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2.1. Porosity
Discussed from the
point
of
reservoir
engineering,
porosity
divided into two, namely:
Absolute porosity, defined
as the ratio between the
whole pore volume to the
total volume of rock, or
can be written:
abs=Vp/Vbx100%..........
.............. (1)
abs = (Vb-Vg)/Vb x 100
% .......... (2)
Vp = volume of rock
pores, cm3
Vb = the total rock
volume, cm3
Vg = volume of grain,
cm3
Effective porosity, defined
as the ratio of the pore
volume is related to the
total volume of rock or
written:
eff = (Vp related)/Vb x
100 % .... (3)
Therefore, the oil
can only flow through
interconnected pores. So
that is important in the
petroleum industry and
that we measured in this
experiment
is
the
effective
porosity.
In
general, the amount of
porosity ranging between
5-30%. Theoretically, the
magnitude of the porosity
......
Sw + So + Sg = 1 .................
(7)
2.3. Permeability
Basis
for
determining
the
permeability of the rock is
from trials conducted by
Darcy. In the experiments,
Henry
Darcy
using
sandstone that is not
compact by flowing water.
The porous sandstone
saturated with 100% fluid
viscosity, cross-sectional
area A, length L. Then, by
applying
pressure
P1
entrance at one end, then
the flow occurs at a rate
of q, while the external
pressure
P2.
In
this
experiment it can be
shown that q is constant
and will be equal to the
price
of
the
rock
permeability
is
independent of the fluid,
the pressure difference
and the dimensions of the
rock used.
Because Henry is
considered
a
pioneer
darcy
permeabilitys
investigation
then
is
Darcy permeability for the
unit. Permeability itself is
divided into two, namely:
1. Absolut Permeability is
the permeability where
fluid flow in porous media
consists of only one
phase, ex: only gas, oil, or
water.
2. Effective Permeability
is a permeability where
fluid is flowing through a
porous medium is more
Q x x L
A (P1 P2 )
Wherein:
K
=
q
=
=
A
=
cm
L
=
P1P2 =
atm
................. (8)
permeability, Darcy
flow rate, cc/sec
Viscosity, cp
cross-sectional area,
length, cm
pressure difference,
HCl
Prior to stimulation
with acidizing must be
planned
precisely
laboratory data obtained
from
samples
of
formation fluid and the
fluid reservoir stimulation
so that the information
obtained
from
the
laboratory can be used to
distance
decreases
uniformly until all the acid
used.
Based on the above
assumptions, the radial
distance of the acid
solution will penetrate the
formation before the acid
solution used up entirely,
can be formulated by the
following equation:
Injected acid volume = volume
of pores invaded :
qi . t = . h . (ra2
rw2)...........(9)
qi.t
.h
ra =
+ rw2 .....
(10)
If qi is expressed in barrels / min
and t in seconds, then the
equation can:
ra =
(11)
5615qi.t
60..h
+ rw2...
where:
ra = radial distance of acid
penetration, ft.
= porosity, fraction.
qi = acid injection rate, bbl /
min.
rw = radius of wellbore, ft.
h = thickness of the formation.
In the above equation,
the unknown factor is spending
time, which must be specified in
laboratory.spending
time
depends on the ratio of the rock
with an acid solution, which is
called the surface area.
For specific matrix acidizing the
area are:
S f = 102 x 102
1
2. F . K
..(12)
where:
K = permeability (darcy)
Sf = specific surface (cm2 / cm3)
F = factor formation custody
To get the fluid penetration and
good acid, necessary reduction
reaction rate and raise the rate of
injection of acid solution into the
formation. Spending time acid
depends also on the pressure,
temperature, speed and acid in
retarding from the additives of the
rock.
3. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
3.1. Porosity
Porosity measurements by
weighing method. Started by weighing
the dry cores in a bowl, for example,
the dry core weight = W1 grams. The
second take a core that has been
saturated in kerosene kerosene then
weigh them, eg severity = W2 grams.
Taking the third core (which is still
saturated with kerosene), then
weighed in air, such as severity = W3
grams. The latter calculate Vb, Vg,
Vp.
3.2. Saturation
Saturation measurements by
the method of distillation. First of all
take a fresh core or that has been
saturated with water and oil. The
second considers the core, for example
weighs a gram. The third insert the
core into the Dean & Stark flask filled
with toluene. Then we fill with water
trap and a reflux condenser. The fourth
heat for approximately 30 minutes
Determination
of
formation
samples
dissolved in acid solution,
determine the levels of
soluble formation in acid
solution, in order to
obtain
important
information
prior
to
stimulation.
In
this
experiment the aim to
clean up or dissolve
impurities reservoir rocks
with an acid solution, can
also increase the average
rate
of
production.
Acidification is done in
this experiment using 5 N
HCL with concretration
due to the nature of HCL
that
reacted
with
carbonate.
From
this
experiment price percent
solubility obtained was
15.78% or mean pore
blockage in the core of
15.7% acid.
5. CONCLUTION
Of all the experiments
that have been carried
out in general it can be
concluded that:
1. Analysis of the core is
an attempt to get
information about the
physical properties of
rocks. In its application is
very useful for a lot of
help in the withdrawal of
oil and gas, particularly in
deciding how best to do
the production.
Darcy. Permeability is
closely related to the
porosity, so it can be
concluded that permeable
rock
shaft
but
not
necessarily always the
opposite. Several factors
influence permeability
5. The solubility degree of
the
sample
in
acid
solution is 15,78%. So, if
we do the acidizing using
HCl,
most
of
the
depositions will be soluble
in acid solution. It is
proper to do the acidizing
using
HCl.storage
by
reinjection into reservoir
formations.
Above
measuring petrophysics,
we can indicates that
limestone which we take
is bad to be a reservoir
rock
6. The rock samples have
high porosity values and
permeability values are
low because of the rock
sample is included in the
classification of clastic
limestone
carbonates
where porosity is usually
obtained
intergranuler
porosity type, which is
sometimes also enlarged
Appendix
Graphic 1/P vs K