
-Ja" o" tlre
cides rvith the centroidal axis'
Sonre invcstigators 1nay care to run
load-deflection tesls olr Practrccl gasKet
material . The load catt hrst lle run-up

Compressed Asbestor to..ih" ittltiul bolt-load value, and then

rd Figure 10. Lood-Deflection Curve for
n- r"a*"a to the operating vah'e (that
oh,"in. rrhen llre joirrt is under lres'
ry sure). Then the load can lre reduced
to the valrre corresporrdin s to . ( n:p ). ii

irt otte lest- arld inercascd an equllalenr

amount (or to a load corresPondlng
io tlt. gu.k"t ''cruslritrg" load) in an'
other test. These tests clll l)e rePeatecl
for a number of cvcles' From the re' ,.'s

."i,i"* "tit"s the relative stiffnessde'-of

'&
1i*
if'"' *l.f."t urtcler increasing and l he tfr
,E
.r"u.ing loads mav Ite determined'
.l'r;t, oi the neutral axis can be com'
puted from this data'
Similar load-deflection tests mal- be
t""i" f.t the {lange and bolt combina-
iion toithout a gasket' or the flange ro-
tations arrd bolt deflections may he
computed. The lesulting curves may
be compared uith tlre gasket curves'
In this rval'. it can readrt)' tt9. o9'rs
termined rvhether tlre gaskel really
appreciablv stiffer than the bolt ano
nii'-.t .";Uination. and rthether the
'U"ti?-.i-piiiving
asiumption is a valid
one.

Corrections for Change in

Bolt-Load
The logical starting point. for cor-
rer:tion ol tlre leakage envelopes I or
change in bolt'load is to determine
-tl'r"tii"t the bolt'load decreases or in'
Con'
..""."" after ltressure is appli.ed'
clusions ma1 tlren be reaclred regard'
t29
Publication
Iunc, 1950-4 Gulf Publishirtg Contlany
 r+_ SMATL COMPRESSIOH Figure ll. Shift of
I "Neutrol" Axis

_L
SIITT
--T-
I

i:
I l
COMPRESSION

CHANOED GASKET LOAD

DI'E K} iOMENT

TAL COMPRESSIOIf

INGE COMPRESSION

ing its behavior when moment is ap- holds for the effect of moment on the corrected for both pressure and mo.
plLd. If the bolt-load d,eueases,'it tension and compression sides of the ment can then be called
means that the joint will start to leak, neutral axis, then the adiusted bolt-
and the gasket to crush, sooner (at a load on the tension side (with no pres- (Ar Sop)prrt: (A" S*)"
-
smaller moment). The converse will sure) will be approximarely- I rrc' I l-41f-l
be true if there is an increase in bolt-
(Ar S.o)u. (A, S.")"
K ^" 4 - KL;TI
load.'z The simplest, and probably an - - +- and this value used in formula (6),
effective, correction may be made by
altering the value of As So, in the which will become
criteria formulas. ffi'J,,;"',l1 :::;:"-.*",,,,, i,,u1' ry (12/(-!
";(; + bm) \
as the summation of the easket stress
Actually, A" Son will be a function due to moment. and a triangular dis- M<
G/4 ( ABS,')"
- r ----_--.-
of the pressure and of the moment, tribution is assumed, this force will 1 + _-1
rather than a constant. To illustrate l! 97-

this further, assume that the bolt-load equal

7Gt
will decrease as internal pressure is Fv':
r '' 16K
G/4
$
E;l
applied. Then the value of As S", will
decrease as pressure is applied. The so that the bolt-load corrected for - it=1
' Kz'
(r0)
ll r,
ntj maximum pressure capacity of the amount on the "tension" side of the
t: joint with no moment will be smaller neutral axis may be taken as Formula (10) then expresses the max.
8.'
than figures based on the initial bolt- imum moment not to have leakaee due
Hti
(A"Son)'.- (AnS"").- 1 [4I\tl
fii'
load would imply. Assuming the joint "- K L' c-l to insufficient gasket p."su.", cor.
rected for the effect of a change in
to be under some intermediate pres. and on the compression side may be bolt-load. assuming that the boltiload
sure, and moment to be applied, the taken as
maximum value of the allowable mo- decreasesa when pressure is applied.
I [4 M
fl1
#i
ment would be smaller than formulas
based on the initial bolt-load, or for
(Ar Sq)u" - (A" S.o)^
"+ K L;dJ
I In the same manner as tle forego-
ing, formula (7) may be reworked
ni bolt-load corrected for pressure only, The bolt.load on the "tension" side. to read
would imply. This would be so for
fl{ two reasons, On the "tensiontt side of
the neutral axis, the bolrload will be NOMENCLATURE
decreasing, This will tend to open up
the joint sooner. On the compiession -;,I Coefficient used to multiply the hydraulic end load to obtain
N
side of the neutral axis. the bolt-load the change in bolt load [assumed to decrease in formulas
will be increasins.3 This rvill tend to (10) and (11)l
crush the gasketlooner. AB Change in bolt length 1

Assuming that the no-pressure, no-

Att Change in bolt force )
moment bolt-load is (As Son)o, and AM Change in moment
that when internal pressure is applied, F. Elastic constant of half the bolt length
I/K of the hvdraulic end tt'ua it #/"
- Bolt=Area X "E"
Total
"picked up" as a d,ecrease in bolt-load, ----6tFrsth /,
tlren the bolt-load at a pressure p (with Ec Elastic constant of half the gasket thickness
- #/"
no moment) will be approximately =X
Gasket Contact Area "E"
Gasket Thickness /2
(Ar I nG Er Elastic constant of the flange-"f/Radian:
S.p)o
- (AB S.D). - KP A
Total Bolt Load X Lever Arm
Resulting Angular Rotation in Radians
Assuming that this same ratio (f)
130 Petroleum Refiner-Vol. 29, No. 6
 pr--9" azGlyn__c The f ollowing equilibrium equations
'1624 iA,S"o). Comparison With Test Data
may be written:
M< -l
ttr Reference No. 5 contains test data
t - Krt'
(Summation of forces) on the behavior of an experimental
ffange when internal pressure is ap-
PTG LPern- Aru (L * L'; '- 4ot
plied. It will be informative to use
16K (evaluation of change in flange moment)
-F 1l r (11) formula (IB) on this test flange, com'
,'K, These equations may be rewritten as: pute the bolt-load change after inter-
At" * Eu (L'A + EoAc : 0 nal pressure is applied, and compare
Formula (11) then expresses the max- or Ao (-En * A+ L- EB -
-Ac)Ec) the computed value with the actual
imum moment not to have crushine of - -AP"
(13) test figure. The data on flange C-l of
the gasket, corrected for the effeci of and Eo Ao L, En (L A+ this reference is as shown in Table 1.
- Ac)(L*Lz):EuA
a change in bolt.load, assuming that
the bolt-load decreasesa when prissure e1 As [EoL,*Er (L*L)] *a+ IABLE I
_
[_En Lr (L, S L,)
is applied. ""r _ro!
Evaluation of the Change in Equations (13) and (J4) may be
Bolt-Load Factor solved simultaneously to yield the fol-
1 lowing results:
has been conveniently defined so
K A [EnL'(L'+L,)+E']
- rP' tp' rp"+ p") + p" g" Ht
Jc G:26'!4"
as to permit a simple correction for -A fEc:4960x106
(Assuming E:29r
change in bolt-load. Off hand it may (1s) 106, and discount
ing any oiher
appear difficult to evaluate. However, lEelrtlelL+ L)l flexibilities)
this may be done without too niuch A4 :Ap.
e and mo' lEr (EB * Ec) * Es Eo L"] * Computed from the data in reference.
labor. (16) i Some question can be raised as to what constitutes the
Figure 12 shows a segment of the "gasket" in al assembly of ihis stifiness.
and, since Ar- L' Ao Aa:
flange rvith loads applied at the gasket, -
I tEslrL-ld From this data, using formula (17),
T_441 bolt circle, and mean diameter of the \--
JB- ^- te'tn;+E;)T-E"
a?F
ilH
6lrGJ pipe. Intitially, it is assumed that the l_10"-
rmula (6), flange has been bolted-up to some ini.
tial bolt-load, the bolts have extended
-
By substituting equation (17) in
K-* 1tl'^
e214960 X.938 X .726-861
somewhat, the gasket has compressed equation (12), it can be determined 86 [92 + 496A] + 92:X 4960 X .938',
/9+ u-)t somewhat, the flange has rotated that: |
K -
.s6z
\8 through some angle, and that the value
_-I Er [EoL L,- Er]
_- of Ap" is zero. This is the condition K [Er (EB + Ea) + Ea Ec L1] \{rhen the internal pressure is 300
represented by the solid-lined figure. (18) psi., the hydraulic end lbad Ap" will be:
!t The dashed outline shows the new pic- Lp.t: "tr /4 G2 p : 'n/,1 (26 7 /8)' X 300
,
J
ture when the load Ap" is given some That value of f may then be used
: #
170,000
(10) finite value. Ac is (half) ihe change in formulas (10) and (ll). Inspec- ,l
; in thickness of the gasket (assuming tion of the terms of equation (lB) from the value of
ii computed above,
that the center of the gasket does not t
:es the max' move). A 6 is the change in rotation shows that t *"y be either positive the change in bolt-load should be:
I
leakage due of the flange. or negative (that the bolt-load may ApB :-^-- Ape
gSSUr€, col.
' Inspection of the geometry of the either decrease or increase) depend'
:.362X
r change in figure will yield the following results: ing on the relative magnitudes of 170,000
he boltiload (EcL,L,) and (Er). :61,500 pounds
s applied. An - L 46 Aa'- half the chanse
- of bolts
in length
tle forego'
Apn- change in bolt-load
re reworked
:EsA" (12)
:Eo(LA+
-A")
where En stiffness of the bolts
- pounds per inch deflection
-
Sign convention assumes bolt load
decreases when answer is oositive.
Apc
-: change in gasket load
EoAc
where stiffness of gasket
- pounds
P,q
- per inch deflection
Sign convention assumes gasket load
decreases when answer is oositive.
AM : cha{rgg in internal flange
resrstlng moment
:E"Ao
where Er- rotational stiffness of flange
': inch pounds per radian
Sign convention assumes moment
increases when answer is positive.

Figure 12. Loods on ,nffi

i. 29, No. Iune, 7950-A Gulf . Publishing Company Publicotion
 That is, the bolt-load should de.
crease by 6I,500 lbs. By comparison,
the test values ransed from 46.000 to
I24.000-rhe mean'value being 73.000
pounds. Assuming this mean value to
be "correct," the discrepancl. betrveen
the computation and the test is about
15 percent, In terms of the many fac-
tors that can contribute to this dis-
crepancy, the agreement betrveen the
values is quite good. In terms of
"safety-factors" generally employed
and the small over-all effect on the
leakage envelope. the discrepancy is
prol'ablr negligiLle.
Figure 13 shows the effect o"
K (10t and (11) u,ith u rro.iUu" ({)
of varying each of the stiffness factors
rvhile holding the. others constant. It
will be seen thatf is not sensitive to
changes in E6, in the neigJhborhood of
the operating value. That is, the gasket
is behaving rather effectively as
fulcrum. On the other hand. it is some-
what sensitive to changes in Ep and
Ee. Readers familiar t'ith Reference
No. 5 may note that the value of ]o
that lvould be required bv the test data
increascs as the irrternal pressure is
increased. This mar in pa rt he
l.rl
I'K
o Ats 2
&F
&lo
N.1
!=
I
0. r0
. 6.tn=L3
v Lr
-Ar-
@*
O-
plained by decreasing "twisting stiff-
ness" of the flange as flange moments
are increased. The smaller flange stiff-
actor u'ould then make for a
ness-f
1 and (7) are of good accuracy. Also"
greater value of rra thus it can
-and
be seen that the results of the formulas
agree rvith ttre trend of the test data.
Use of the Formulas
The general suggestion of this arti'
cle is to use formulas (6) and (7) to
construct leakage. envelopes ignoring
the influence of -i. The formulas are
easj to apply and should be of accu-
racv sufficient for practical design'
Evaluation of the various stiffness fac-
tors. normalll a somervhat complicated
undertaking. is thereby avoided. It is
nossible for the formulas to be either
somer-hat conservative or somewhat
unconservative. Figure 14 has been
a
constructed to shorv the influence of -"
on the leakage envelope. It has been
made from formulas (10) and (11).
for the 8-inch-150-pound flange of the
previous example. i is permitted to
vary from f.50 to .50. The shaded
ex- area in the figure de{ines the question-
Figure l3
SETTING rn= 0 IN REALITI DEFINES THAI TXE FLANGE WILL SEHAVE AS
LEVER AEOUT THE GASKET N'LCRU}I POIIIT.
SETIIN0 %- o llt REALIII DEFINES A CONSTA$! BOLT-LOAD.
SETTII|G En- 0 IN REALITI
THEREFORE"THE BOLTS ffUST
DEFII{ES A CONSf,[}ll GASXET
iE5fu-loof OF TXE LOAD.
able zone. Inspection of the figure will
shol'that even for this rvide range of
f values, the results of formulas (6)
it can be demonstrated mathemati-
callv that the maximum positive
/r \':
value (*
rf can have, for any combi.
nation of the various stiffness fac-
tors, is (
i:) t.r tnis example, (h)
is .25; the . boundary corresponding
/l\
to that [*J 'r-alue lies uithin the
lolver part of the shaded area. l,eakage
envelopes constructed using formulas
value taken equal to (rt-r)
"'iff af.
\\'a)-s be conservative. If formulas (6)
and (.7) place the moment-pressure
condition rvell rvithin the envelope, the
problem is adequatelv solved. If the
operating condition falls close to the
extremes of the envelope. formulas
t l0) and ( l I ) mar I'e used rrirh an
assumed ( l- ) t"t,," not greater than
\ !"/
( ;; ) .As a Iast resort. the rarious
,stiffness factors mav be calculated and
H
F
H
*2,
-t{
.739
.n5
EB
rc,F
.0182
t
L0lD---
Petroleunt Refiner-l'-ol. 29, No. 6
 l:
il'

t (r*ot PourDs)
1- -.fu
K

{
20or00o
I
)
I
a

0 I
160rooo

) t :

l- 1201000
)
'e
re
te
IE
80,o0o
l.c
.n

tn
/+0 rOO0
_ls

rd

400 Psi,)
1t0 200

Figure I4. lnfluence of -a

I
on Leokoge EnveloPe

(lliIer' "Tcsts ol 1{r'al Exchall€'er Flarlgeg --

be evaluated. And service life charac- 'l'ransitItions of the -\SIIE, 193E'
used to correctly evaluate (* ) tnti ieristics need correlation l'ith static 6 The readcr mal_ rewrite the tornlulas to use ', ,,i

usins that value in formulas (10) and
{11)". These latter formulas have been
arranged so that the numerical com'
putati-ons of (6) and (7) are used'
so
ihar calculation labor is reduced'
General Conclusions
The rvriter hoPes that the conclu-
sions drawn in this article may stimu-
late further research, bring into pub-
]ication anY private test data that may
,F be availabie, and point a direction for
further experiment. Despite the f act
that the methods of this article are
rational. the problem is by no means
completelv solved' Additional data on
the elastic and plastic charaeteristics
of gasket material are needed' The
tor.ional effect on the flange of the
non-uniform flange'momenls needs lo
These are but a fen' of "Ii instrrad ., i-l i wlri.h t'as used to avoid
"iru.u"t"ti.ti"s.
the manl avenues along rr'hich te- ('ontusi()ll Nith -q. Labro\\''s lacior' r**
searclt must travel until the llanged BIBI,IOGR.{PHY , '.1
ft". been thoroughly explored' E. O. \\-atcrs, D. B. lvesstrom' Il Il'Stresses Ross-
'i"i"i
.l:&
freim. l', S. G' Williams. Forlnulas for i{."
(End ol Part III and series') i" fiori.O ]'lange Oonnections - Transactiotrs
ot tft" eSlfo,1937. Also I)iscussion' Trans-
actions of 1938. 1.8
I{O'I'DS AND III]}'ERENCNS
I l-lrp npl l,,ss rr itl senprill] l'c slnaller ^ftor l). B. Rossheim, E. I{' Gebhardt' II' G'
Oliver. Tests of rJcat Exchanser FlaDges-
"t'i!tXt"itit"T;rs mal' note that ttre terl'lencl' Tr.rnsaclions of tl e ASNE, 1938'
.t "-"."if,t*i"" ot t ott-toad is to exaggeRte 'I'hc 1fa:'lor For€ie Clo. Modern Flange L)esign'
;h";;"k; -;;"ss-pattern -under morlent-thtrt Fitst Rcport of the PiI)e Flanges Researeil
cn--itf"" r""titution of Me':hanical EnEi-
}ii"i:l:.."i,r:t"il"*ilH:"\'l"i.L"lil':tl:'; 1936, volume 132 (British)'
"""1"1-ij*.""a;nas Flaneies Research
-qecond Report of the Pipe Ifechanical Engi-
:l:,::1":l*l*'i#,f il;"ll"f ";:X,lf .i'Ji'"i; -i 1n'.li1qtion of
,',i--il."n-ilo"""ain€as
iii"i"'ii*.ti"j. : p"ot-.i'ty an additional refine- r"..", 1939, \'olume 141 (British)'
il"iri itr tiris nature ltould be urisleading' S. I-al)row Design of lrlanged Joints-I-nsti-
i;:',*li'*lli...:":H,1?,,iii.1ii,i,:x,,"?J,L'J'1i toiinti or tr{e.rha;ical }ln€iineels Proceedings
high acculilcl- 191?, Volume 156 (British)' (iasket
";ij;.;' suctr -;;frs5rr"
obtain
t'ill have the nesatire Ll. R. Ros-rheirn and A. Ii (l l'Iarkl
; T,oading Constants tri{echani( al EnBineerlng'
-
"tt";tt ?t"i'-tlEtti" "t*" or all ternrs inrolv- Septembcr 1943.
,lf'f-,lSUp Coale for lrnfired I'ressu|e Ves-
,"* *, lhe formula lvill reacl the \:alue ob-
lrrin..l tf rll. I olI-lojr'l.increilscs'
:l'. B. lios-llpirr. U. H 'lpl'h'rdt lI (l'
Steel Flanges A5-L 13161')
ASA Clode for Pressure I'jl)ing'
>r >F >r

r33
o.6 Iune, 1950-A Gulf Pubtishing Cottt'fany Publicotiott