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Abstract—Data detection of coded multiple-input multiple- decoder. Almost all previous work on the front-end equalizer
output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing assumed either a linear equalization structure [1], [6], [7], [10]
(OFDM) in fast time-varying channels are considered. Main- or a heuristic two-stage processing [11], [12]. To take full
taining high performance with manageable complexity relies
on iterative soft-in soft-out equalization and decoding. This advantage of the time diversity, frequency diversity and the ICI
paper derives the optimum front-end demodulation structure channel structure, an “optimum” symbol by symbol maximum
by extending Ungerboeck equalizer formulation to a MIMO a posteriori (MAP) equalizer is suggested in single-input
intercarrier interference (ICI) channel. Utilizing the fact that ICI single-output coded OFDM systems [2]. The prior research
energy is clustered in adjacent subcarriers, frequency domain has not studied the optimum front-end demodulation structure
equalization is made localized. This paper further proposes
a computational efficient linear minimum mean square error in the high mobility coded MIMO OFDM system, which is
(LMMSE) based equalization method: recursive Sliding-Window the focus of this paper.
(SW) SIC-LMMSE equalizer. Simulation results are reported for This paper develops an optimum yet practical front-end de-
the iterative receivers with application to the mobile worldwide modulation structure and proposes an efficient LMMSE based
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). equalization algorithm which fully utilize the structure of the
ICI channel. The optimum front-end MIMO MAP equalizer
I. I NTRODUCTION
can be realized efficiently by utilizing the property of the ICI
Deploying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogo- channel energy distribution. The ICI channel is effectively an
nal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in a mobile digi- intersymbol interference (ISI) channel which is well studied
tal communication system is a way to achieve reliability, high- by Ungerboeck [13]. The received symbols in the frequency
data rate and spectral efficiency. With the goal of designing domain are correlated due to ICI, so symbol decisions ought to
practical systems that can provide high-quality of service in be based on the entire received sequence. Hence, the optimal
such dynamic environment, several challenges arise. Among front-end equalizer is shown to be a SISO a posteriori proba-
these challenges, rapid channel time-variation mainly due to bility (APP) computer, which is an adaptation of Ungerboeck’s
users’ mobility is certainly an important one. While cyclic pre- maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) formulation
fixed OFDM systems have strong immunity to time-invariant to ICI channels. Moreover, this paper also presents a MIMO
frequency-selective channels, they suffer severely from time- Reduced-State MAP (MIMO RS-MAP) equalizer inspired by
varying channels mainly due to intercarrier interference (ICI) [14], [15] which further reduce the computational cost. In
[1], [2]. This paper examines the design of the optimum order to perform coherent demodulation, CSI is critical. The
demodulation structure and provides an efficient recursive time domain MIMO PSAM channel estimator is shown to be
Sliding-Window (SW) linear minimum mean square error a weighted correlation filter which is tailored to the second-
(LMMSE) based equalization algorithm in the high mobility order statistic of the channel. The correlation filter can be pre-
coded MIMO OFDM systems. computed and stored at the receiver side, thereby yielding a
ICI suppression has long been studied for both single-input simple and efficient open loop estimating structure.
single-output [1]–[6] and MIMO [7], [8] systems. Depending
on the Doppler spread in the channel and the symbol length II. S YSTEM M ODEL
chosen for transmission, ICI can potentially cause severe Fig. 1 illustrates a MIMO coded OFDM system which is
degradation of quality of service (QoS) in OFDM systems. The equipped with nt transmit antennas and nr receive antennas.
optimal demodulation structure calls for maximum-likelihood A set of nt streams
of K-coded QAM frequency
T domain
(ML) joint equalization and decoding using a hypertrellis symbols xa = xa (1) xa (2) · · · xa (K) forms the
which is constructed by taking into account both the outer input to IFFT, where a = 1, · · · , nt and K is the total
channel code and the ICI channel structure. This is clearly number of subcarrier. This paper further assumes the average
computationally infeasible. Owing to the concept of iterative symbol energy Es ≡ E|xa (k)|2 = 1 and symbols are equally
processing [9], a practical demodulation strategy consists of likely chosen from a complex constellation C with cardinality
iterative processing between two separate entities: a front- |C| = 2Mc with Mc denotes number of bits per constellation
end soft-in soft-out (SISO) equalizer and an outer channel symbol. The time domain waveform at the output of IFFT per
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ThB3.1
1P
y Iterative Receiver
τ)
t,
h(
MIMO 2P
y π(LA ) LA
π
Channel
Pilot nPr
y Ch.
DeMUX Estimator H 1
y1 (t) 2
H LE π −1 (LE ) SISO BCC
b
y1
Equalizer π −1
y2 (t) decoder
H nr y2
GI
FFT
ynr (t) removal ynr
transmit antenna xa (t) is then given by with the assumption that E[hb,a (t, τ1 )hb,a (t + Δt, τ2 )† ] is
separable in time and delay. In (3), Rh (Δt) is the normalized
1
K
2π time-correlation function and φτ (·) is the power delay profile
xa (t) = √ xa (k)ej Ts kt , 2
Ts k=1 with σib,a ≡ φτ (τi ). On the other hand, independence of inter
− Tg ≤ t ≤ Ts , a = 1, · · · , nt (1) spatial channels is assumed due to sufficient antenna separation
at both transmit and receive side. The received waveform yb (t)
where Ts , and Tg are the OFDM symbol duration, and guard at the bth receive antenna depends on all transmit waveforms
interval length, respectively. Thus, one OFDM symbol block xa (t) via,
in time is Tb = Tg + Ts . This paper assumes a time-varying p −1
nt m
wireless multipath channel from the ath transmit antenna to yb (t) = hb,a
i (t)xa (t − τi ) + wb (t),
the bth receive antenna with an impulse response: a=1 i=0
mp −1 b = 1, · · · , nr (4)
h b,a
(t, τ ) = hb,a
i (t)δ(τ − τi ), where wb (t) is AWGN. To recover the original frequency
i=0 domain message at the bth receive antenna on mth subcarrier,
a = 1, · · · , nt b = 1, · · · , nr (2) FFT is performed
Ts
where τ0 ≤ τ1 ≤ · · · ≤ τmp −1 with τi being the tap-delay 1 2π
yb (m) = √ yb (t)e−j Ts mt dt. (5)
on the ith tap, and hb,a
i (t) is the randomly time-varying tap
Ts 0
gains from the ath transmit antenna to the bth receive antenna: Clearly, (5) can be rewritten as
jθib,a (t)
hb,a b,a
i (t) = αi (t)e . Moreover, hb,a
i (t) is modeled as nt nt
wide sense stationary uncorrelated-scattering (WSSUS) chan- yb (m) = hb,a
m,m xa (m)+ hb,a
m,k xa (k) +wb (m) (6)
nel and the tap gains {hb,a i (t)} are complex Gaussian with a=1 k=m a=1
2 mp −1 b,a 2
zero mean and variance σib,a , where i=0 σi = 1. The ICI
autocorrelation of the WSSUS channel from the ath transmit where hb,a
m,k is the [nr (m − 1) + b, nt (k − 1) + a]th element
antenna to the bth receive antenna is
of H ∈ Cnr K×nt K and defined as
mp −1 −j 2π kτi Ts
E hb,a (t, τ1 )hb,a (t + Δt, τ2 )† e Ts 2π
−j T (m−k)t
hb,a ≡ hb,a
i (t)e
s dt, (7)
= Rh (Δt)φτ (τ1 )δ(τ1 − τ2 ), (3) m,k
T s 0
i=0
978
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ThB3.1
0 ploying (10),
fdTs = 2.27%
+w
y = Hx (11)
-10 fdTs = 4.55%
fdTs = 6.82%
-20
where
Normalized ICI Power, dB
fdTs = 13.64%
T
-30
fdTs = 40.92% y = y1 (1) · · · ynr (1) ··· y1 (K) · · · ynr (K) ,
T
x = x1 (1) · · · xnt (1) · · · x1 (K) · · · xnt (K) ,
-40
979
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ThB3.1
n
K
1 t
†
P [y|x] ∼ exp R xa (k) [γ(k, a)] , (17)
N0 a=1
k=1
k+q br
nt 2q
nt
†
γ(k, a) = 2 hb,a
m,k yb (m) −
a,a
gk,k xa (k) − 2 a,a
gk,k−m xa (k − m). (18)
m=k−q, b=1 a =1 m=1, a =1
1≤k≤K q>0
Sk−1 = x1 (k − 2q), . . . , xnt (k − 2q), . . . , x1 (k − 1), . . . , xnt (k − 1) . (22)
Ŝk−1 = x̂1 (k − 2q), . . . , x̂nt (k − 2q), . . . , x1 (k − 1), . . . , xnt (k − 1) . (23)
980
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ThB3.1
K 0
10
SISO, no ICI
MIMO, 2T2R, QPSK, no ICI
MIMO RS-MAP, 2T2R, QPSK, 1 Iter
-1
10 MIMO RS-MAP, 2T2R, QPSK, 4 Iter
MIMO Rec SWSIC-LMMSE, 2T2R, QPSK, 1 Iter
MIMO Rec SWSIC-LMMSE, 2T2R, QPSK, 4 Iter
MIMO Rec SWSIC-LMMSE, 2T2R, 16QAM, 1 Iter
-2 MIMO Rec SWSIC-LMMSE, 2T2R, 16QAM, 4 Iter
10
-3
10
BER
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Eb/N0, dB
981
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ThB3.1
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