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1.1.1
1
.
2
N Z Q R .
3
a M a M a M .
4
.
.
{ x | x } x .
.
5
. .
( ).
1.1.2
6
A B
A
B
AB
C A C
(4) A B B A A B
B A)
(1)A A
(2) A
(3) A B B
A B B
A
1 A A
(2) A B B C
A(B)
AC
A B
A
BB
(1)A B
(2)B A
A(B)
7
2n
A n(n 1) 2n 2 n 1 2 n 1
2 .
1.1.3
8
AI B
A A
3 A I B A
AI B B
1 A U A A
2 A U A
3 A U B A
AUB B
1 A I
{x | x A,
2 A I
x B}
AUB
{x | x A,
x B}
U A
{x | x U , x A}
1 A I (U A)
| x | a( a 0)
{x | a x a}
| x | a( a 0)
x | x a x a}
ax b | x | a
| x | a (a 0)
2
b 2 4ac
y ax 2 bx c (a 0)
2 A U (U A) U
UU ( A IU B) (UU A) U
I (UU B)
| ax b | c,| ax b | c(c 0)
ax 2 bx c 0(a 0)
b b 2 4ac
x1,2
2a
ax 2 bx c 0(a 0)
x1
x1 x2
b
2a
x2 )
{x | x x1 x x2 }
{x | x
b
}
2a
{x | x1 x x2 }
ax 2 bx c 0(a 0)
1.2
1.2.1
1
A B f
A x
B f ( x) A B A B
A B
f :A B
:
2
a, b a
b a x b x [a, b]
a x b x (a, b) a x b a x b x
[a, b) ( a, b] x
a, x a, x b, x b x
[ a, ), ( a, ), (, b], ( , b)
{ x | a
x b} (a, b) a b
ab
3
f ( x )
f ( x )
f ( x )
y tan x x k
(k Z )
2
f ( x)
f ( x ) [ a, b ]
f [ g ( x )] a g ( x) b
4
y f ( x) y x
a ( y ) x 2 b( y ) x c ( y ) 0 a( y ) 0 x, y
b 2 ( y ) 4a( y ) c ( y ) 0
1.2.2
5
A B f
A B
A B A B f
A B f : A B
A B a A, b B a b
b a a b
1.3
1.3.1
1
y y=f(X)
x1x2, x 1< x 2
f(x2)
f(x1)
f(x 1)<f(x 2)
f(x)
x1
x2
4
I
y=f(X)
f(x )
1
x1x2 x 1< x 2
f(x )
2
f(x 1)>f(x 2)
f(x)
x1
3
x2
y f [ g ( x)] u g ( x ) y f (u ) u g ( x )
y f [ g ( x)] y f (u ) u g ( x ) y f [ g ( x)]
y f (u ) u g ( x ) y f [ g ( x)]
y f (u ) u g ( x ) y f [ g ( x)]
2
a
f ( x) x ( a 0)
x
o
f ( x) ( , a ] [ a , ) [ a , 0) (0, a ]
3
f ( x) M
y f ( x) I
x0 I f ( x0 ) M
f max ( x ) M
f ( x)
M 1 x I
y f ( x) I
m 1
x I
f ( x) m 2 x0 I f ( x0 ) m m f ( x)
f max ( x ) m
1.3.2
f(x)
x f(x)=
f(x) , f(x)
f(x)
x f(
x)=f(x) , f(x)
2
y
f ( x ) x 0 f (0) 0
y y
h
y f ( x)
hh0,
0,|
h|
f ( x h)
k
y f ( x)
kk0,
0,|
k|
f ( x) k
y f ( x)
01,1,
f ( x )
A1,
y f ( x)
0A
1,
Af ( x )
x
y f ( x
)
y
y f ( x
)
y
f ( x)
f ( x)
y
y f ( x
)
y
f ( x)
y f ( x)
yx
y
y f ( x)
y
y
x
y f ( x)
x
f 1 ( x)
f (| x |)
y | f ( x) |
()
2.1
2.1.1
1
x
a, a R, x R, n 1 n N x a n n
a n n a n a n n a n
n
a 0 n 0 a n
a n a n a
n a
( n a )n a
an a n
(a 0)
a
a (a 0)
a n | a |
2
m
n a m (a 0, m, n N , n 1) 0
a n
0
a
m
n
1 m
1
( ) n n ( ) m (a 0, m, n N , n 1) 0
a
a
3
a
a s a r s (a 0, r , s R )
( ab)
(a
) a rs ( a 0, r , s R)
r s
a r b r ( a 0, b 0, r R)
2.1.2
y a x (a 0 a 1)
a 1
0 a 1
(0, )
y ayx
(0,1) x
yy a x
0 y 1
yy 11
(0,1)
(0,1)
ax 1
11 ( x 0)
a x 1 ( x 0)
a x 1 ( x 0)
a x 1 ( x 0)
OO
ax 1 0
x(0xx 0)
a x 1 ( x 0)
a a
2.2
2.2.1
1
a
N (a 0, a 1) x a N
log a N a
log a N a x N (a 0, a 1, N 0)
log a N
ab
Mn
log e
N e 2.71828
0, a 1, M 0, N 0
M log a N log a ( MN )
n log a
log
N ln N
M log a M n (n R )
n
log a M (b 0, n R)
b
log a
a log a N
M log a N log a
M
N
log b N
(b 0, b 1)
log b a
2.2.2
a 1
y log a x(a 0 a 1)
0 a 1
x 1
y log a x
1
O
(1, 0
0)
x
y
y log a x
(0, )
1R(1, 0)
(1, 0) x0 1 y x
0
O
(0, )
x 1
(0, )
log a x 0 ( x 1)
log a x 0 ( x 1)
log a x 0 ( x 1)
log a x 0 ( x 1)
log a x 0 (0 x 1)
log a x 0 (0 x 1)
a a
(6)
y f ( x) A C y f ( x) x x ( y )
y C x ( y ) x A
x ( y ) x y x ( y ) y f ( x)
x f 1 ( y ) y f 1 ( x )
7
x
y f ( x) x f 1 ( y )
f 1 ( y ) y f 1 ( x)
y f ( x) y f 1 ( x ) y x
y f ( x) y f 1 ( x)
P ( a, b)
y f ( x) P ' (b, a ) y f 1 ( x)
y f ( x)
2.3
y x x
3
(
y )()
(0, ) (1,1)
0 [0, ) 0
(0, ) x
yx
p qZ
q
p
p q
p q
y x p
yx
q
p
q
p
p, q
p q
y x , x (0, ) 1 0 x 1 y x
1 y x 1 0 x 1 y x x 1
y x
f ( x ) ax 2 bx c (a 0) f ( x ) a ( x h) 2 k (a 0)
f ( x) a ( x x1 )( x x2 )(a 0) 2
x
f ( x)
b
,
2a
b 4ac b 2
,
)
2a
4a
f ( x ) ax 2 bx c (a 0) x
0 (,
f :A B
0 (,
b
b
, ) x
2a
2a
b
b
b
] [ , ) x
2a
2a
2a
4ac b 2
f max ( x)
4a
b
]
2a
f ( x ) ax 2 bx c (a 0) b 2 4ac 0 x
M 1 ( x1 ,0), M 2 ( x2 ,0),| M 1M 2 || x1 x2 |
|a|
bx c 0(a 0)
4 ax 2
ax 2
bx c 0(a 0) x1 , x2 x1 x2 f ( x) ax 2 bx c
a x
kx1x2
b
2a
y
x
a0
f (k ) 0
k x1
x2
x
x1
f (k ) 0
f (k ) 0
x1
x2
k x
b
x
2a
x1
k
x
f (k ) 0
a0
af(k)0
b
2a
x2
a0
x1
a0
a0
x1kx2
x2
b
2a
x1x2k
b
2a
x2
x1
f (k ) 0
x2
f (k ) 0
a0
k1x1x2k2
a0
f (k1 ) 0
f (k 2 ) 0
b
2a
k1
x1
k1
x2
k2 x
b
x
2a
f(k1)=0 f(k2)=0
f ( k1 ) 0
x1 x2 k1 x1 x2 k2
k2
x2
x1
a0
f (k 2 ) 0
f(k1)f(k2) 0
a0
f (k1 ) 0
f ( k1 ) 0
x1
k1
k2
x2
x1
k2
x2
k1
f (k 2 ) 0
f (k 2 ) 0
a0
k1x1k2p1x2p2
f ( x ) ax 2 bx c (a 0) [ p, q]
f ( x ) [ p, q ] M
a
m x0
b
p m f ( p )
2a
1
( p q)
2
b
b
q m f ( )
2a
2a
b
q
2a
m f (q)
yx b
a0
(q)p
q
f
(p)b
f ( )
b
x0 2aM f (q )
2a
yx b
(p)
q
O
f (
(q)
yb
f (
2a
2a
2a
yb
2a
x
b
x (q)
2a
f f(
(q)
q
f f ( b )
a0
(p)
b
x (q)
2a
f (
(p)
O
yb
a0
b
q
2a
2a
a0
2a
0 ()
f
(p)
q
x0
b
b
b
(q)
x0
p f ( p) p
p M
g
qp M f ( )
O
g
2a
2a
2a
q x
O
M f (q )
f
f f ( b )
2a
(p)b
(q)
f ( )
() a
b
2a
q
p
b
2a
x0 M f ( p)
2a
y
b
a0
2a
(q)
p
a0
b
2a
(p)
a0
a0
2a
f
(p)
x
x
b
2a
b
x0 m f (q )
2a
yb
a0
f (
f
(p)
2a
b
x0 m f ( p )
2a
yb
a0
f f(
(q)
x0
g
O p
q
x
b
x (q)
2a
x0 p
g
2a
f
(p)
x
x
b
2a
y f ( x)( x D ) f ( x) 0
y f ( x)( x D )
2 y f (x ) f ( x ) 0 y f (x )
f ( x ) 0 y f (x )
x y
f (x )
y f (x )
f ( x ) 0
y f (x )
4
y ax 2 bx c( a 0)
ax 2
bx c 0
ax 2
bx c 0
ax 2
bx c 0 x
2
1.1
1.2
1
3
4
1.
2. y xz
3.
5 1234
1.3
1
2
4
S 2rl
23
r2
S rl r 2 Rl R 2
S rl r 2
5
S 4R 2
1 V S h
3
1
V S
3
S S S ) h
1
S h
3
4
R 3
3
2.1
2.1.1
1 450
2
2
AC ABCD
3
1 1
AL
BL
=> L
A
L
A
B
1
2 2
ABC =>
ABC
2
3 3
P =>=L PL
3
2.1.2
1
2 4
abc
=>ac
ab
cb
4
4
3
4
a' b' ab O O
(0 )
ab
2.1.3 2.1.4
1
1
2
3
a
a=A
2.2.
2.2.1
1
=> a
ab
2.2.2
1
ab = P
a
b
2
1
2
3
2.2.3 2.2.4
1
a
a
ab
= b
= a
ab
= b
2.3
2.3.1
1
L L L
L L , P
L
p
2
a)
b)
2.3.2
1
A
l
2 -l- -AB-
3
2.3.3 2.3.4
1
2
1 2 3 4
3.1
3.1
1 l x , x , x l
l ., l x , = 0.
2
0180. l x , = 90.
3:
(90), k , k =
tan
l x , =0, k = tan0=0;
l x , = 90, k .
, l , k .
4 :
P1(x1,y1),P2(x2,y2),x1x2, P1P2
: k=y2-y1/x2-x1
3.1.2
1
k1=k2, L1L2
2
3.2.1
1 l P0 ( x0 ,
y 0 ) k
2 l k
y y 0 k ( x x0 )
y (0, b)
y kx b
3.2.2
1
P1 ( x1 , x2 ), P2 ( x2 , y 2 ) ( x1 x2 , y1 y 2 )
y-y1/y-y2=x-
x1/x-x2
2
3.2.3
P1 P2
x2 x2
x A (a,0) y B (0, b)
y2 y1
a 0, b 0
1 x, y Ax By C 0 AB 0
2
3.3
3.3.1
1
L1 3x+4y-2=0 L12x+y +2=0
3x 4 y 2 0
2x 2 y 2 0
x=-2y=2
L1 L2 M-22
3.3.2
3.3.3
1
P( x0 ,
y 0 ) l : Ax By C 0 d
Ax0 By 0 C
A2 B 2
2
l1 l 2 l1 Ax
l 2 Ax By C 2 0 l1 l 2 d
4
By C1 0
C1 C 2
A2 B 2
4.1.1
1 ( x a ) 2
( y b) 2 r 2
A(a,b), r
2 M ( x0 , y0 ) ( x a ) 2
1 ( x0
( y b) 2 r 2
a ) 2 ( y0 b) 2 > r 2
2 ( x0
a ) 2 ( y0 b) 2 = r 2
3 ( x0
a ) 2 ( y0 b) 2 < r 2
4.1.2
1 x 2 y 2 Dx Ey F 0
2
(1)x2 y2 0 xy
(2) DEF
(3)
4.2.1
1
l ax by c 0 C x 2 y 2 Dx Ey F 0
D
,
2
E
) d
2
1 d r l C 2 d r l C
3 d r l C
4.2.2
l
1 l r1 r2 C1 C 2 2 l r1 r2 C1 C 2
| r1 r2 | l r1 r2 C1 C 2
4 l | r1 r2 | C1 C 2 5 l | r1 r2 | C1 C 2
4.2.3
1
2
R
M
O
P
Q
M'
4.3.1
1 M ( x,
y, z ) x y z PQR x y z
2 ( x,
y, z )
3 M ( x, y , z ) M
M ( x, y , z ) x M y M
z M
4.3.2
1 P1 ( x1 ,
P1 P2
y1 , z1 ) P2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
P1
P2
( x1 x 2 ) 2 ( y1 y 2 ) 2 ( z1 z 2 ) 2
M1
N1
x
M2 H N2 y
N
2.1.1
1
,
3
1
4:
1
2
3
5
10
2.1.2
1
K=N/n
2.1.3
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
2
2.2.2
1 x
x1 x 2 x n
n
2 s
( x1 x) 2 ( x 2 x) 2 ( x n x) 2
s
n
2
41
2 k k
3 ( x 3s, x 3s )
2.3.2
1:
1
2
2
3
1
2 x Y
Y
3 Y x
NO2
NO2
4
1
2,
3
1:
2 x
k 360
k 360
k
360o 90o, k
90o k 360o
180o, k
4 1
5 r l
6 2
7
360
l
r
180
1
57.3o
180
r l C S l r
1
1
C 2r l S lr r 2
2
2
8
r r x2 y 2 0
sin
x, y
y
x
y
cos tan x 0
r
r
x
y
P T
v
10 sin
cos tan
11
sin
sin
tan
1 sin 2 cos 2 1
sin
tan
cos
12
M A
cos
2
sin
2
5 sin
cos
cos
2
6 sin
sin
2
cos
13
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x y sin x
y sin x
14
y sin x
y sin x
y sin x 0, 0
y sin x x x1 ymin
1
ymax ymin
2
1
ymax ymin
2
x2 ymax
x2 x1 x1 x2
2
15
y sin x
y cos x
y tan x
x x k
1,1
k
2
1 x 2k
2
x 2 k
ymax
k ymin 1
1,1
x
, k
2
2k k
ymax 1 x 2k
k ymin 1
2k 2 , 2k 2
3
2k 2 , 2k 2
2 k , 2 k k
2k , 2 k
, k
2
2
k , 0 k
k
k
2
k , 0 k
2
k
2
k k
16
0
1
, 0 k
17
r r
r r r r
a b a b a b
a b
r r
b a
ar b cr ar b cr ar 0r 0r ar ar
r
r
x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
a b
x1 x2 , y1 y2
18
r
x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
a b
x1 x2 , y1 y2
uuur
x1 , y1 x2 , y2 x1 x2 , y1 y2
19
a a
r
r
a a
r
r
r
r
0 a a 0 a a 0
r r
a 0
r r r
a0
r
x, y a x, y x, y
20 a
a
a a a a a a b a b
r
x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
br br ar
r
r
r r r r
0 x1 y2 x2 y1 0 a b b 0
ur uu
r
21 e1 e2 a
1 2 a
ur
uu
r
ur uu
r
1 e1 2 e2 e1 e2
22 1 2 1 2
x1 , y1 x2 , y2
uuur
uuur
x x2 y1 y2
,
1 2 1
1
1
23
r r
a b
r r
r r r r
a b cos a 0, b 0, 0o 180o
a b a
r r
a b a b
r r
a b
r r
a b
r
r r r r
r r
r r
a
b a b
a
b a b 0
b
r r
r
r2 r
a 2 a a a a
r r
r r
r r
b
b a a b a
r r
a a
r
r
a b
r
x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
r
r2
a x, y a x 2 y 2 ar x 2 y 2
r r r r
a b a b
r
ar b cr
r r
a b
r r r r
a c b c
x1 x2 y1 y2
r
r
a x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
r r
a b x1 x2 y1 y2 0
r
r
r
r
a b a x1 , y1 b x2 , y2
r r
a b
x1 x2 y1 y2
cos r r
a b
x12 y12 x22 y22
r
r
a b
24
cos
sin
tan
tan tan
1 tan tan
tan
tan
tan tan
1 tan tan
tan
25
sin 2
cos 2
1 cos 2 cos 2
cos 2
,1 cos 2 sin 2
2
2
cos 2 1
1 cos 2
2
sin
2
2
tan 2
2 tan
1 tan 2
1 tan 2
2 ; cos
2
sin
2
2
1 tan
1 tan
2
2
2 tan
26 :
1 cos
1 cos
cos
; sin
2
2
2
2
tan
1 cos
sin
1 cos
2
1 cos
1 cos
sin
27
2 2 sin
tan
28
4 2
30 o
sin
12
2
( )
( )
4
2
4
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
4
15 o
45 o 30 o 60 o 45 o
cos
12
3 1
1 cos
1 tan
1 tan
_______________
______________
1 tan
1 tan
tan tan ____________ 1 tan tan ___________
tan tan ____________ 1 tan tan ___________
2 tan
1 tan 2
sin cos
a sin b cos
1 cos
tan
=
1 cos
sin 50 o (1
3 tan 10 o )
tan cot
1 C a b c C
a
b
c
2R
sin sin sin C
( R C )
2 a
sin
a
b
c
sin
sin C
a : b : c sin : sin : sin C
2R
2R
2R
3 S C
1
1
1
bc sin ab sin C ac sin
2
2
2
4 C a 2
b2 c2 a 2
2bc
1.
1
N*
{1,2,3,,n}
n an n
:
an 2n 2 1
{an} 1 an an-1
a1 1, a2 2, an an 1 an 2 ( n 2)
2
1
13579 2n, an
: an 2
n
: an 2 n 1, an 2
2
: an n 1
: a ( 1) n 2n
4{an} n :
S n a1 a2 a3 K an
S1 , ( n 1)
S n S n 1 , (n 2)
an
an an 1 d (n 2)
an
q ( n 2)
an 1
1 an a1 n 1 d
1 an
an a m n m d , n m
an am q n m , (n m)
2 S n
n n 1
n a1 an
na1
d
2
2
1 a, b, c
na1 q 1
2 S n a1 1 q n
1 q
2 m n p q m n p q *
am
3 S n S 2n
a1 an q
q 1
1 q
1 a, b, c b 2
2b a c
b a c
a1q n 1
ac
b a c
2 m n
an a p a q
p q m n p q *
am an
Sn S3n S 2 n
3 S n S 2n
a p aq
Sn S3n S2 n
1 a b
0 a b a b 0 a b a b 0 a b
2 a
b b a a b, b c a c a b a c b c
b, c 0 ac bc a b, c 0 ac bc a b, c d a c b d
b 0, c d 0 ac bd
b 0 n a n b n , n 1
b 0 a n b n n , n 1
3
1 ax 2
bx c 0, (a 0) 2
1
2
3
123
4
:
z
ax by ----- z ( x a ) 2 ( y b) 2 -----
4 a
0 b 0 a b 2 ab
2
ab
ab ab a b a 0, b 0
2
2
ab
a b ab a b
2
5 x y
x
xy
2
y s x y xy s
4
p x y x y 2 p