International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications, ISITA2008
Auckland, New Zealand, 7-10, December, 2008
Throughput Evaluation of the the Nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA with Interference
Canceler
Nobuyoshi KOMURO† , Hiromasa HABUCHI‡ and Toshinori TSUBOI††
†
School of Computer Science
Tokyo University of Technology
1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
E-mail: nkmr@cs.teu.ac.jp
††
School of Computer Science
Tokyo University of Technology
1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan
Abstract
Nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying Code Division Multi-
ple Access (CSK/CDMA) ALOHA is expected to improve
the throughput in advanced wireless network, such as sen-
sor networks and ad-hoc networks. The throughput of the
nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA is expected to get bet-
ter by introducing the interference cancellation technique.
It is not clear how much the throughput improved by in-
troducing the interference canceler. This paper presents the
throughput performance of the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA with the interference canceler by theoretical anal-
ysis. Consequently, it is found that the throughput perfor-
mance of our system is over 1.0.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Direct Sequence/Code Division Multiple Access
(DS/CDMA) ALOHA system is widely used in wireless
communication networks because of its advantages; sim-
ple transmission procedure and multiple access [1]-[3]. To
improve the throughput performance of the DS/CDMA
ALOHA system, we have proposed and investigated the
nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying Code Devision Multiple
Access (CSK/CDMA) ALOHA system [7]. In our system,
the sequences which are used for CSK are constructed by
concatenating Mcon primitive orthogonal sequences. We
have shown that the throughput performance of our sys-
tem is 2.0 times or more higher than that of the DS/CDMA
ALOHA system [7]. From [7][8], we have found that
the throughput of our system improves by lengthening the
nonorthogonal sequences. However, the throughput perfor-
mance deteriorates significantly when the number of on-
going users exceeds the network capacity. There are two
strategies to overcome the problem; to use access control
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‡
College of Engineering,
Ibaraki University
scheme and to use the interference canceler [5].
The DS/CDMA ALOHA system can maintain high
throughput by using access control system [3]. On the other
hand, the maximum throughput of the DS/CDMA ALOHA
system itself can improve by using the interference canceler
[6]. We have shown that the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA system does not only maintain high throughput but
also its maximum throughput improves. Using the interfer-
ence canceler into the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA
system is expected to improve the throughput, but its effect
is unclear.
In this paper, we evaluate the throughput of our system
with the interference canceler. We derive the throughput
of the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA system theo-
retically, and then we evaluate its throughput. We inves-
tigate the improvement factor of the throughput by using
the interference canceler. And we compare our system with
the conventional CDMA ALOHA systems; the DS/CDMA
ALOHA system and the orthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA
system. The notation on the following discussion is shown
in Table 1.
2. SYSTEM MODEL
To distinguish users, each user has the assigned partic-
ular Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequence. All users have the same
Mnon nonorthogonal sequences which are used for CSK.
2.1. Nonorthogonal sequences
Figure 1 shows their structure. One nonorthogonal se-
quence is constructed by concatenating Mcon orthogonal
sequences. A frame is the sequence which is constructed
by concatenating Mcon orthogonal sequences. The group of
 Table 1: Notations group #1
Lp−inf o Number of bits of the packet [bit] 1 frame
Lp Packet length [sequences] OS 1 OS 1 OS 1
Lf rame Frame length [chips] group #Mos
Mos Number of orthogonal sequences OS11frameOS 1 -OS 1
Mcon Number of concatenations
Mnon Number of nonorthogonal sequences OS Mos OS Mos OS Mos
Nbit Number of bits per sequence -OS 1
OS Mos OS -OS 1-OS Mos -OS 1
(= log2 Mos + Mcon )
Mos
K Number of users
k Number of interfering packets -OS Mos -OS Mos -OS Mos
G Average number of generated packets
in a packet duration 1 2 Mcon
(Offered load)
Eb /N0 Ratio of transmitted signal energy per bit OS: Primitive orthogonal sequence
to noise power spectral density

OS1 OS2 OSMos

nonorthogonal sequences which is constructed from orthog-
onal sequence #i is called group #i. The sequences among
the groups are orthogonal, but the sequences in the same
group are nonorthogonal. Figure 1: Structure of nonorthogonal sequence

2.2. Transmitter
3. Theoretical analysis
Figure 2 shows the transmitter of our system. The trans-
mitter acts as follows; (1) the amount of information of 3.1. Assumptions
L
Nbit (= Lp ). (2)
the packet, Lp−inf o , is divided into p−inf o

One of Mnon nonorthogonal sequences is selected. (3) We assume the following when analyzing the through-
The selected nonorthogonal sequence is multiplied by the put performance.
assigned PN sequence. (4) One packet which consists • Every transmitted signal is received by equal power
of Lp frames is multiplied by the carrier, and it is trans- in the central station: i.e. the power is controlled by
mitted. In our system, a nonorthogonal sequence is con- the central station.
structed by concatenating Mcon primitive orthogonal se-
quences. A frame is constructed by concatenating Mcon • The number of bits per packet is fixed to be Lp−inf o
primitive orthogonal sequences. The number of bits per bits. When the duration of an orthogonal sequence is
frame is Nbit = log2 (2Mcon Mos )[bit], and the frame length Δt, a packet duration, Tp , is
is Lf rame = Mos Mcon .
Lp−inf o
Tp = Mcon Δt
Nbit
2.3. Canceler = Lp Mcon Δt.

Figure 3 shows the canceler of our system. Timing • The offered load, G, is defined as the average number
of each transmission is assumed to be synchronized com- of generated packets in Tp . Then Gchip is defined as
pletely. And each adjustment of time delay is obtained per- the offered load in a chip interval:
fectly. Firstly, the received signal is multiplied by each
PN sequence. Next, the sequence is correlated with CSK G G
Gchip = = .
sequences and then re-modulated with the same sequence. Lp Mcon Mos Lp Lf rame
Next, the demodulated signal is re-spread by the same PN We assume that the length of a frame is the same as
sequence again. Then the re-spread signal is subtracted that of a PN sequence.
from the original received signal. Subtraction is done for
each PN sequence. Finally, the subtracted signal is demod- • Packets are generated according to binomial distribu-
ulated for each PN sequence. tion.

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 Seqence set used for CSK/SS

C1 Delay +

-
+
Nbit [bit] Correlation decoder
for CSK
& +
Modulation
for CSK
PN1 PN1 PN1

+
C Mnon PN k Carrier Correlation decoder
& + for CSK
Modulation
for CSK
PN2 PN2 PN2
OS #i ... -OS #i OS: Primitive orthogonal sequence
frame
+
Correlation decoder
... &
+
for CSK
Modulation
for CSK
PNK PNK PNK
OS #i OS #i -OS #i

Figure 3: Receiver
Figure 2: Transmitter

SN R(Ka) indicates the ratio of the transmitted signal to

3.2. Success rate of one frame the noise power spectral density.
If a sequence error occur, an incorrect sequence is sub-  −1
1 Ka 1 N0
tracted from the desired signal. In our system, each se- SN R(Ka) = + . (3)
quence is constructed by concatenating primitive orthogo- 2 3Lf rame 2 Nbit Eb
nal sequences. There are some patterns of cancellation er- Pocs (k) is the success rate of sequence when the number of
ror: simultaneous transmitted packet is k, and it is given by [7]
• Primitive orthogonal sequence is estimated incor-  ∞  x1 Mos −1
rectly. Then the cancellation signal includes twice in Pocs (k) = f (x1 ) f (x j )dxj dx1 ,(4)
power. That is the power of interfering signal is twice. −∞ −∈f ty j=1

(Error pattern 1) f (xj ) = g(|qj |) ⊗ · · · ⊗ g(|qj |), (5)

  
• Primitive orthogonal sequence is estimated correctly Mcon times
  2 
but its polar characters are estimated incorrectly. 1 1 q j − μj
Then the power of interfering signal is fourfold. (Er- g(qj ) = √ exp − . (6)
2πσj 2 σj
ror pattern 2)
qj is the output of the jth correlator, uj is the mean of ran-
Error rate of one sequence for error pattern 1, P e1 (k), is Nbit /Mcon
given by dom variable qj , σj = 2SN R(Ka) , and ’⊗’ expresses the
convolution integral.
⎧ ⎛ ⎞⎫Mcon
⎨ ⎬ Error rate of one sequence for error pattern 2 P e2 (k) is
1 SN R(Ka)
P e1 (k) = 1 − 1 − erf c ⎝ ⎠ given by
⎩ 2 Mcon ⎭
  Mos −1  P e2 (k) = 1 − Pocs (kj )
∞ x1 ⎧ ⎛ ⎞ ⎫
× f (x1 ) f (x )dxj dx1 . M con ⎨ ⎬
j SN R(kj ) ⎠
−∞ −∞ j=1 × 1 − erf c ⎝ Pocs (k) ,(7)
(1) ⎩ Mcon ⎭
j=1

where Ka is the number of interfering packets after re- where kj is the number of interfering packet for jth primi-
modulation, tive orthogonal sequence, and it is given by

Ka = 2k(1 − Pocs (k)). (2) kj = 4kP e1j (k)Pocs (k), (8)

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 ⎛ ⎞
1 SN R(k)
P e1j (k) = erf c ⎝ ⎠. (9)

Normalized throughput [bits/chip]

2 Mcon
Nonorthogonal CSK
From above, we can obtain the success rate for one frame, 1 Orthogonal CSK
P c(k),

P c(k) = 1 − P e1 (k) − P e2 (k) . (10)

3.3. Normalized throughput 0.5

DS
We assume that the number of interfering packets
changes at one packet interval (i.e. we assume perfect cap-
ture). Then the success rate of one packet, P s(k) is ex-
pressed as
L p 0
0 0.001 0.002
P s(k) = P c(k) , (11)
Offered load per chip duration, Gchip
where Lp is the packet length.
The probability of generating k packets in a packet du- Figure 4: Normalized throughput versus Offered load when
ration is K = 100, Lp−inf o = 840, Eb /N0 = 10[dB], Lf rame =
   k  K−k 256.
G G G
B k, = K Ck 1− , (12)
K K K

where K is the number of users. The throughput S, which
is defined as the number of success bits per chip, is given by
K  k  K−k
log2 Mos + Mcon  G G Lf rame = 256. In the orthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA
S= 1− P s(k). (13)
Lf rame K K
k=0
4. THROUGHPUT EVALUATION
Figure 4 shows the normalized throughput versus the
offered load per chip duration when the number of users,
K = 100, the number of bits per packet, Lp−inf o =
840[bit], and Eb /N0 = 10[dB]. In the nonorthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA system, the number of orthogonal se-
quences , Mos and the length of orthogonal sequence are 64,
the number of concatenations, Mcon = 4, and the frame
length Lf rame = 256. In the orthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA system, Mos = 256 and Lf rame = 256. In
the DS/CDMA ALOHA system, Lf rame = 256. The
solid line is the throughput of our system, the dotted line
is that of the DS/CDMA ALOHA with the interference
canceler, and the dot-dashed line is that of the orthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA with the interference canceler. The
maximum throughput of the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA is 1.05 times better than that of the orthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA system, and 2.04 times better that of
the DS/CDMA ALOHA system. From Fig. 4, the maxi-
mum throughput of our system exceeds 1.0. It is due to the
advantage of multilevel modulation system.
Figure 5 shows the maximum throughput versus Eb /N0
when K = 100, and Lp−inf o = 840. In the nonorthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA system, Mos = 64, Mcon = 4, and
system, Mos = 256 and Lf rame = 256. In the DS/CDMA
ALOHA system, Lf rame = 256. The solid line is the
throughput of our system, the dotted line is that of the
DS/CDMA ALOHA with the interference canceler, and
the dot-dashed line is that of the orthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA with the interference canceler. From Fig.5, we
found that the maximum throughput of our system does
not improve so much when Eb /N0 is low. Otherwise, the
maximum throughput shows about 3.0 times increase by
using the interference canceler. We also found that the
maximum throughput of the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA with the interference canceler is the best. More-
over, the throughputs of CSK/CDMA ALOHA systems are
over 1.0 while that of the DS/CDMA is equal or less than
1.0. It is because the spectral efficiency of our system can
exceed 1.0 as well as that of M-ary/CDMA [5].
Figure 6 shows the maximum throughput versus K
when Lp−inf o = 840[bit], and Eb /N0 = 10[dB]. In the
nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA system, Mos = 64,
Mcon = 4, and Lf rame = 256. In the orthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA system, Mos = 256 and Lf rame =
256. In the DS/CDMA ALOHA system, Lf rame = 256.
The solid line is the throughput of our system, the dotted
line is that of the DS/CDMA ALOHA with the interfer-

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 1.5
Maximum throughput

Canceler on

Maximum throughput
Nonorthogonal
1 1 (Mos=64, Mcon=4)
Orthogonal (Mos=256)

Canceler off
0.5
Nonorthogonal
(Mos=64, Mcon=4)
Orthogonal (Mos=256)
DS
DS
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 50 100
Eb/N0 K

Figure 5: Maximum throughput versus Eb /N0 when K = Figure 6: Maximum throughput versus K when Eb /N0 =
100, Lp−inf o = 840, Lf rame = 256. 10[dB], Lp−inf o = 840, Lf rame = 256.

ence canceler, and the dot-dashed line is that of the orthog-
onal CSK/CDMA ALOHA with the interference canceler.
From Fig.6, The maximum throughput varies by K, and
it converges as K increases. There is a peak value of the
maximum throughput for the number of users. When K is
small, the number of generated packets does not approach
the number to maximize the throughput performance. Thus,
the maximum throughput is not so high. From Fig.6, we
found that the maximum throughput of the nonorthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA system with interference canceler is
the best at every K.
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
This paper presents the evaluation of throughput per-
formance of the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA with
an interference cancellation technique. In the nonorthog-
onal CSK/CDMA ALOHA, the nonorthogonal sequences
which are used for CSK are constructed by concatenat-
ing Mcon primitive orthogonal sequences. Our study in-
dicated that introducing an interference cancellation tech-
nique into the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA is very
effective. From the numerical results, we obtained the fol-
lowing points;
be demodulated successfully at the same time. More-
over, the spectral efficiency of our system can exceed
1.0 as well as that of M-ary/CDMA [5].
• The throughput performance of our system shows
about 3.0 times increase by using the interference
cancellation technique.
• When comparing the nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA
ALOHA system with the conventional CDMA
ALOHA systems, the maximum throughput of
nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA ALOHA system with
the interference canceler is the highest.
From above, we can conclude that the nonorthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA with the interference canceler is ef-
fective.
Future works include the investigation of the in-
terference cancellation technique on the nonorthogonal
CSK/CDMA ALOHA under fading channel, the way to
reduce the sequence error, and the investigation of the
nonorthogonal CSK/CDMA system which integrates access
control scheme and the interference cancellation technique.
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